List of Panamanian monkey species

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The range of the Central American squirrel monkey within Panama no longer includes its type locality of David. Squirrel monkey1-cropped.jpg
The range of the Central American squirrel monkey within Panama no longer includes its type locality of David.

At least six monkey species are native to Panama. A seventh species, the Coiba Island howler (Alouatta coibensis) is often recognized, but some authors treat it as a subspecies of the mantled howler, (A. palliata). [1] An eighth species, the black-headed spider monkey is also often recognized, but some authorities regard it as a subspecies of Geoffroy's spider monkey. [2] All Panamanian monkey species are classified taxonomically as New World monkeys, and they belong to four families. The Coiba Island howler, mantled howler, black-headed spider monkey and Geoffroy's spider monkey all belong to the family Atelidae. The white-faced capuchins and Central American squirrel monkey belong to the family Cebidae. the family that includes the capuchin monkeys and squirrel monkeys. The Panamanian night monkey belongs to the family Aotidae, and Geoffroy's tamarin belongs to the family Callitrichidae.

Contents

The mantled howler, the Panamanian night monkey, Geoffroy's spider monkey and the Panamanian white-faced capuchin all have extensive ranges within Panama. [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] Geoffroy's tamarin also has a fairly wide range within Panama, from west of the Panama Canal to the Colombian border. [8] The range of the black-headed spider monkey and Colombian white-faced capuchin within Panama are limited to the eastern portion of the country near the Colombian border. [9] [7] The Central American squirrel monkey only occurs within Panama in the extreme western portion of the country, near Costa Rica. [10] It now has a smaller range within Panama than in the past, and is no longer found in its type locality, the city of David. [10] As its name suggests, the Coiba Island howler is restricted to Coiba Island. [11] The Azuero howler monkey (Alouatta coibensis trabeata or Alouatta palliata trabeata), which is considered a subspecies of either the Coiba Island howler or the mantled howler, is restricted to the Azuero Peninsula. [3]

The black-headed spider monkey is the largest Panamanian monkey with an average size of 8.89 kilograms (19.6 lb) for males and 8.8 kilograms (19 lb) for males. [12] [13] Geoffroy's spider monkey is the next largest, followed by the howler monkey species. Geoffroy's tamarin is the smallest Panamanian monkey, with an average size of about 0.5 kilograms (1.1 lb). [14]

One Panamanian monkey, the black-headed spider monkey, is considered to be critically endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), and Geoffroy's spider monkey is considered to be endangered. [3] [9] The Central American squirrel monkey was once considered endangered, but its conservation status was upgraded to vulnerable in 2008. [10] The Coiba Island howler is also considered to be vulnerable. [11] Three species, the mantled howler, the white-faeced capuchin and Geoffroy's tamarin are rated as "least concern" from a conservation standpoint. [5] [6] [8]

Key

The Panamanian white-faced capuchin is found throughout Panama, except the easternmost portion where it is replaced by the similar Colombian white-faced capuchin. Capuchin Costa Rica.jpg
The Panamanian white-faced capuchin is found throughout Panama, except the easternmost portion where it is replaced by the similar Colombian white-faced capuchin.
Latin nameLatin binomial name, or scientific name, of the species
Common nameCommon name of the species, per Wilson, et al.Mammal Species of the World (2005)
FamilyFamily within New World monkeys to which the species belongs
Average size – maleAverage size of adult male members of the species, in kilograms and pounds
Average size – femaleAverage size of adult female members of the species, in kilograms and pounds
Conservation statusConservation status of the species, per IUCN as of 2008

