Isotopes of radon

Isotopes of radon (₈₆Rn)
α	207Po
	view ; talk ; edit ;

Last updated December 29, 2023

There are 39 known isotopes of radon (₈₆Rn), from ¹⁹³Rn to ²³¹Rn; all are radioactive. The most stable isotope is ²²²Rn with a half-life of 3.823 days, which decays into ²¹⁸
Po . Six isotopes of radon, ^{217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222}Rn, occur in trace quantities in nature as decay products of, respectively, ²¹⁷At, ²¹⁸At, ²²³Ra, ²²⁴Ra, ²²⁵Ra, and ²²⁶Ra. ²¹⁷Rn and ²²¹Rn are produced in rare branches in the decay chain of trace quantities of ²³⁷Np; ²²²Rn (and also ²¹⁸Rn in a rare branch) is an intermediate step in the decay chain of ²³⁸U;^[2]²¹⁹Rn is an intermediate step in the decay chain of ²³⁵U; and ²²⁰Rn occurs in the decay chain of ²³²Th.

List of isotopes

Nuclide ^{[n 1]}	Historic name	Z	N	Isotopic mass (Da) ^{[n 2]}^{[n 3]}	Half-life	Decay mode	Daughter isotope	Spin and parity ^{[n 4]}^{[n 5]}	Isotopic abundance
Nuclide ^{[n 1]}	Historic name	Excitation energy^{[n 5]}			Half-life	Decay mode	Daughter isotope	Spin and parity ^{[n 4]}^{[n 5]}	Isotopic abundance
¹⁹³Rn^[3]		86	107		1.15(27) ms	α	¹⁸⁹Po
¹⁹⁴Rn^[3]		86	108		0.78(16) ms	α	¹⁹⁰Po	0+
¹⁹⁵Rn		86	109	195.00544(5)	6+3 −2 ms^[4]	α	¹⁹¹Po	(3/2−)
^195mRn		~59 keV			5+3 −2 ms^[4]	α	¹⁹¹Po	(13/2+)
¹⁹⁶Rn		86	110	196.002115(16)	4.7(11) ms [4.4(+13−9) ms]	α	¹⁹²Po	0+
¹⁹⁶Rn		86	110	196.002115(16)	4.7(11) ms [4.4(+13−9) ms]	β⁺ (rare)	¹⁹⁶At	0+
¹⁹⁷Rn		86	111	197.00158(7)	66(16) ms [65(+23−14) ms]	α	¹⁹³Po	3/2−#
¹⁹⁷Rn		86	111	197.00158(7)	66(16) ms [65(+23−14) ms]	β⁺ (rare)	¹⁹⁷At	3/2−#
^197mRn		200(60)# keV			21(5) ms [19(+8−4) ms]	α	¹⁹³Po	(13/2+)
^197mRn		200(60)# keV			21(5) ms [19(+8−4) ms]	β⁺ (rare)	¹⁹⁷At	(13/2+)
¹⁹⁸Rn		86	112	197.998679(14)	65(3) ms	α (99%)	¹⁹⁴Po	0+
¹⁹⁸Rn		86	112	197.998679(14)	65(3) ms	β⁺ (1%)	¹⁹⁸At	0+
¹⁹⁹Rn		86	113	198.99837(7)	620(30) ms	α (94%)	¹⁹⁵Po	3/2−#
¹⁹⁹Rn		86	113	198.99837(7)	620(30) ms	β⁺ (6%)	¹⁹⁹At	3/2−#
^199mRn		180(70) keV			320(20) ms	α (97%)	¹⁹⁵Po	13/2+#
^199mRn		180(70) keV			320(20) ms	β⁺ (3%)	¹⁹⁹At	13/2+#
²⁰⁰Rn		86	114	199.995699(14)	0.96(3) s	α (98%)	¹⁹⁶Po	0+
²⁰⁰Rn		86	114	199.995699(14)	0.96(3) s	β⁺ (2%)	²⁰⁰At	0+
²⁰¹Rn		86	115	200.99563(8)	7.0(4) s	α (80%)	¹⁹⁷Po	(3/2−)
²⁰¹Rn		86	115	200.99563(8)	7.0(4) s	β⁺ (20%)	²⁰¹At	(3/2−)
^201mRn		280(90)# keV			3.8(1) s	α (90%)	¹⁹⁷Po	(13/2+)
						β⁺ (10%)	²⁰¹At
						IT (<1%)	²⁰¹Rn
²⁰²Rn		86	116	201.993263(19)	9.94(18) s	α (85%)	¹⁹⁸Po	0+
²⁰²Rn		86	116	201.993263(19)	9.94(18) s	β⁺ (15%)	²⁰²At	0+
²⁰³Rn		86	117	202.993387(25)	44.2(16) s	α (66%)	¹⁹⁹Po	(3/2−)
²⁰³Rn		86	117	202.993387(25)	44.2(16) s	β⁺ (34%)	²⁰³At	(3/2−)
^203mRn		363(4) keV			26.7(5) s	α (80%)	¹⁹⁹Po	13/2(+)
