Isotopes of silver

Isotopes of silver  (₄₇Ag)

Main isotopes [1] Decay abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct 105Ag synth 41.29 d ε 105Pd 106mAg synth 8.28 d ε 106Pd 107Ag 51.8% stable 108mAg synth 439 y ε 108Pd IT 108Ag 109Ag 48.2% stable 110m2Ag synth 249.86 d β− 110Cd 111Ag synth 7.43 d β− 111Cd
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Ag)
	107.8682±0.0002 [2] 107.87±0.01 (abridged) [3]
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Naturally occurring silver (₄₇Ag) is composed of the two stable isotopes ¹⁰⁷Ag and ¹⁰⁹Ag in almost equal proportions, with ¹⁰⁷Ag being slightly more abundant (51.839% natural abundance). Notably, silver is the only element with multiple NMR-active isotopes all having spin 1/2. Thus both ¹⁰⁷Ag and ¹⁰⁹Ag nuclei produce narrow lines in nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. ^[4]

40 radioisotopes have been characterized with the most stable being ¹⁰⁵Ag with a half-life of 41.29 days, ¹¹¹Ag with a half-life of 7.43 days, and ¹¹²Ag with a half-life of 3.13 hours.

All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than an hour, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 3 minutes. This element has numerous meta states, with the most stable being ^108mAg (half-life 439 years), ^110mAg (half-life 249.86 days) and ^106mAg (half-life 8.28 days).

Known isotopes of silver range in atomic weight from ⁹²Ag to ¹³²Ag. The primary decay mode before the most abundant stable isotope, ¹⁰⁷Ag, is electron capture and the primary mode after is beta decay. The primary decay products before ¹⁰⁷Ag are palladium (element 46) isotopes and the primary products after are cadmium (element 48) isotopes.

The palladium isotope ¹⁰⁷Pd decays by beta emission to ¹⁰⁷Ag with a half-life of 6.5 million years. Iron meteorites are the only objects with a high enough palladium/silver ratio to yield measurable variations in ¹⁰⁷Ag abundance. Radiogenic ¹⁰⁷Ag was first discovered in the Santa Clara meteorite in 1978.

The discoverers^{[ who? ]} suggest that the coalescence and differentiation of iron-cored small planets may have occurred 10 million years after a nucleosynthetic event. ¹⁰⁷Pd versus ¹⁰⁷Ag correlations observed in bodies, which have clearly been melted since the accretion of the Solar System, must reflect the presence of live short-lived nuclides in the early Solar System.

