Isotopes of cerium

Isotopes of cerium (₅₈Ce)
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Ce)
	140.116±0.001; 140.12±0.01 (abridged);
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Last updated August 01, 2023

Naturally occurring cerium (₅₈Ce) is composed of 4 stable isotopes: ¹³⁶Ce, ¹³⁸Ce, ¹⁴⁰Ce, and ¹⁴²Ce, with ¹⁴⁰Ce being the most abundant (88.48% natural abundance) and the only one theoretically stable; ¹³⁶Ce, ¹³⁸Ce, and ¹⁴²Ce are predicted to undergo double beta decay but this process has never been observed. There are 35 radioisotopes that have been characterized, with the most stable being ¹⁴⁴Ce, with a half-life of 284.893 days; ¹³⁹Ce, with a half-life of 137.640 days and ¹⁴¹Ce, with a half-life of 32.501 days. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 4 days and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 10 minutes. This element also has 10 meta states.

The isotopes of cerium range in atomic weight from 119 u (¹¹⁹Ce) to 157 u (¹⁵⁷Ce).

List of isotopes

Nuclide ^{[n 1]}	Z	N	Isotopic mass (Da) ^{[n 2]}^{[n 3]}	Half-life ^{[n 4]}	Decay mode ^{[n 5]}	Daughter isotope ^{[n 6]}	Spin and parity ^{[n 7]}^{[n 4]}	Natural abundance (mole fraction)
Nuclide ^{[n 1]}	Excitation energy			Half-life ^{[n 4]}	Decay mode ^{[n 5]}	Daughter isotope ^{[n 6]}	Spin and parity ^{[n 7]}^{[n 4]}	Normal proportion	Range of variation
¹¹⁹Ce	58	61	118.95276(64)#	200# ms	β⁺	¹¹⁹La	5/2+#
¹²⁰Ce	58	62	119.94664(75)#	250# ms	β⁺	¹²⁰La	0+
¹²¹Ce	58	63	120.94342(54)#	1.1(1) s	β⁺	¹²¹La	(5/2)(+#)
¹²²Ce	58	64	121.93791(43)#	2# s	β⁺	¹²²La	0+
¹²²Ce	58	64	121.93791(43)#	2# s	β⁺, p	¹²¹Ba	0+
¹²³Ce	58	65	122.93540(32)#	3.8(2) s	β⁺	¹²³La	(5/2)(+#)
¹²³Ce	58	65	122.93540(32)#	3.8(2) s	β⁺, p	¹²²Ba	(5/2)(+#)
¹²⁴Ce	58	66	123.93041(32)#	9.1(12) s	β⁺	¹²⁴La	0+
¹²⁵Ce	58	67	124.92844(21)#	9.3(3) s	β⁺	¹²⁵La	(7/2−)
¹²⁵Ce	58	67	124.92844(21)#	9.3(3) s	β⁺, p	¹²⁴Ba	(7/2−)
¹²⁶Ce	58	68	125.92397(3)	51.0(3) s	β⁺	¹²⁶La	0+
¹²⁷Ce	58	69	126.92273(6)	29(2) s	β⁺	¹²⁷La	5/2+#
¹²⁸Ce	58	70	127.91891(3)	3.93(2) min	β⁺	¹²⁸La	0+
¹²⁹Ce	58	71	128.91810(3)	3.5(3) min	β⁺	¹²⁹La	(5/2+)
¹³⁰Ce	58	72	129.91474(3)	22.9(5) min	β⁺	¹³⁰La	0+
^130mCe	2453.6(3) keV			100(8) ns			(7−)
¹³¹Ce	58	73	130.91442(4)	10.2(3) min	β⁺	¹³¹La	(7/2+)
^131mCe	61.8(1) keV			5.0(10) min	β⁺	¹³¹La	(1/2+)
¹³²Ce	58	74	131.911460(22)	3.51(11) h	β⁺	¹³²La	0+
^132mCe	2340.8(5) keV			9.4(3) ms	IT	¹³²Ce	(8−)
¹³³Ce	58	75	132.911515(18)	97(4) min	β⁺	¹³³La	1/2+
^133mCe	37.1(8) keV			4.9(4) d	β⁺	¹³³La	9/2−
¹³⁴Ce	58	76	133.908925(22)	3.16(4) d	EC	¹³⁴La	0+
¹³⁵Ce	58	77	134.909151(12)	17.7(3) h	β⁺	¹³⁵La	1/2(+)
^135mCe	445.8(2) keV			20(1) s	IT	¹³⁵Ce	(11/2−)
¹³⁶Ce	58	78	135.907172(14)	Observationally Stable ^{[n 8]}			0+	0.00185(2)	0.00185–0.00186
^136mCe	3095.5(4) keV			2.2(2) µs			10+
¹³⁷Ce	58	79	136.907806(14)	9.0(3) h	β⁺	¹³⁷La	3/2+
^137mCe	254.29(5) keV			34.4(3) h	IT (99.22%)	¹³⁷Ce	11/2−
^137mCe	254.29(5) keV			34.4(3) h	β⁺ (.779%)	¹³⁷La	11/2−
¹³⁸Ce	58	80	137.905991(11)	Observationally Stable^{[n 9]}			0+	0.00251(2)	0.00251–0.00254
^138mCe	2129.17(12) keV			8.65(20) ms	IT	¹³⁸Ce	7-
¹³⁹Ce	58	81	138.906653(8)	137.641(20) d	EC	¹³⁹La	3/2+
^139mCe	754.24(8) keV			56.54(13) s	IT	¹³⁹Ce	11/2−
¹⁴⁰Ce^{[n 10]}	58	82	139.9054387(26)	Stable^{[n 11]}			0+	0.88450(51)	0.88446–0.88449
^140mCe	2107.85(3) keV			7.3(15) µs			6+
¹⁴¹Ce^{[n 10]}	58	83	140.9082763(26)	32.508(13) d	β⁻	¹⁴¹Pr	7/2−
¹⁴²Ce^{[n 10]}	58	84	141.909244(3)	Observationally Stable^{[n 12]}			0+	0.11114(51)	0.11114–0.11114
¹⁴³Ce^{[n 10]}	58	85	142.912386(3)	33.039(6) h	β⁻	¹⁴³Pr	3/2−
¹⁴⁴Ce^{[n 10]}	58	86	143.913647(4)	284.91(5) d	β⁻	^144mPr	0+
¹⁴⁵Ce	58	87	144.91723(4)	3.01(6) min	β⁻	¹⁴⁵Pr	(3/2−)
¹⁴⁶Ce	58	88	145.91876(7)	13.52(13) min	β⁻	¹⁴⁶Pr	0+
¹⁴⁷Ce	58	89	146.92267(3)	56.4(10) s	β⁻	¹⁴⁷Pr	(5/2−)
¹⁴⁸Ce	58	90	147.92443(3)	56(1) s	β⁻	¹⁴⁸Pr	0+
¹⁴⁹Ce	58	91	148.9284(1)	5.3(2) s	β⁻	¹⁴⁹Pr	(3/2−)#
¹⁵⁰Ce	58	92	149.93041(5)	4.0(6) s	β⁻	¹⁵⁰Pr	0+
¹⁵¹Ce	58	93	150.93398(11)	1.02(6) s	β⁻	¹⁵¹Pr	3/2−#
¹⁵²Ce	58	94	151.93654(21)#	1.4(2) s	β⁻	¹⁵²Pr	0+
¹⁵³Ce	58	95	152.94058(43)#	500# ms [>300 ns]	β⁻	¹⁵³Pr	3/2−#
¹⁵⁴Ce	58	96	153.94342(54)#	300# ms [>300 ns]	β⁻	¹⁵⁴Pr	0+
¹⁵⁵Ce	58	97	154.94804(64)#	200# ms [>300 ns]	β⁻	¹⁵⁵Pr	5/2−#
¹⁵⁶Ce	58	98	155.95126(64)#	150# ms	β⁻	¹⁵⁶Pr	0+
¹⁵⁷Ce	58	99	156.95634(75)#	50# ms	β⁻	¹⁵⁷Pr	7/2+#
This table header & footer: view