^203mRn		363(4) keV			26.7(5) s	β⁺ (20%)	²⁰³At	13/2(+)
²⁰⁴Rn		86	118	203.991429(16)	1.17(18) min	α (73%)	²⁰⁰Po	0+
²⁰⁴Rn		86	118	203.991429(16)	1.17(18) min	β⁺ (27%)	²⁰⁴At	0+
²⁰⁵Rn		86	119	204.99172(5)	170(4) s	β⁺ (77%)	²⁰⁵At	5/2−
²⁰⁵Rn		86	119	204.99172(5)	170(4) s	α (23%)	²⁰¹Po	5/2−
²⁰⁶Rn		86	120	205.990214(16)	5.67(17) min	α (62%)	²⁰²Po	0+
²⁰⁶Rn		86	120	205.990214(16)	5.67(17) min	β⁺ (38%)	²⁰⁶At	0+
²⁰⁷Rn		86	121	206.990734(28)	9.25(17) min	β⁺ (79%)	²⁰⁷At	5/2−
²⁰⁷Rn		86	121	206.990734(28)	9.25(17) min	α (21%)	²⁰³Po	5/2−
^207mRn		899.0(10) keV			181(18) µs			(13/2+)
²⁰⁸Rn		86	122	207.989642(12)	24.35(14) min	α (62%)	²⁰⁴Po	0+
²⁰⁸Rn		86	122	207.989642(12)	24.35(14) min	β⁺ (38%)	²⁰⁸At	0+
²⁰⁹Rn		86	123	208.990415(21)	28.5(10) min	β⁺ (83%)	²⁰⁹At	5/2−
²⁰⁹Rn		86	123	208.990415(21)	28.5(10) min	α (17%)	²⁰⁵Po	5/2−
^209m1Rn		1173.98(13) keV			13.4(13) µs			13/2+
^209m2Rn		3636.78(23) keV			3.0(3) µs			(35/2+)
²¹⁰Rn		86	124	209.989696(9)	2.4(1) h	α (96%)	²⁰⁶Po	0+
²¹⁰Rn		86	124	209.989696(9)	2.4(1) h	β⁺ (4%)	²¹⁰At	0+
^210m1Rn		1690(15) keV			644(40) ns			8+#
^210m2Rn		3837(15) keV			1.06(5) µs			(17)−
^210m3Rn		6493(15) keV			1.04(7) µs			(22)+
²¹¹Rn		86	125	210.990601(7)	14.6(2) h	α (72.6%)	²⁰⁷Po	1/2−
²¹¹Rn		86	125	210.990601(7)	14.6(2) h	β⁺ (27.4%)	²¹¹At	1/2−
²¹²Rn		86	126	211.990704(3)	23.9(12) min	α	²⁰⁸Po	0+
²¹³Rn		86	127	212.993883(6)	19.5(1) ms	α	²⁰⁹Po	(9/2+)
²¹⁴Rn		86	128	213.995363(10)	0.27(2) µs	α	²¹⁰Po	0+
^214mRn		4595.4 keV			245(30) ns	IT	²¹⁴Rn	(22+)
²¹⁵Rn		86	129	214.998745(8)	2.30(10) µs	α	²¹¹Po	9/2+
²¹⁶Rn		86	130	216.000274(8)	45(5) µs	α	²¹²Po	0+
²¹⁷Rn		86	131	217.003928(5)	0.54(5) ms	α	²¹³Po	9/2+	Trace^{[n 6]}
²¹⁸Rn		86	132	218.0056013(25)	35(5) ms	α	²¹⁴Po	0+	Trace^{[n 7]}
²¹⁹Rn	Actinon Actinium emanation	86	133	219.0094802(27)	3.96(1) s	α	²¹⁵Po	5/2+	Trace^{[n 8]}
²²⁰Rn	Thoron Thorium emanation	86	134	220.0113940(24)	55.6(1) s	α^{[n 9]}	²¹⁶Po	0+	Trace^{[n 10]}
²²¹Rn		86	135	221.015537(6)	25.7(5) min	β⁻ (78%)	²²¹Fr	7/2(+)	Trace^{[n 6]}
²²¹Rn		86	135	221.015537(6)	25.7(5) min	α (22%)	²¹⁷Po	7/2(+)	Trace^{[n 6]}
²²²Rn	Radon^{[n 11]} Radium emanation Emanation Emanon Niton	86	136	222.0175777(25)	3.8235(3) d	α^{[n 12]}	²¹⁸Po	0+	Trace^{[n 7]}
²²³Rn		86	137	223.02179(32)#	24.3(4) min	β⁻	²²³Fr	7/2
²²⁴Rn		86	138	224.02409(32)#	107(3) min	β⁻	²²⁴Fr	0+
²²⁵Rn		86	139	225.02844(32)#	4.66(4) min	β⁻	²²⁵Fr	7/2−
²²⁶Rn		86	140	226.03089(43)#	7.4(1) min	β⁻	²²⁶Fr	0+
²²⁷Rn		86	141	227.03541(45)#	20.8(7) s	β⁻	²²⁷Fr	5/2(+#)
²²⁸Rn		86	142	228.03799(44)#	65(2) s	β⁻	²²⁸Fr	0+
²²⁹Rn^[5]		86	143	229.0426536(141)	12(1) s	β⁻	²²⁹Fr
²³⁰Rn^[6]		86	144			β⁻	²³⁰Fr	0+
²³¹Rn^[7]		86	145			β⁻	²³¹Fr
This table header & footer: view

