Isotopes of lawrencium

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Isotopes of lawrencium  (103Lr)
Main isotopes [1] Decay
abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct
256Lr synth 27.9 s α 252Md
β+ 256No
260Lrsynth3.0 minα 256Md
β+ 260No
261Lrsynth39 minSF–
262Lrsynth4 hβ+ 262No
264Lrsynth4.8 h [2] SF–
266Lrsynth11 hSF–

Lawrencium (103Lr) is a synthetic element, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all synthetic elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was 258Lr in 1961. There are fourteen known isotopes from 251Lr to 266Lr, except 263Lr and 265Lr, and seven isomers. The longest-lived known isotope is 266Lr with a half-life of 11 hours.

Contents

List of isotopes


Nuclide
[n 1] 		Z N Isotopic mass (Da)
[n 2] [n 3] 		Half-life
Decay
mode
[n 4] 		Daughter
isotope
Spin and
parity
[n 5] [n 6]
Excitation energy [n 6]
251Lr [3] 103148251.09418(32)#24.4+7.0
−4.5 ms		 α 247Md7/2−
SF [4] [n 7] (various)
251mLr [3] 117(27) keV42+42
−14 ms		α247Md1/2−
252Lr [n 8] [1] 103149252.09526(26)#369(75) ms
[0.36+0.11
−0.07 s]		α (~98%)248Md
SF (~2%)(various)
β+?252No
253Lr103150253.09509(22)#632(46) ms [1] α (>97%)249Md(7/2−)
SF (1.0%)(various)
β+ (<2%)253No
253mLr30(100)# keV1.32(14) sα (>86%)249Md(1/2−)
SF (12%)(various)
β+ (<2%)253No
254Lr [1] [5] 103151254.096240(100) [6] 11.9(9) sα (71.7%)250Md(4+)
β+ (28.3%)254No
SF (<0.1%)(various)
254mLr110(6) keV [7] 20.3(4.2) sα250Md(1-)
β+254No
IT?254Lr
255Lr [1] 103152255.096562(19)31.1(1.1) sα (85%)251Md1/2− [3]
β+ (15%) [8] 255No
SF (rare)(various)
255m1Lr [1] 32(2) keV [7] 2.54(5) sIT (~60%)255Lr(7/2−)
α (~40%)251Md
255m2Lr [1] 796(12) keV<1 μsIT255m1Lr(15/2+)
255m3Lr [1] 1465(12) keV1.78(0.05) msIT255m2Lr(25/2+)
256Lr [1] 103153256.09849(9)27.9(1.0) sα (85%)252Md(0-,3-)#
β+ (15%)256No
SF (<0.03%)(various)
257Lr [9] 103154257.09942(5)#1.24+0.85
−0.36 s		α253Md(9/2+,7/2-)
β+ (rare)257No
SF (rare)(various)
257mLr [1] 100(50)# keV200+160
−60 ms		α253Md(1/2−)
IT257Lr
258Lr [10] 103155258.10176(11)#3.54+0.46
−0.36 s		α (97.4%)254Md
β+ (2.6%)258No
259Lr [1] 103156259.10290(8)#6.2(3) sα (78%)255Md1/2-#
SF (22%)(various)
β+ (rare)259No
260Lr [1] 103157260.10551(13)#3.0(5) minα (80%)256Md
β+ (20%)260No
SF (rare)(various)
261Lr [1] 103158261.10688(22)#39(12) minSF(various)1/2-#
α (<10%) [11] 257Md
262Lr [1] 103159262.10961(22)#~4 hβ+262No
SF (<10%)(various)
α (<7.5%) [11] 258Md
264Lr [n 9] 103161264.11420(47)#4.8+2.2
−1.3 h [2] 		SF(various)
266Lr [n 10] 103163266.11983(56)#22(14) h
[11+21
−5 h] [1] 		SF(various)
This table header & footer:
  1. ↑ mLr – Excited nuclear isomer.
  2. ↑ ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
  3. ↑ # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
  4. ↑ Modes of decay:
    SF: Spontaneous fission
  5. ↑ ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
  6. 1 2 # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
  7. ↑ The experiment in which alpha decay of two 251Lr states was reported did not take into account spontaneous fission branches. [3]
  8. ↑ Not directly synthesized, occurs as a decay product of 256Db
  9. ↑ Not directly synthesized, occurs as a decay product of 288Mc
  10. ↑ Not directly synthesized, occurs as a decay product of 294Ts

Nucleosynthesis

Cold fusion

205Tl(50Ti,xn)255−xLr (x=2)

This reaction was studied in a series of experiments in 1976 by Yuri Oganessian and his team at the FLNR. Evidence was provided for the formation of 253Lr in the 2n exit channel. In 2022, two states (253Lr and 253mLr) were found.

