Isotopes of chlorine

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Isotopes of chlorine  (17Cl)
Main isotopes [1] Decay
abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct
35Cl76% stable
36Cl trace 3.01×105 y β− 36Ar
ε 36S
37Cl 24%stable
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Cl)

Chlorine (17Cl) has 25 isotopes, ranging from 28Cl to 52Cl, and two isomers, 34mCl and 38mCl. There are two stable isotopes, 35Cl (75.8%) and 37Cl (24.2%), giving chlorine a standard atomic weight of 35.45. The longest-lived radioactive isotope is 36Cl, which has a half-life of 301,000 years. All other isotopes have half-lives under 1 hour, many less than one second. The shortest-lived are proton-unbound 29Cl and 30Cl, with half-lives less than 10 picoseconds and 30 nanoseconds, respectively; the half-life of 28Cl is unknown.

Contents

List of isotopes

Nuclide [4]
[n 1] 		Z N Isotopic mass (Da) [5]
[n 2] [n 3] 		Half-life
[n 4] 		Decay
mode
[n 5] 		Daughter
isotope
[n 6] 		Spin and
parity
[n 7] [n 4] 		Natural abundance (mole fraction)
Excitation energyNormal proportionRange of variation
28Cl [6] 171128.02954(64)# p 27S1+#
29Cl [6] 171229.01413(20)<10 psp28S(1/2+)
30Cl [6] 171330.00477(21)#<30 nsp29S3+#
31Cl171430.992448(4)190(1) ms β+ (97.6%)31S3/2+
β+, p (2.4%)30P
32Cl171531.9856846(6)298(1) msβ+ (99.92%)32S1+
β+, α (.054%)28Si
β+, p (.026%)31P
33Cl171632.9774520(4)2.5038(22) sβ+33S3/2+
34Cl171733.97376249(5)1.5266(4) sβ+34S0+
34mCl146.360(27) keV31.99(3) minβ+ (55.4%)34S3+
IT (44.6%)34Cl
35Cl171834.96885269(4)Stable3/2+0.7576(10)0.75644–0.75923
36Cl [n 8] 171935.96830682(4)3.013(15)×105 yβ− (98.1%)36Ar2+Trace [n 9] approx. 7×10−13
β+ (1.9%)36S
37Cl 172036.96590258(6)Stable3/2+0.2424(10)0.24077–0.24356
38Cl172137.96801042(11)37.24(5) minβ−38Ar2−
38mCl671.365(8) keV715(3) msIT38Cl5−
39Cl172238.9680082(19)56.2(6) minβ−39Ar3/2+
40Cl172339.97042(3)1.35(2) minβ−40Ar2−
41Cl172440.97068(7)38.4(8) sβ−41Ar(1/2+,3/2+)
42Cl172541.97334(6)6.8(3) sβ−42Ar
43Cl172642.97406(7)3.13(9) sβ− (>99.9%)43Ar(3/2+)
β−, n (<.1%)42Ar
44Cl172743.97812(15)0.56(11) sβ− (92%)44Ar(2-)
β−, n (8%)43Ar
45Cl172844.98039(15)513(36) ms [7] β− (76%)45Ar(3/2+)
β−, n (24%)44Ar
46Cl172945.98512(22)232(2) msβ−, n (60%)45Ar2-#
β− (40%)46Ar
47Cl173046.98950(43)#101(6) msβ− (97%)47Ar3/2+#
β−, n (3%)46Ar
48Cl173147.99541(54)#100# ms [>200 ns]β−48Ar
49Cl173249.00101(64)#50# ms [>200 ns]β−49Ar3/2+#
50Cl173350.00831(64)#20# msβ−50Ar
51Cl173451.01534(75)#2# ms [>200 ns]β−51Ar3/2+#
52Cl [8] 1735β−52Ar
This table header & footer:
  1. ↑ mCl – Excited nuclear isomer.
  2. ↑ ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
  3. ↑ # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
  4. 1 2 # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
  5. ↑ Modes of decay:
    IT: Isomeric transition
    n: Neutron emission
    p: Proton emission
  6. ↑ Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
  7. ↑ ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
  8. ↑ Used in radiodating water
  9. ↑ Cosmogenic nuclide