↑ ^mRn – Excited nuclear isomer.
↑ ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
↑ # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
↑ ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
1 2 # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
1 2 Intermediate decay product of ²³⁷Np
1 2 Intermediate decay product of ²³⁸U
↑ Intermediate decay product of ²³⁵U
↑ Theorized to also undergo β⁻β⁻ dacay to ²²⁰Ra
↑ Intermediate decay product of ²³²Th
↑ Source of element's name
↑ Theorized to also undergo β⁻β⁻ decay to ²²²Ra

Related Research Articles

Protactinium (₉₁Pa) has no stable isotopes. The four naturally occurring isotopes allow a standard atomic weight to be given.

Actinium (₈₉Ac) has no stable isotopes and no characteristic terrestrial isotopic composition, thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. There are 33 known isotopes, from ²⁰⁴Ac to ²³⁶Ac, and 7 isomers. Three isotopes are found in nature, ²²⁵Ac, ²²⁷Ac and ²²⁸Ac, as intermediate decay products of, respectively, ²³⁷Np, ²³⁵U, and ²³²Th. ²²⁸Ac and ²²⁵Ac are extremely rare, so almost all natural actinium is ²²⁷Ac.

Radium (₈₈Ra) has no stable or nearly stable isotopes, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. The longest lived, and most common, isotope of radium is ²²⁶Ra with a half-life of 1600 years. ²²⁶Ra occurs in the decay chain of ²³⁸U. Radium has 34 known isotopes from ²⁰¹Ra to ²³⁴Ra.