203Tl(50Ti,xn)253−xLr (x=2)

This reaction was studied in a series of experiments in 1976 by Yuri Oganessian and his team at the FLNR. In 2022, two states (251Lr and 251mLr) were found.

208Pb(48Ti,pxn)255−xLr (x=1?)

This reaction was reported in 1984 by Yuri Oganessian at the FLNR. The team was able to detect decays of 246Cf, a descendant of 254Lr.

208Pb(45Sc,xn)253−xLr

This reaction was studied in a series of experiments in 1976 by Yuri Oganessian and his team at the FLNR. Results are not readily available.

209Bi(48Ca,xn)257−xLr (x=2)

This reaction has been used to study the spectroscopic properties of 255Lr. The team at GANIL used the reaction in 2003 and the team at the FLNR used it between 2004–2006 to provide further information for the decay scheme of 255Lr. The work provided evidence for an isomeric level in 255Lr.

Hot fusion

243Am(18O,xn)261−xLr (x=5)

This reaction was first studied in 1965 by the team at the FLNR. They were able to detect activity with a characteristic decay of 45 seconds, which was assigned to256Lr or 257Lr. Later work suggests an assignment to 256Lr. Further studies in 1968 produced an 8.35–8.60 MeV alpha activity with a half-life of 35 seconds. This activity was also initially assigned to 256Lr or 257Lr and later to solely 256Lr.

243Am(16O,xn)259−xLr (x=4)

This reaction was studied in 1970 by the team at the FLNR. They were able to detect an 8.38 MeV alpha activity with a half-life of 20s. This was assigned to255Lr.

248Cm(15N,xn)263−xLr (x=3,4,5)

This reaction was studied in 1971 by the team at the LBNL in their large study of lawrencium isotopes. They were able to assign alpha activities to260Lr,259Lr and 258Lr from the 3-5n exit channels.

248Cm(18O,pxn)265−xLr (x=3,4)

This reaction was studied in 1988 at the LBNL in order to assess the possibility of producing 262Lr and 261Lr without using the exotic 254Es target. It was also used to attempt to measure an electron capture (EC) branch in 261mRf from the 5n exit channel. After extraction of the Lr(III) component, they were able to measure the spontaneous fission of 261Lr with an improved half-life of 44 minutes. The production cross-section was 700 pb. On this basis, a 14% electron capture branch was calculated if this isotope was produced via the 5n channel rather than the p4n channel. A lower bombarding energy (93 MeV c.f. 97 MeV) was then used to measure the production of 262Lr in the p3n channel. The isotope was successfully detected and a yield of 240 pb was measured. The yield was lower than expected compared to the p4n channel. However, the results were judged to indicate that the 261Lr was most likely produced by a p3n channel and an upper limit of 14% for the electron capture branch of 261mRf was therefore suggested.

246Cm(14N,xn)260−xLr (x=3?)

This reaction was studied briefly in 1958 at the LBNL using an enriched 244Cm target (5% 246Cm). They observed a ~9 MeV alpha activity with a half-life of ~0.25 seconds. Later results suggest a tentative assignment to 257Lr from the 3n channel

244Cm(14N,xn)258−xLr

This reaction was studied briefly in 1958 at the LBNL using an enriched 244Cm target (5% 246Cm). They observed a ~9 MeV alpha activity with a half-life of ~0.25s. Later results suggest a tentative assignment to 257Lr from the 3n channel with the 246Cm component. No activities assigned to reaction with the 244Cm component have been reported.