Chlorine-36

Trace amounts of radioactive 36Cl exist in the environment, in a ratio of about 7×10−13 to 1 with stable isotopes. 36Cl is produced in the atmosphere by spallation of 36 Ar by interactions with cosmic ray protons. In the subsurface environment, 36Cl is generated primarily as a result of neutron capture by 35Cl or muon capture by 40 Ca. 36Cl decays to either 36 S (1.9%) or to 36 Ar (98.1%), with a combined half-life of 308,000 years. The half-life of this hydrophilic nonreactive isotope makes it suitable for geologic dating in the range of 60,000 to 1 million years. Additionally, large amounts of 36Cl were produced by neutron irradiation of seawater during atmospheric detonations of nuclear weapons between 1952 and 1958. The residence time of 36Cl in the atmosphere is about 1 week. Thus, as an event marker of 1950s water in soil and ground water, 36Cl is also useful for dating waters less than 50 years before the present. 36Cl has seen use in other areas of the geological sciences, forecasts, and elements. In chloride-based molten salt reactors the production of 36
Cl by neutron capture is an inevitable consequence of using natural isotope mixtures of chlorine (i.e. Those containing 35
Cl). This produces a long lived radioactive product which has to be stored or disposed off. Isotope separation to produce pure 37
Cl can vastly reduce 36
Cl production, but a small amount might still be produced by (n,2n) reactions involving fast neutrons.

Chlorine-37

Stable chlorine-37 makes up about 24.23% of the naturally occurring chlorine on earth. Variation occurs as chloride mineral deposits have a slightly elevated chlorine-37 balance over the average found in sea water and halite deposits.[ citation needed ]

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chlorine-36</span> Isotope of chlorine

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References

  1. ↑ Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
  2. ↑ "Standard Atomic Weights: Chlorine". CIAAW. 2009.
  3. ↑ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN   1365-3075.
  4. ↑ Half-life, decay mode, nuclear spin, and isotopic composition is sourced in:
    Audi, G.; Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S. (2017). "The NUBASE2016 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 41 (3): 030001. Bibcode:2017ChPhC..41c0001A. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030001.
  5. ↑ Wang, M.; Audi, G.; Kondev, F. G.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Xu, X. (2017). "The AME2016 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs, and references" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 41 (3): 030003-1–030003-442. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030003.
  6. 1 2 3 Mukha, I.; et al. (2018). "Deep excursion beyond the proton dripline. I. Argon and chlorine isotope chains". Physical Review C. 98 (6): 064308–1–064308–13. arXiv: 1803.10951 . Bibcode:2018PhRvC..98f4308M. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.98.064308. S2CID   119384311.
  7. ↑ Bhattacharya, Soumik; Tripathi, Vandana; Tabor, S. L.; Volya, A.; Bender, P. C.; Benetti, C.; Carpenter, M. P.; Carroll, J. J.; Chester, A.; Chiara, C. J.; Childers, K.; Clark, B. R.; Crider, B. P.; Harke, J. T.; Jain, R.; Liddick, S. N.; Lubna, R. S.; Luitel, S.; Longfellow, B.; Mogannam, M. J.; Ogunbeku, T. H.; Perello, J.; Richard, A. L.; Rubino, E.; Saha, S.; Shehu, O. A.; Unz, R.; Xiao, Y.; Zhu, Yiyi (2023-08-18). "β− decay of neutron-rich 45Cl located at the magic number N=28". Physical Review C. American Physical Society (APS). 108 (2): 024312. doi:10.1103/physrevc.108.024312. ISSN   2469-9985.
  8. ↑ Neufcourt, L.; Cao, Y.; Nazarewicz, W.; Olsen, E.; Viens, F. (2019). "Neutron drip line in the Ca region from Bayesian model averaging". Physical Review Letters. 122 (6): 062502–1–062502–6. arXiv: 1901.07632 . Bibcode:2019PhRvL.122f2502N. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.062502. PMID   30822058. S2CID   73508148.
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