Francium (₈₇Fr) has no stable isotopes. A standard atomic weight cannot be given. Its most stable isotope is ²²³Fr with a half-life of 22 minutes, occurring in trace quantities in nature as an intermediate decay product of ²³⁵U.

Astatine (₈₅At) has 41 known isotopes, all of which are radioactive; their mass numbers range from 188 to 229. There are also 24 known metastable excited states. The longest-lived isotope is ²¹⁰At, which has a half-life of 8.1 hours; the longest-lived isotope existing in naturally occurring decay chains is ²¹⁹At with a half-life of 56 seconds.

Lead (₈₂Pb) has four observationally stable isotopes: ²⁰⁴Pb, ²⁰⁶Pb, ²⁰⁷Pb, ²⁰⁸Pb. Lead-204 is entirely a primordial nuclide and is not a radiogenic nuclide. The three isotopes lead-206, lead-207, and lead-208 represent the ends of three decay chains: the uranium series, the actinium series, and the thorium series, respectively; a fourth decay chain, the neptunium series, terminates with the thallium isotope ²⁰⁵Tl. The three series terminating in lead represent the decay chain products of long-lived primordial ²³⁸U, ²³⁵U, and ²³²Th. Each isotope also occurs, to some extent, as primordial isotopes that were made in supernovae, rather than radiogenically as daughter products. The fixed ratio of lead-204 to the primordial amounts of the other lead isotopes may be used as the baseline to estimate the extra amounts of radiogenic lead present in rocks as a result of decay from uranium and thorium.

Bismuth (₈₃Bi) has 41 known isotopes, ranging from ¹⁸⁴Bi to ²²⁴Bi. Bismuth has no stable isotopes, but does have one very long-lived isotope; thus, the standard atomic weight can be given as 208.98040(1). Although bismuth-209 is now known to be radioactive, it has classically been considered to be a stable isotope because it has a half-life of approximately 2.01×10¹⁹ years, which is more than a billion times the age of the universe. Besides ²⁰⁹Bi, the most stable bismuth radioisotopes are ^210mBi with a half-life of 3.04 million years, ²⁰⁸Bi with a half-life of 368,000 years and ²⁰⁷Bi, with a half-life of 32.9 years, none of which occurs in nature. All other isotopes have half-lives under 1 year, most under a day. Of naturally occurring radioisotopes, the most stable is radiogenic ²¹⁰Bi with a half-life of 5.012 days. ^210mBi is unusual for being a nuclear isomer with a half-life multiple orders of magnitude longer than that of the ground state.

Thallium (₈₁Tl) has 41 isotopes with atomic masses that range from 176 to 216. ²⁰³Tl and ²⁰⁵Tl are the only stable isotopes and ²⁰⁴Tl is the most stable radioisotope with a half-life of 3.78 years. ²⁰⁷Tl, with a half-life of 4.77 minutes, has the longest half-life of naturally occurring Tl radioisotopes. All isotopes of thallium are either radioactive or observationally stable, meaning that they are predicted to be radioactive but no actual decay has been observed.

Naturally occurring tungsten (₇₄W) consists of five isotopes. Four are considered stable (¹⁸²W, ¹⁸³W, ¹⁸⁴W, and ¹⁸⁶W) and one is slightly radioactive, ¹⁸⁰W, with an extremely long half-life of 1.8 ± 0.2 exayears (10¹⁸ years). On average, two alpha decays of ¹⁸⁰W occur per gram of natural tungsten per year, so for most practical purposes, ¹⁸⁰W can be considered stable. Theoretically, all five can decay into isotopes of element 72 (hafnium) by alpha emission, but only ¹⁸⁰W has been observed to do so. The other naturally occurring isotopes have not been observed to decay (they are observationally stable), and lower bounds for their half-lives have been established:

Naturally occurring lutetium (₇₁Lu) is composed of one stable isotope ¹⁷⁵Lu (97.41% natural abundance) and one long-lived radioisotope, ¹⁷⁶Lu with a half-life of 3.78 × 10¹⁰ years (2.59% natural abundance). Forty radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable, besides ¹⁷⁶Lu, being ¹⁷⁴Lu with a half-life of 3.31 years, and ¹⁷³Lu with a half-life of 1.37 years. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 9 days, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than half an hour. This element also has 18 meta states, with the most stable being ^177mLu (t_1/2 160.4 days), ^174mLu (t_1/2 142 days) and ^178mLu (t_1/2 23.1 minutes).