249Bk(18O,αxn)263−xLr (x=3)

This reaction was studied in 1971 by the team at the LBNL in their large study of lawrencium isotopes. They were able to detect an activity assigned to 260Lr. The reaction was further studied in 1988 to study the aqueous chemistry of lawrencium. A total of 23 alpha decays were measured for 260Lr, with a mean energy of 8.03 MeV and an improved half-life of 2.7 minutes. The calculated cross-section was 8.7 nb.

252Cf(11B,xn)263−xLr (x=5,7??)

This reaction was first studied in 1961 at the University of California by Albert Ghiorso by using a californium target (52% 252Cf). They observed three alpha activities of 8.6, 8.4 and 8.2 MeV, with half-lives of about 8 and 15 seconds, respectively. The 8.6 MeV activity was tentatively assigned to 257Lr. Later results suggest a reassignment to 258Lr, resulting from the 5n exit channel. The 8.4 MeV activity was also assigned to 257Lr. Later results suggest a reassignment to 256Lr. This is most likely from the 33% 250Cf component in the target rather than from the 7n channel. The 8.2 MeV was subsequently associated with nobelium.

252Cf(10B,xn)262−xLr (x=4,6)

This reaction was first studied in 1961 at the University of California by Albert Ghiorso by using a californium target (52% 252Cf). They observed three alpha activities of 8.6, 8.4 and 8.2 MeV, with half-lives of about 8 and 15 seconds, respectively. The 8.6 MeV activity was tentatively assigned to 257Lr. Later results suggest a reassignment to 258Lr. The 8.4 MeV activity was also assigned to 257Lr. Later results suggest a reassignment to 256Lr. The 8.2 MeV was subsequently associated with nobelium.

250Cf(14N,αxn)260−xLr (x=3)

This reaction was studied in 1971 at the LBNL. They were able to identify a 0.7s alpha activity with two alpha lines at 8.87 and 8.82 MeV. This was assigned to257Lr.

249Cf(11B,xn)260−xLr (x=4)

This reaction was first studied in 1970 at the LBNL in an attempt to study the aqueous chemistry of lawrencium. They were able to measure a Lr3+ activity. The reaction was repeated in 1976 at Oak Ridge and 26s 256Lr was confirmed by measurement of coincident X-rays.

249Cf(12C,pxn)260−xLr (x=2)

This reaction was studied in 1971 by the team at the LBNL. They were able to detect an activity assigned to 258Lr from the p2n channel.

249Cf(15N,αxn)260−xLr (x=2,3)

This reaction was studied in 1971 by the team at the LBNL. They were able to detect an activities assigned to 258Lr and 257Lr from the α2n and α3n and channels. The reaction was repeated in 1976 at Oak Ridge and the synthesis of 258Lr was confirmed.

254Es + 22Ne – transfer

This reaction was studied in 1987 at the LLNL. They were able to detect new spontaneous fission (SF) activities assigned to 261Lr and 262Lr, resulting from transfer from the 22Ne nuclei to the 254Es target. In addition, a 5 ms SF activity was detected in delayed coincidence with nobelium K-shell X-rays and was assigned to 262No, resulting from the electron capture of 262Lr.

Decay products

Isotopes of lawrencium have also been identified in the decay of heavier elements. Observations to date are summarised in the table below:

List of lawrencium isotopes produced as other nuclei decay products
Parent nuclideObserved lawrencium isotope
294Ts, 290Mc, 286Nh, 282Rg, 278Mt, 274Bh, 270Db266Lr
288Mc, 284Nh, 280Rg, 276Mt, 272Bh, 268Db264Lr
267Bh, 263Db259Lr
278Nh, 274Rg, 270Mt, 266Bh, 262Db258Lr
261Db257Lr
272Rg, 268Mt, 264Bh, 260Db256Lr
259Db255Lr
266Mt, 262Bh, 258Db254Lr
261Bh, 257Dbg,m253Lrg,m
260Bh, 256Db252Lr
255Db251Lr