↑ ^mCe – Excited nuclear isomer.
↑ ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
↑ # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
1 2 # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
↑ Modes of decay:
EC: Electron capture
IT: Isomeric transition
p: Proton emission
↑ Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
↑ ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
↑ Theorized to undergo β⁺β⁺ decay to ¹³⁶Ba with a half-life over 38×10¹⁵ years
↑ Theorized to undergo β⁺β⁺ decay to ¹³⁸Ba with a half-life over 150×10¹² years
1 2 3 4 5 Fission product
↑ Theoretically capable of spontaneous fission
↑ Theorized to undergo β⁻β⁻ decay to ¹⁴²Nd or α decay to ¹³⁸Ba with a half-life over 2.9×10¹⁸ years^[4]^[5]

Related Research Articles

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Naturally occurring ytterbium (₇₀Yb) is composed of seven stable isotopes, ¹⁶⁸Yb–¹⁷⁶Yb, with ¹⁷⁴Yb being the most abundant. Twenty-seven radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being ¹⁶⁹Yb with a half-life of 32.026 days, ¹⁷⁵Yb with a half-life of 4.185 days, and ¹⁶⁶Yb with a half-life of 56.7 hours. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 2 hours, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 20 minutes. This element also has 12 meta states, with the most stable being ^169mYb.