Naturally occurring ytterbium (₇₀Yb) is composed of seven stable isotopes: ¹⁶⁸Yb, ¹⁷⁰Yb–¹⁷⁴Yb, and ¹⁷⁶Yb, with ¹⁷⁴Yb being the most abundant. 30 radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being ¹⁶⁹Yb with a half-life of 32.014 days, ¹⁷⁵Yb with a half-life of 4.185 days, and ¹⁶⁶Yb with a half-life of 56.7 hours. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 2 hours, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 20 minutes. This element also has 18 meta states, with the most stable being ^169mYb.

Naturally occurring barium (₅₆Ba) is a mix of six stable isotopes and one very long-lived radioactive primordial isotope, barium-130, identified as being unstable by geochemical means (from analysis of the presence of its daughter xenon-130 in rocks) in 2001. This nuclide decays by double electron capture (absorbing two electrons and emitting two neutrinos), with a half-life of (0.5–2.7)×10²¹ years (about 10¹¹ times the age of the universe).

Antimony (₅₁Sb) occurs in two stable isotopes, ¹²¹Sb and ¹²³Sb. There are 35 artificial radioactive isotopes, the longest-lived of which are ¹²⁵Sb, with a half-life of 2.75856 years; ¹²⁴Sb, with a half-life of 60.2 days; and ¹²⁶Sb, with a half-life of 12.35 days. All other isotopes have half-lives less than 4 days, most less than an hour.

Naturally occurring rhodium (₄₅Rh) is composed of only one stable isotope, ¹⁰³Rh. The most stable radioisotopes are ¹⁰¹Rh with a half-life of 3.3 years, ¹⁰²Rh with a half-life of 207 days, and ⁹⁹Rh with a half-life of 16.1 days. Thirty other radioisotopes have been characterized with atomic weights ranging from 88.949 u (⁸⁹Rh) to 121.943 u (¹²²Rh). Most of these have half-lives that are less than an hour except ¹⁰⁰Rh and ¹⁰⁵Rh. There are also numerous meta states with the most stable being ^102mRh (0.141 MeV) with a half-life of about 3.7 years and ^101mRh (0.157 MeV) with a half-life of 4.34 days.

Natural yttrium (₃₉Y) is composed of a single isotope yttrium-89. The most stable radioisotopes are ⁸⁸Y, which has a half-life of 106.6 days and ⁹¹Y with a half-life of 58.51 days. All the other isotopes have half-lives of less than a day, except ⁸⁷Y, which has a half-life of 79.8 hours, and ⁹⁰Y, with 64 hours. The dominant decay mode below the stable ⁸⁹Y is electron capture and the dominant mode after it is beta emission. Thirty-five unstable isotopes have been characterized.

The alkaline earth metal strontium (₃₈Sr) has four stable, naturally occurring isotopes: ⁸⁴Sr (0.56%), ⁸⁶Sr (9.86%), ⁸⁷Sr (7.0%) and ⁸⁸Sr (82.58%). Its standard atomic weight is 87.62(1).

Copper (₂₉Cu) has two stable isotopes, ⁶³Cu and ⁶⁵Cu, along with 27 radioisotopes. The most stable radioisotope is ⁶⁷Cu with a half-life of 61.83 hours, while the least stable is ⁵⁴Cu with a half-life of approximately 75 ns. Most have half-lives under a minute. Unstable copper isotopes with atomic masses below 63 tend to undergo β⁺ decay, while isotopes with atomic masses above 65 tend to undergo β⁻ decay. ⁶⁴Cu decays by both β⁺ and β⁻.