Isotopes

Summary of all lawrencium isotopes known
IsotopeYear discovereddiscovery reaction
251Lrg2005209Bi(48Ti,2n)
251Lrm2022203Tl(50Ti,2n)
252Lr2001209Bi(50Ti,3n)
253Lrg1985209Bi(50Ti,2n)
253Lrm2001209Bi(50Ti,2n)
254Lrg1985209Bi(50Ti,n)
254Lrm2019
255Lrg1970243Am(16O,4n)
255Lrm12006
255Lrm22009
255Lrm32008
256Lr1961? 1965? 1968? 1971252Cf(10B,6n)
257Lrg1958? 1971249Cf(15N,α3n)
257Lrm2018
258Lr1961? 1971249Cf(15N,α2n)
259Lr1971248Cm(15N,4n)
260Lr1971248Cm(15N,3n)
261Lr1987254Es + 22Ne
262Lr1987254Es + 22Ne
264Lr2020243Am(48Ca,6α3n)
266Lr2014249Bk(48Ca,7α3n)

Fourteen isotopes of lawrencium plus seven isomers have been synthesized with 266Lr being the longest-lived and the heaviest, with a half-life of 11 hours. 251Lr is the lightest isotope of lawrencium to be produced to date.

Lawrencium-253 isomers

A study of the decay properties of 257Db (see dubnium) in 2001 by Hessberger et al. at the GSI provided some data for the decay of 253Lr. Analysis of the data indicated the population of an isomeric level in 253Lr from the decay of the corresponding isomer in 257Db. The ground state was assigned spin and parity of 7/2−, decaying by emission of an 8794 keV alpha particle with a half-life of 0.57 s. The isomeric level was assigned spin and parity of 1/2−, decaying by emission of an 8722 keV alpha particle with a half-life of 1.49 s.

Lawrencium-255 isomers

Recent work on the spectroscopy of 255Lr formed in the reaction 209Bi(48Ca,2n)255Lr has provided evidence for an isomeric level.

Related Research Articles

Dubnium is a synthetic chemical element; it has symbol Db and atomic number 105. It is highly radioactive: the most stable known isotope, dubnium-268, has a half-life of about 16 hours. This greatly limits extended research on the element.

Lawrencium is a synthetic chemical element; it has symbol Lr and atomic number 103. It is named after Ernest Lawrence, inventor of the cyclotron, a device that was used to discover many artificial radioactive elements. A radioactive metal, lawrencium is the eleventh transuranium element, the third transfermium, and the last member of the actinide series. Like all elements with atomic number over 100, lawrencium can only be produced in particle accelerators by bombarding lighter elements with charged particles. Fourteen isotopes of lawrencium are currently known; the most stable is 266Lr with half-life 11 hours, but the shorter-lived 260Lr is most commonly used in chemistry because it can be produced on a larger scale.

Nobelium is a synthetic chemical element; it has symbol No and atomic number 102. It is named after Alfred Nobel, the inventor of dynamite and benefactor of science. A radioactive metal, it is the tenth transuranium element, the second transfermium, and is the penultimate member of the actinide series. Like all elements with atomic number over 100, nobelium can only be produced in particle accelerators by bombarding lighter elements with charged particles. A total of twelve nobelium isotopes are known to exist; the most stable is 259No with a half-life of 58 minutes, but the shorter-lived 255No is most commonly used in chemistry because it can be produced on a larger scale.

Rutherfordium is a synthetic chemical element; it has symbol Rf and atomic number 104. It is named after physicist Ernest Rutherford. As a synthetic element, it is not found in nature and can only be made in a particle accelerator. It is radioactive; the most stable known isotope, 267Rf, has a half-life of about 48 minutes.

Livermorium is a synthetic chemical element; it has symbol Lv and atomic number 116. It is an extremely radioactive element that has only been created in a laboratory setting and has not been observed in nature. The element is named after the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in the United States, which collaborated with the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) in Dubna, Russia, to discover livermorium during experiments conducted between 2000 and 2006. The name of the laboratory refers to the city of Livermore, California, where it is located, which in turn was named after the rancher and landowner Robert Livermore. The name was adopted by IUPAC on May 30, 2012. Six isotopes of livermorium are known, with mass numbers of 288–293 inclusive; the longest-lived among them is livermorium-293 with a half-life of about 80 milliseconds. A seventh possible isotope with mass number 294 has been reported but not yet confirmed.

Flerovium is a synthetic chemical element; it has symbol Fl and atomic number 114. It is an extremely radioactive, superheavy element, named after the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia, where the element was discovered in 1999. The lab's name, in turn, honours Russian physicist Georgy Flyorov. IUPAC adopted the name on 30 May 2012. The name and symbol had previously been proposed for element 102 (nobelium), but was not accepted by IUPAC at that time.