Naturally occurring thulium (₆₉Tm) is composed of one stable isotope, ¹⁶⁹Tm. Thirty-six radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being ¹⁷¹Tm with a half-life of 1.92 years, ¹⁷⁰Tm with a half-life of 128.6 days, ¹⁶⁸Tm with a half-life of 93.1 days, and ¹⁶⁷Tm with a half-life of 9.25 days. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 64 hours, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 2 minutes. This element also has 26 meta states, with the most stable being ^164mTm, ^160mTm and ^155mTm.

Natural holmium (₆₇Ho) contains one observationally stable isotope, ¹⁶⁵Ho. The below table lists 36 isotopes spanning ¹⁴⁰Ho through ¹⁷⁵Ho as well as 33 nuclear isomers. Among the known synthetic radioactive isotopes; the most stable one is ¹⁶³Ho, with a half-life of 4,570 years. All other radioisotopes have half-lives not greater than 1.117 days in their ground states, and most have half-lives under 3 hours.

Naturally occurring dysprosium (₆₆Dy) is composed of 7 stable isotopes, ¹⁵⁶Dy, ¹⁵⁸Dy, ¹⁶⁰Dy, ¹⁶¹Dy, ¹⁶²Dy, ¹⁶³Dy and ¹⁶⁴Dy, with ¹⁶⁴Dy being the most abundant. Twenty-nine radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being ¹⁵⁴Dy with a half-life of 3.0 million years, ¹⁵⁹Dy with a half-life of 144.4 days, and ¹⁶⁶Dy with a half-life of 81.6 hours. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 10 hours, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 30 seconds. This element also has 12 meta states, with the most stable being ^165mDy, ^147mDy and ^145mDy.

Naturally occurring terbium (₆₅Tb) is composed of one stable isotope, ¹⁵⁹Tb. Thirty-seven radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being ¹⁵⁸Tb with a half-life of 180 years, ¹⁵⁷Tb with a half-life of 71 years, and ¹⁶⁰Tb with a half-life of 72.3 days. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 6.907 days, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 24 seconds. This element also has 27 meta states, with the most stable being ^156m1Tb, ^154m2Tb and ^154m1Tb.

Naturally occurring gadolinium (₆₄Gd) is composed of 6 stable isotopes, ¹⁵⁴Gd, ¹⁵⁵Gd, ¹⁵⁶Gd, ¹⁵⁷Gd, ¹⁵⁸Gd and ¹⁶⁰Gd, and 1 radioisotope, ¹⁵²Gd, with ¹⁵⁸Gd being the most abundant (24.84% natural abundance). The predicted double beta decay of ¹⁶⁰Gd has never been observed; only a lower limit on its half-life of more than 1.3×10²¹ years has been set experimentally.

Promethium (₆₁Pm) is an artificial element, except in trace quantities as a product of spontaneous fission of ²³⁸U and ²³⁵U and alpha decay of ¹⁵¹Eu, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all artificial elements, it has no stable isotopes. It was first synthesized in 1945.

Naturally occurring neodymium (₆₀Nd) is composed of 5 stable isotopes, ¹⁴²Nd, ¹⁴³Nd, ¹⁴⁵Nd, ¹⁴⁶Nd and ¹⁴⁸Nd, with ¹⁴²Nd being the most abundant (27.2% natural abundance), and 2 long-lived radioisotopes, ¹⁴⁴Nd and ¹⁵⁰Nd. In all, 33 radioisotopes of neodymium have been characterized up to now, with the most stable being naturally occurring isotopes ¹⁴⁴Nd (alpha decay, a half-life (t_1/2) of 2.29×10¹⁵ years) and ¹⁵⁰Nd (double beta decay, t_1/2 of 7×10¹⁸ years). All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 12 days, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 70 seconds; the most stable artificial isotope is ¹⁴⁷Nd with a half-life of 10.98 days. This element also has 13 known meta states with the most stable being ^139mNd (t_1/2 5.5 hours), ^135mNd (t_1/2 5.5 minutes) and ^133m1Nd (t_1/2 ~70 seconds).

Naturally occurring praseodymium (₅₉Pr) is composed of one stable isotope, ¹⁴¹Pr. Thirty-eight radioisotopes have been characterized with the most stable being ¹⁴³Pr, with a half-life of 13.57 days and ¹⁴²Pr, with a half-life of 19.12 hours. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 5.985 hours and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 33 seconds. This element also has 15 meta states with the most stable being ^138mPr, ^142mPr and ^134mPr.