List of isotopes

Nuclide [n 1]	Z	N	Isotopic mass (Da) [5] [n 2] [n 3]	Half-life [1] [n 4]	Decay mode [1] [n 5]	Daughter isotope [n 6] [n 7]	Spin and parity [1] [n 8] [n 4]	Natural abundance (mole fraction)
	Excitation energy [n 4]							Normal proportion [1]	Range of variation
92Ag	47	45	91.95971(43)#	1# ms [>400 ns]	β+?	92Pd
					p?	91Pd
93Ag	47	46	92.95019(43)#	228(16) ns	β+?	93Pd	9/2+#
					p?	92Pd
					β+, p?	92Rh
94Ag	47	47	93.94374(43)#	27(2) ms	β+ (>99.8%)	94Pd	0+#
					β+, p (<0.2%)	93Rh
94m1Ag	1350(400)# keV			470(10) ms	β+ (83%)	94Pd	(7+)
					β+, p (17%)	93Rh
94m2Ag	6500(550)# keV			400(40) ms	β+ (~68.4%)	94Pd	(21+)
					β+, p (~27%)	93Rh
					p (4.1%)	93Pd
					2p (0.5%)	92Rh
95Ag	47	48	94.93569(43)#	1.78(6) s	β+ (97.7%)	95Pd	(9/2+)
					β+, p (2.3%)	94Rh
95m1Ag	344.2(3) keV			<0.5 s	IT	95Ag	(1/2−)
95m2Ag	2531.3(15) keV			<16 ms	IT	95Ag	(23/2+)
95m3Ag	4860.0(15) keV			<40 ms	IT	95Ag	(37/2+)
96Ag	47	49	95.93074(10)	4.45(3) s	β+ (95.8%)	96Pd	(8)+
					β+, p (4.2%)	95Rh
96m1Ag [n 9]	0(50)# keV			6.9(5) s	β+ (85.1%)	96Pd	(2+)
					β+, p (14.9%)	95Rh
96m2Ag	2461.4(3) keV			103.2(45) μs	IT	96Ag	(13−)
96m3Ag	2686.7(4) keV			1.561(16) μs	IT	96Ag	(15+)
96m4Ag	6951.8(14) keV			132(17) ns	IT	96Ag	(19+)
97Ag	47	50	96.923881(13)	25.5(3) s	β+	97Pd	(9/2)+
97mAg	620(40) keV			100# ms	IT?	97Ag	1/2−#
98Ag	47	51	97.92156(4)	47.5(3) s	β+	98Pd	(6)+
					β+, p (.0012%)	97Rh
98mAg	107.28(10) keV			161(7) ns	IT	98Ag	(4+)
99Ag	47	52	98.917646(7)	2.07(5) min	β+	99Pd	(9/2)+
99mAg	506.2(4) keV			10.5(5) s	IT	99Ag	(1/2−)
100Ag	47	53	99.916115(5)	2.01(9) min	β+	100Pd	(5)+
100mAg	15.52(16) keV			2.24(13) min	IT?	100Ag	(2)+
					β+?	100Pd
101Ag	47	54	100.912684(5)	11.1(3) min	β+	101Pd	9/2+
101mAg	274.1(3) keV			3.10(10) s	IT	101Ag	(1/2)−
102Ag	47	55	101.911705(9)	12.9(3) min	β+	102Pd	5+
102mAg	9.40(7) keV			7.7(5) min	β+ (51%)	102Pd	2+
					IT (49%)	102Ag
103Ag	47	56	102.908961(4)	65.7(7) min	β+	103Pd	7/2+
103mAg	134.45(4) keV			5.7(3) s	IT	103Ag	1/2−
104Ag	47	57	103.908624(5)	69.2(10) min	β+	104Pd	5+
104mAg	6.90(22) keV			33.5(20) min	β+ (>99.93%)	104Pd	2+
					IT (<0.07%)	104Ag
105Ag	47	58	104.906526(5)	41.29(7) d	β+	105Pd	1/2−
105mAg	25.468(16) keV			7.23(16) min	IT (99.66%)	105Ag	7/2+
					β+ (.34%)	105Pd
106Ag	47	59	105.906663(3)	23.96(4) min	β+	106Pd	1+
					β−?	106Cd
106mAg	89.66(7) keV			8.28(2) d	β+	106Pd	6+
					IT?	106Ag
107Ag [n 10]	47	60	106.9050915(26)	Stable			1/2−	0.51839(8)
107mAg	93.125(19) keV			44.3(2) s	IT	107Ag	7/2+
108Ag [6]	47	61	107.9059502(26)	2.382(11) min	β− (97.15%)	108Cd	1+
					EC (2.57%)	108Pd
					β+ (0.283%)
108mAg [6]	109.466(7) keV			439(9) y	EC (91.3%)	108Pd	6+
					IT (8.7%)	108Ag
109Ag [n 11]	47	62	108.9047558(14)	Stable			1/2−	0.48161(8)
109mAg [n 11]	88.0337(10) keV			39.79(21) s	IT	109Ag	7/2+
110Ag	47	63	109.9061107(14)	24.56(11) s	β− (99.70%)	110Cd	1+
					EC (0.30%)	110Pd
110m1Ag	1.112(16) keV			660(40) ns	IT	110Ag	2−
110m2Ag	117.59(5) keV			249.863(24) d	β− (98.67%)	110Cd	6+
					IT (1.33%)	110Ag
111Ag [n 11]	47	64	110.9052968(16)	7.433(10) d	β−	111Cd	1/2−
111mAg	59.82(4) keV			64.8(8) s	IT (99.3%)	111Ag	7/2+
					β− (0.7%)	111Cd
112Ag	47	65	111.9070485(26)	3.130(8) h	β−	112Cd	2(−)