Nihonium is a synthetic chemical element; it has the symbol Nh and atomic number 113. It is extremely radioactive: its most stable known isotope, nihonium-286, has a half-life of about 10 seconds. In the periodic table, nihonium is a transactinide element in the p-block. It is a member of period 7 and group 13.

Superheavy elements, also known as transactinide elements, transactinides, or super-heavy elements, or superheavies for short, are the chemical elements with atomic number greater than 104. The superheavy elements are those beyond the actinides in the periodic table; the last actinide is lawrencium. By definition, superheavy elements are also transuranium elements, i.e., having atomic numbers greater than that of uranium (92). Depending on the definition of group 3 adopted by authors, lawrencium may also be included to complete the 6d series.

Nobelium (102No) is a synthetic element, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all synthetic elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was 254No in 1966. There are fourteen known radioisotopes, which are 248No to 260No and 262No, and many isomers. The longest-lived isotope is 259No with a half-life of 58 minutes. The longest-lived isomer is 251m1No with a half-life of 1.02 seconds.

Rutherfordium (104Rf) is a synthetic element and thus has no stable isotopes. A standard atomic weight cannot be given. The first isotope to be synthesized was either 259Rf in 1966 or 257Rf in 1969. There are 16 known radioisotopes from 253Rf to 270Rf and several isomers. The longest-lived isotope is 267Rf with a half-life of 48 minutes, and the longest-lived isomer is 263mRf with a half-life of 8 seconds.

Dubnium (105Db) is a synthetic element, thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all synthetic elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was 261Db in 1968. Thirteen radioisotopes are known, ranging from 255Db to 270Db, along with one isomer (257mDb); two more isomers have been reported but are unconfirmed. The longest-lived known isotope is 268Db with a half-life of 16 hours.

Seaborgium (106Sg) is a synthetic element and so has no stable isotopes. A standard atomic weight cannot be given. The first isotope to be synthesized was 263Sg in 1974. There are thirteen known radioisotopes from 258Sg to 271Sg and five known isomers. The longest-lived isotopes are 267Sg with a half-life of 9.8 minutes and 269Sg with a half-life of 5 minutes. Due to a low number of measurements, and the consequent overlapping measurement uncertainties at the confidence level corresponding to one standard deviation, a definite assignment of the most stable isotope cannot be made.

Bohrium (107Bh) is an artificial element. Like all artificial elements, it has no stable isotopes, and a standard atomic weight cannot be given. The first isotope to be synthesized was 262Bh in 1981. There are 11 known isotopes ranging from 260Bh to 274Bh, and 1 isomer, 262mBh. The longest-lived isotope is 270Bh with a half-life of 2.4 minutes, although the unconfirmed 278Bh may have an even longer half-life of about 690 seconds.

Hassium (108Hs) is a synthetic element, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all synthetic elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was 265Hs in 1984. There are 13 known isotopes from 263Hs to 277Hs and up to six isomers. The most stable known isotope is 271Hs, with a half-life of about 46 seconds, though this assignment is not definite due to uncertainty arising from a low number of measurements. The isotopes 269Hs and 270Hs respectively have half-lives of about 12 seconds and 7.6 seconds. It is also possible that the isomer 277mHs is more stable than these, with a reported half-life 130±100 seconds, but only one event of decay of this isotope has been registered as of 2016.

Darmstadtium (110Ds) is a synthetic element, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all synthetic elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was 269Ds in 1994. There are 11 known radioisotopes from 267Ds to 281Ds and 2 or 3 known isomers. The longest-lived isotope is 281Ds with a half-life of 14 seconds. However, the unconfirmed 282Ds might have an even longer half-life of 67 seconds.

Copernicium (112Cn) is a synthetic element, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all synthetic elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was 277Cn in 1996. There are seven known radioisotopes ; the longest-lived isotope is 285Cn with a half-life of 30 seconds.

Nihonium (113Nh) is a synthetic element. Being synthetic, a standard atomic weight cannot be given and like all artificial elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was 284Nh as a decay product of 288Mc in 2003. The first isotope to be directly synthesized was 278Nh in 2004. There are 6 known radioisotopes from 278Nh to 286Nh, along with the unconfirmed 287Nh and 290Nh. The longest-lived isotope is 286Nh with a half-life of 9.5 seconds.