Naturally occurring vanadium (₂₃V) is composed of one stable isotope ⁵¹V and one radioactive isotope ⁵⁰V with a half-life of 2.71×10¹⁷ years. 24 artificial radioisotopes have been characterized (in the range of mass number between 40 and 65) with the most stable being ⁴⁹V with a half-life of 330 days, and ⁴⁸V with a half-life of 15.9735 days. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives shorter than an hour, the majority of them below 10 seconds, the least stable being ⁴²V with a half-life shorter than 55 nanoseconds, with all of the isotopes lighter than it, and none of the heavier, have unknown half-lives. In 4 isotopes, metastable excited states were found (including 2 metastable states for ⁶⁰V), which adds up to 5 meta states.

Naturally occurring titanium (₂₂Ti) is composed of five stable isotopes; ⁴⁶Ti, ⁴⁷Ti, ⁴⁸Ti, ⁴⁹Ti and ⁵⁰Ti with ⁴⁸Ti being the most abundant. Twenty-one radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being ⁴⁴Ti with a half-life of 60 years, ⁴⁵Ti with a half-life of 184.8 minutes, ⁵¹Ti with a half-life of 5.76 minutes, and ⁵²Ti with a half-life of 1.7 minutes. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 33 seconds, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than half a second.

Curium (₉₆Cm) is an artificial element with an atomic number of 96. Because it is an artificial element, a standard atomic weight cannot be given, and it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope synthesized was ²⁴²Cm in 1944, which has 146 neutrons.

References

↑ Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
↑ "Decay Chain".
1 2 Andreyev, A. N.; Antalic, S.; Huyse, M.; Duppen, P. Van; Ackermann, D.; Bianco, L.; Cullen, D. M.; Darby, I. G.; Franchoo, S.; Heinz, S.; Heßberger, F. P.; Hofmann, S.; Kojouharov, I.; Kindler, B.; Leppänen, A.-P.; Lommel, B.; Mann, R.; Münzenberg, G.; Pakarinen, J.; Page, R. D.; Ressler, J. J.; Saro, S.; Streicher, B.; Sulignano, B.; Thomson, J.; Wyss, R. (6 December 2006). "α decay of the new isotopes ^193,194Rn". Physical Review C. 74 (6): 064303. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.74.064303. ISSN 0556-2813.
1 2 Kettunen, H.; Uusitalo, J.; Leino, M.; Jones, P.; Eskola, K.; Greenlees, P. T.; Helariutta, K.; Julin, R.; Juutinen, S.; Kankaanpää, H.; Kuusiniemi, P.; Muikku, M.; Nieminen, P.; Rahkila, P. (16 March 2001). "α decay studies of the nuclides ¹⁹⁵Rn and ¹⁹⁶Rn". Physical Review C. 63 (4): 044315. Bibcode:2001PhRvC..63d4315K. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.63.044315. ISSN 0556-2813 . Retrieved 11 June 2023.
↑ Neidherr, D.; Audi, G.; Beck, D.; Baum, K.; Böhm, Ch.; Breitenfeldt, M.; Cakirli, R. B.; Casten, R. F.; George, S.; Herfurth, F.; Herlert, A.; Kellerbauer, A.; Kowalska, M.; Lunney, D.; Minaya-Ramirez, E.; Naimi, S.; Noah, E.; Penescu, L.; Rosenbusch, M.; Schwarz, S.; Schweikhard, L.; Stora, T. (19 March 2009). "Discovery of ²²⁹Rn and the Structure of the Heaviest Rn and Ra Isotopes from Penning-Trap Mass Measurements" (PDF). Physical Review Letters. 102 (11): 112501–1–112501–5. Bibcode:2009PhRvL.102k2501N. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.112501. PMID 19392194.
↑ "Nudat 2". Archived from the original on 2020-08-02. Retrieved 2019-04-22.
↑ Archived 2020-08-02 at the Wayback Machine "

Isotope masses from:
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
- de Laeter, John Robert; Böhlke, John Karl; De Bièvre, Paul; Hidaka, Hiroshi; Peiser, H. Steffen; Rosman, Kevin J. R.; Taylor, Philip D. P. (2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry . 75 (6): 683–800. doi: 10.1351/pac200375060683 .
- Wieser, Michael E. (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry . 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi: 10.1351/pac200678112051 .