113Ag	47	66	112.906573(18)	5.37(5) h	β−	113mCd	1/2−
113mAg	43.50(10) keV			68.7(16) s	IT (64%)	113Ag	7/2+
					β− (36%)	113Cd
114Ag	47	67	113.908823(5)	4.6(1) s	β−	114Cd	1+
114mAg	198.9(10) keV			1.50(5) ms	IT	114Ag	(6+)
115Ag	47	68	114.908767(20)	20.0(5) min	β−	115mCd	1/2−
115mAg	41.16(10) keV			18.0(7) s	β− (79.0%)	115Cd	7/2+
					IT (21.0%)	115Ag
116Ag	47	69	115.911387(4)	3.83(8) min	β−	116Cd	(0−)
116m1Ag	47.90(10) keV			20(1) s	β− (93%)	116Cd	(3+)
					IT (7%)	116Ag
116m2Ag	129.80(22) keV			9.3(3) s	β− (92%)	116Cd	(6−)
					IT (8%)	116Ag
117Ag	47	70	116.911774(15)	73.6(14) s	β−	117mCd	1/2−#
117mAg	28.6(2) keV			5.34(5) s	β− (94.0%)	117mCd	7/2+#
					IT (6.0%)	117Ag
118Ag	47	71	117.9145955(27)	3.76(15) s	β−	118Cd	(2−)
118m1Ag	45.79(9) keV			~0.1 μs	IT	118Ag	(1,2)−
118m2Ag	127.63(10) keV			2.0(2) s	β− (59%)	118Cd	(5+)
					IT (41%)	118Ag
118m3Ag	279.37(20) keV			~0.1 μs	IT	118Ag	(3+)
119Ag	47	72	118.915570(16)	2.1(1) s	β−	119Cd	(7/2+)
119mAg	33.5(3) keV [7]			6.0(5) s	β−	119Cd	(1/2−)
120Ag	47	73	119.918785(5)	1.52(7) s	β−	120Cd	4(+)
					β−, n (<.003%)	119Cd
120m1Ag [n 9]	0(50)# keV			940(100) ms	β−?	120Cd	(0−, 1−)
					IT?	120Ag
					β−, n?	119Cd
120m2Ag	203.2(2) keV			384(22) ms	IT (68%)	120Sn	7(−)
					β− (32%)	120Cd
					β−, n?	119Cd
121Ag	47	74	120.920125(13)	777(10) ms	β− (99.92%)	121Cd	7/2+#
					β−, n (0.080%)	120Cd
122Ag [8]	47	75	121.9235420(56)	550(50) ms	β−	122Cd	(1−)
					β−, n?	121Cd
122m1Ag [8]	303.7(50) keV			200(50) ms	β−	122Cd	(9−)
					β−, n?	121Cd
					IT?	122Ag
122m2Ag	171(50)# keV			6.3(1) μs	IT	122Ag	(1+)
123Ag	47	76	122.92532(4)	294(5) ms	β− (99.44%)	123Cd	(7/2+)
					β−, n (0.56%)	122Cd
123m1Ag	59.5(5) keV			100# ms	β−	123Cd	(1/2−)
					β−, n?	122Cd
123m2Ag	1450(14)# keV			202(20) ns	IT	123Ag
123m3Ag	1472.8(8) keV			393(16) ns	IT	123Ag	(17/2−)
124Ag	47	77	123.92890(27)#	177.9(26) ms	β− (98.7%)	124Cd	(2−)
					β−, n (1.3%)	123Cd
124m1Ag [n 9]	50(50)# keV			144(20) ms	β−	124Cd	9−#
					β−, n?	123Cd
124m2Ag	155.6(5) keV			140(50) ns	IT	124Ag	(1+)
124m3Ag	231.1(7) keV			1.48(15) μs	IT	124Ag	(1−)
125Ag	47	78	124.93074(47)	160(5) ms	β− (88.2%)	125Cd	(9/2+)
					β−, n (11.8%)	124Cd
125m1Ag	97.1(5) keV			50# ms	β−?	125Cd	(1/2−)
					IT?	125Ag
					β−, n?	124Cd
125m2Ag	1501.2(6) keV			491(20) ns	IT	125Ag	(17/2−)
126Ag	47	79	125.93481(22)#	52(10) ms	β− (86.3%)	126Cd	3+#
					β−, n (13.7%)	125Cd
126m1Ag	100(100)# keV			108.4(24) ms	β−	126Cd	9−#
					IT?	126Ag
					β−, n?	125Cd
126m2Ag	254.8(5) keV			27(6) μs	IT	126Ag	1−#
127Ag	47	80	126.93704(22)#	89(2) ms	β− (85.4%)	127Cd	(9/2+)
					β−, n (14.6%)	126Cd
127mAg	1938(17) keV			67.5(9) ms	β− (91.2%)	127Cd	(27/2+)
					IT (8.8%)	127Ag
128Ag	47	81	127.94127(32)#	60(3) ms	β− (80%)	128Cd	3+#
					β−, n (20%)	127Cd
					β−, 2n?	126Cd
129Ag	47	82	128.94432(43)#	49.9(35) ms	β− (>80%)	129Cd	9/2+#
					β−, n (<20%)	128Cd
130Ag	47	83	129.95073(46)#	40.6(45) ms	β−	130Cd	1−#
					β−, n?	129Cd
					β−, 2n?	128Cd
131Ag	47	84	130.95625(54)#	35(8) ms	β− (90%)	131Cd	9/2+#
					β−, 2n (10%)	129Cd
					β−, n?	130Cd
132Ag	47	85	131.96307(54)#	30(14) ms	β−	132Cd	6−#
					β−, n?	131Cd
					β−, 2n?	130Cd
This table header & footer: view