Flerovium (114Fl) is a synthetic element, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all synthetic elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was 289Fl in 1999. Flerovium has six known isotopes, along with the unconfirmed 290Fl, and possibly two nuclear isomers. The longest-lived isotope is 289Fl with a half-life of 1.9 seconds, but 290Fl may have a longer half-life of 19 seconds.

Moscovium (115Mc) is a synthetic element, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all synthetic elements, it has no known stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was 288Mc in 2004. There are five known radioisotopes from 286Mc to 290Mc. The longest-lived isotope is 290Mc with a half-life of 0.65 seconds.

Livermorium (116Lv) is a synthetic element, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all artificial elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was 293Lv in 2000. There are six known radioisotopes, with mass numbers 288–293, as well as a few suggestive indications of a possible heavier isotope 294Lv. The longest-lived known isotope is 293Lv with a half-life of 53 ms.

References

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  8. ↑ Chatillon, A.; Theisen, Ch.; Greenlees, P. T.; Auger, G.; Bastin, J. E.; Bouchez, E.; Bouriquet, B.; Casandjian, J. M.; Cee, R.; Clément, E.; Dayras, R.; de France, G.; de Toureil, R.; Eeckhaudt, S.; Görgen, A.; Grahn, T.; Grévy, S.; Hauschild, K.; Herzberg, R. -D.; Ikin, P. J. C.; Jones, G. D.; Jones, P.; Julin, R.; Juutinen, S.; Kettunen, H.; Korichi, A.; Korten, W.; Le Coz, Y.; Leino, M.; Lopez-Martens, A.; Lukyanov, S. M.; Penionzhkevich, Yu. E.; Perkowski, J.; Pritchard, A.; Rahkila, P.; Rejmund, M.; Saren, J.; Scholey, C.; Siem, S.; Saint-Laurent, M. G.; Simenel, C.; Sobolev, Yu. G.; Stodel, Ch.; Uusitalo, J.; Villari, A.; Bender, M.; Bonche, P.; Heenen, P. -H. (1 November 2006). "Spectroscopy and single-particle structure of the odd- Z heavy elements 255Lr, 251Md and 247Es". The European Physical Journal A - Hadrons and Nuclei. 30 (2): 397–411. Bibcode:2006EPJA...30..397C. doi:10.1140/epja/i2006-10134-5. ISSN   1434-601X. S2CID   123346991 . Retrieved 3 July 2023.
  9. ↑ Heßberger, F. P.; Antalic, S.; Mistry, A. K.; Ackermann, D.; Andel, B.; Block, M.; Kalaninova, Z.; Kindler, B.; Kojouharov, I.; Laatiaoui, M.; Lommel, B.; Piot, J.; Vostinar, M. (20 July 2016). "Alpha- and EC-decay measurements of 257Rf". The European Physical Journal A. 52 (7): 192. Bibcode:2016EPJA...52..192H. doi:10.1140/epja/i2016-16192-0. ISSN   1434-601X. S2CID   254108438 . Retrieved 3 July 2023.
  10. ↑ Haba, H.; Huang, M.; Kaji, D.; Kanaya, J.; Kudou, Y.; Morimoto, K.; Morita, K.; Murakami, M.; Ozeki, K.; Sakai, R.; Sumita, T.; Wakabayashi, Y.; Yoneda, A.; Kasamatsu, Y.; Kikutani, Y.; Komori, Y.; Nakamura, K.; Shinohara, A.; Kikunaga, H.; Kudo, H.; Nishio, K.; Toyoshima, A.; Tsukada, K. (28 February 2014). "Production of 262Db in the 248Cm(19F,5n)262Db reaction and decay properties of 262Db and 258Lr". Physical Review C. 89 (2): 024618. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.89.024618 . Retrieved 2 July 2023.
  11. 1 2 Hulet, E. K. (22 October 1990). New, heavy transuranium isotopes. Robert A. Welch Foundation conference on chemical research: fifty years with transuranium elements. Lawrence Livermore National Lab., CA (USA). OSTI   6028419 . Retrieved 3 July 2023.
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