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Naturally occurring zinc (₃₀Zn) is composed of the 5 stable isotopes ⁶⁴Zn, ⁶⁶Zn, ⁶⁷Zn, ⁶⁸Zn, and ⁷⁰Zn with ⁶⁴Zn being the most abundant. Twenty-five radioisotopes have been characterised with the most abundant and stable being ⁶⁵Zn with a half-life of 244.26 days, and ⁷²Zn with a half-life of 46.5 hours. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 14 hours and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 1 second. This element also has 10 meta states.

Copper (₂₉Cu) has two stable isotopes, ⁶³Cu and ⁶⁵Cu, along with 27 radioisotopes. The most stable radioisotope is ⁶⁷Cu with a half-life of 61.83 hours, while the least stable is ⁵⁴Cu with a half-life of approximately 75 ns. Most have half-lives under a minute. Unstable copper isotopes with atomic masses below 63 tend to undergo β⁺ decay, while isotopes with atomic masses above 65 tend to undergo β⁻ decay. ⁶⁴Cu decays by both β⁺ and β⁻.

Naturally occurring scandium (₂₁Sc) is composed of one stable isotope, ⁴⁵Sc. Twenty-five radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being ⁴⁶Sc with a half-life of 83.8 days, ⁴⁷Sc with a half-life of 3.35 days, and ⁴⁸Sc with a half-life of 43.7 hours and ⁴⁴Sc with a half-life of 3.97 hours. All the remaining isotopes have half-lives that are less than four hours, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than two minutes, the least stable being proton unbound ³⁹Sc with a half-life shorter than 300 nanoseconds. This element also has 13 meta states with the most stable being ^44m2Sc.

Californium (₉₈Cf) is an artificial element, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all artificial elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was ²⁴⁵Cf in 1950. There are 20 known radioisotopes ranging from ²³⁷Cf to ²⁵⁶Cf and one nuclear isomer, ^249mCf. The longest-lived isotope is ²⁵¹Cf with a half-life of 898 years.

Einsteinium (₉₉Es) is a synthetic element, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all synthetic elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be discovered was ²⁵³Es in 1952. There are 18 known radioisotopes from ²⁴⁰Es to ²⁵⁷Es, and 3 nuclear isomers. The longest-lived isotope is ²⁵²Es with a half-life of 471.7 days, or around 1.293 years.

References

↑ Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
↑ "Standard Atomic Weights: Cerium". CIAAW. 1995.
↑ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; et al. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
↑ Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 98. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
↑ Belli, P.; Bernabei, R.; Danevich, F. A.; Incicchitti, A.; Tretyak, V. I. (2019). "Experimental searches for rare alpha and beta decays". European Physical Journal A . 55 (140): 4–6. arXiv: 1908.11458 . Bibcode:2019EPJA...55..140B. doi:10.1140/epja/i2019-12823-2. S2CID 254103706.

Isotope masses from:
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
- de Laeter, John Robert; Böhlke, John Karl; De Bièvre, Paul; Hidaka, Hiroshi; Peiser, H. Steffen; Rosman, Kevin J. R.; Taylor, Philip D. P. (2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry . 75 (6): 683–800. doi: 10.1351/pac200375060683 .
- Wieser, Michael E. (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry . 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi: 10.1351/pac200678112051 .

"News & Notices: Standard Atomic Weights Revised". International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 19 October 2005.
Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
- National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.x database". Brookhaven National Laboratory.
- Holden, Norman E. (2004). "11. Table of the Isotopes". In Lide, David R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.

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[4] Ce – Excited nuclear isomer.

[5] ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.

[TMS-6] # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).

[TNN-7] 1 2 # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).

[8] Modes of decay:
EC: Electron capture
IT: Isomeric transition
p: Proton emission

[9] Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.

[10] ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.

[11] Theorized to undergo β⁺β⁺ decay to ¹³⁶Ba with a half-life over 38×10¹⁵ years

[12] Theorized to undergo β⁺β⁺ decay to ¹³⁸Ba with a half-life over 150×10¹² years

[FP-13] 1 2 3 4 5 Fission product

[14] Theoretically capable of spontaneous fission

[17] Theorized to undergo β⁻β⁻ decay to ¹⁴²Nd or α decay to ¹³⁸Ba with a half-life over 2.9×10¹⁸ years^[4]^[5]

[NUBASE2020-1] Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.

[2] "Standard Atomic Weights: Cerium". CIAAW. 1995.

[CIAAW2021-3] Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; et al. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.

[15] Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 98. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.

[rare_decays-16] Belli, P.; Bernabei, R.; Danevich, F. A.; Incicchitti, A.; Tretyak, V. I. (2019). "Experimental searches for rare alpha and beta decays". European Physical Journal A . 55 (140): 4–6. arXiv: 1908.11458 . Bibcode:2019EPJA...55..140B. doi:10.1140/epja/i2019-12823-2. S2CID 254103706.

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