1. ^mAg – Excited nuclear isomer.
2. ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
3. # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
4. # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
5. Modes of decay:

   EC:	Electron capture
   IT:	Isomeric transition
   n:	Neutron emission
   p:	Proton emission

6. Bold italics symbol as daughter – Daughter product is nearly stable.
7. Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
8. ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
9. Order of ground state and isomer is uncertain.
10. Used to date certain events in the early history of the Solar System
11. Fission product

See also

Daughter products other than silver

• Isotopes of cadmium
• Isotopes of palladium
• Isotopes of rhodium

References

1. Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
2. "Standard Atomic Weights: Silver". CIAAW. 1985.
3. Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN   1365-3075.
4. "(Ag) Silver NMR".
5. Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*". Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030003. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf.
6. Blachot, Jean (October 2000). "Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 108" . Nuclear Data Sheets. 91 (2): 135–296. doi:10.1006/ndsh.2000.0017.
7. Kurpeta, J.; Abramuk, A.; Rząca-Urban, T.; Urban, W.; Canete, L.; Eronen, T.; Geldhof, S.; Gierlik, M.; Greene, J. P.; Jokinen, A.; Kankainen, A.; Moore, I. D.; Nesterenko, D. A.; Penttilä, H.; Pohjalainen, I.; Reponen, M.; Rinta-Antila, S.; de Roubin, A.; Simpson, G. S.; Smith, A. G.; Vilén, M. (14 March 2022). "β - and γ -spectroscopy study of Pd 119 and Ag 119". Physical Review C. 105 (3). doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.105.034316.
8. Jaries, A.; Stryjczyk, M.; Kankainen, A.; Ayoubi, L. Al; Beliuskina, O.; Canete, L.; de Groote, R. P.; Delafosse, C.; Delahaye, P.; Eronen, T.; Flayol, M.; Ge, Z.; Geldhof, S.; Gins, W.; Hukkanen, M.; Imgram, P.; Kahl, D.; Kostensalo, J.; Kujanpää, S.; Kumar, D.; Moore, I. D.; Mougeot, M.; Nesterenko, D. A.; Nikas, S.; Patel, D.; Penttilä, H.; Pitman-Weymouth, D.; Pohjalainen, I.; Raggio, A.; Ramalho, M.; Reponen, M.; Rinta-Antila, S.; de Roubin, A.; Ruotsalainen, J.; Srivastava, P. C.; Suhonen, J.; Vilen, M.; Virtanen, V.; Zadvornaya, A. "Physical Review C - Accepted Paper: Isomeric states of fission fragments explored via Penning trap mass spectrometry at IGISOL". journals.aps.org. arXiv: 2403.04710 .

• Isotope masses from:
  • Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*". Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030003. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf.
• Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
  • Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
  • de Laeter, John Robert; Böhlke, John Karl; De Bièvre, Paul; Hidaka, Hiroshi; Peiser, H. Steffen; Rosman, Kevin J. R.; Taylor, Philip D. P. (2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry . 75 (6): 683–800. doi: 10.1351/pac200375060683 .
  • Wieser, Michael E. (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry . 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi: 10.1351/pac200678112051 .
• "News & Notices: Standard Atomic Weights Revised". International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 19 October 2005.
• Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.
  • Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
  • National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 3.0 database". Brookhaven National Laboratory.

• • Holden, Norman E. (2004). "11. Table of the Isotopes". In Lide, David R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN   978-0-8493-0485-9.