"News & Notices: Standard Atomic Weights Revised". International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 19 October 2005.
Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
- National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.x database". Brookhaven National Laboratory.
- Holden, Norman E. (2004). "11. Table of the Isotopes". In Lide, David R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.

[3] Rn – Excited nuclear isomer.

[4] ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.

[TMS-5] # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).

[6] ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.

[TNN-7] 1 2 # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).

[ns-10] 1 2 Intermediate decay product of ²³⁷Np

[us-11] 1 2 Intermediate decay product of ²³⁸U

[12] Intermediate decay product of ²³⁵U

[13] Theorized to also undergo β⁻β⁻ dacay to ²²⁰Ra

[14] Intermediate decay product of ²³²Th

[15] Source of element's name

[16] Theorized to also undergo β⁻β⁻ decay to ²²²Ra

[NUBASE2020-1] Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.

[2] "Decay Chain".

[Rn193194-8] 1 2 Andreyev, A. N.; Antalic, S.; Huyse, M.; Duppen, P. Van; Ackermann, D.; Bianco, L.; Cullen, D. M.; Darby, I. G.; Franchoo, S.; Heinz, S.; Heßberger, F. P.; Hofmann, S.; Kojouharov, I.; Kindler, B.; Leppänen, A.-P.; Lommel, B.; Mann, R.; Münzenberg, G.; Pakarinen, J.; Page, R. D.; Ressler, J. J.; Saro, S.; Streicher, B.; Sulignano, B.; Thomson, J.; Wyss, R. (6 December 2006). "α decay of the new isotopes ^193,194Rn". Physical Review C. 74 (6): 064303. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.74.064303. ISSN 0556-2813.

[Rn195196-9] 1 2 Kettunen, H.; Uusitalo, J.; Leino, M.; Jones, P.; Eskola, K.; Greenlees, P. T.; Helariutta, K.; Julin, R.; Juutinen, S.; Kankaanpää, H.; Kuusiniemi, P.; Muikku, M.; Nieminen, P.; Rahkila, P. (16 March 2001). "α decay studies of the nuclides ¹⁹⁵Rn and ¹⁹⁶Rn". Physical Review C. 63 (4): 044315. Bibcode:2001PhRvC..63d4315K. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.63.044315. ISSN 0556-2813 . Retrieved 11 June 2023.

[229Rn-17] Neidherr, D.; Audi, G.; Beck, D.; Baum, K.; Böhm, Ch.; Breitenfeldt, M.; Cakirli, R. B.; Casten, R. F.; George, S.; Herfurth, F.; Herlert, A.; Kellerbauer, A.; Kowalska, M.; Lunney, D.; Minaya-Ramirez, E.; Naimi, S.; Noah, E.; Penescu, L.; Rosenbusch, M.; Schwarz, S.; Schweikhard, L.; Stora, T. (19 March 2009). "Discovery of ²²⁹Rn and the Structure of the Heaviest Rn and Ra Isotopes from Penning-Trap Mass Measurements" (PDF). Physical Review Letters. 102 (11): 112501–1–112501–5. Bibcode:2009PhRvL.102k2501N. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.112501. PMID 19392194.

[18] "Nudat 2". Archived from the original on 2020-08-02. Retrieved 2019-04-22.

[19] Archived 2020-08-02 at the Wayback Machine "

[1]

[2]

[n 1]

[n 2]

[n 3]

[n 4]

[n 5]

[3]

[4]

[n 6]

[n 7]

[n 8]

[n 9]

[n 10]

[n 11]

[n 12]

[5]

[6]

[7]