Panamanian monkey species

The critically endangered black-headed spider monkey (Ateles fusciceps) is the largest Panamanian monkey. Ateles-fusciceps 54724770b.jpg
The critically endangered black-headed spider monkey (Ateles fusciceps) is the largest Panamanian monkey.
The Panamanian night monkey (Aotus zonalis) is the only nocturnal Panamanian monkey. Panamanian night monkey.jpg
The Panamanian night monkey (Aotus zonalis) is the only nocturnal Panamanian monkey.
Latin nameCommon nameFamilyAverage size – maleAverage size – femaleConservation statusReferences
Alouatta coibensis [a] Coiba Island howler Atelidae 7.150 kg (15.76 lb)5.350 kg (11.79 lb)Vulnerable [11] [12] [15]
Alouatta palliata Mantled howler Atelidae 7.150 kg (15.76 lb)5.350 kg (11.79 lb)Least Concern [5] [12] [16]
Aotus zonalis [b] Panamanian night monkey Aotidae 0.889 kg (1.96 lb)0.916 kg (2.02 lb)Data Deficient [4] [17] [18]
Ateles fusciceps [c] Black-headed spider monkey Atelidae 8.890 kg (19.60 lb)8.800 kg (19.40 lb)Critically Endangered [9] [13] [19]
Ateles geoffroyi Geoffroy's spider monkey Atelidae 8.210 kg (18.10 lb)7.700 kg (16.98 lb)Endangered [3] [12] [20]
Cebus capucinus [d] Colombian white-faced capuchin Cebidae 3.668 kg (8.09 lb)2.666 kg (5.88 lb)Least Concern [7] [6] [21] [22]
Cebus imitator Panamanian white-faced capuchin Cebidae 3.668 kg (8.09 lb)2.666 kg (5.88 lb)Least Concern [7] [6] [21] [22]
Saguinus geoffroyi Geoffroy's tamarin Callitrichidae 0.486 kg (1.07 lb)0.507 kg (1.12 lb)Least Concern [8] [14] [23]
Saimiri oerstedii Central American squirrel monkey Cebidae 0.829 kg (1.83 lb)0.695 kg (1.53 lb)Vulnerable [10] [22] [24]

Footnotes

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Atelidae</span> Family of New World monkeys

The Atelidae are one of the five families of New World monkeys now recognised. It was formerly included in the family Cebidae. Atelids are generally larger monkeys; the family includes the howler, spider, woolly, and woolly spider monkeys. They are found throughout the forested regions of Central and South America, from Mexico to northern Argentina.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Geoffroy's spider monkey</span> Species of spider monkey, from Central America

Geoffroy's spider monkey, also known as the black-handed spider monkey or the Central American spider monkey, is a species of spider monkey, a type of New World monkey, from Central America, parts of Mexico and possibly a small portion of Colombia. There are at least five subspecies. Some primatologists classify the black-headed spider monkey, found in Panama, Colombia, and Ecuador as the same species as Geoffroy's spider monkey.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Amazon black howler</span> Species of New World monkey

The Amazon black howler is a species of howler monkey, a type of New World monkey, endemic to the south-central Amazon in Brazil. Until 2001, most authorities included it as a subspecies of the red-handed howler, though its distinction had already been pointed out much earlier. As suggested by its name, it typically appears entirely black.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mantled howler</span> Species of New World monkey

The mantled howler is a species of howler monkey, a type of New World monkey, from Central and South America. It is one of the monkey species most often seen and heard in the wild in Central America. It takes its "mantled" name from the long guard hairs on its sides.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yucatán black howler</span> Species of New World monkey

The Yucatán black howler, or Guatemalan black howler, is a species of howler monkey, a type of New World monkey, from Central America. It is found in Belize, Guatemala and Mexico, in and near the Yucatán Peninsula. It lives in evergreen, semideciduous and lowland rain forests. It is also known as the baboon in Belize, although it is not closely related to the baboons in Africa.

The Coiba Island howler is a type of howler monkey, a type of New World monkey, endemic to Panama. Although the Coiba Island howler has been recognized as a separate species by a number of authorities since a 1987 study of its fingerprints, mitochondrial DNA testing found it does not differ from mantled howler populations in any significant way. A reason given for treating it as a separate species is that the dermal ridges of its hands and feet differ from those of the mantled howler.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Black-headed spider monkey</span> Endangered species of New World monkey

The black-headed spider monkey is a type of New World monkey, from Central and South America. It is found in Colombia, Ecuador, and Panama. Although primatologists such as Colin Groves (1989) follow Kellogg and Goldman (1944) in treating A. fusciceps as a separate species, other authors, including Froelich (1991), Collins and Dubach (2001) and Nieves (2005) treat it as a subspecies of Geoffroy's spider monkey.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Guyanan red howler</span> Species of New World monkey

The Guyanan red howler is a species of howler monkey, a type of New World monkey, native to Suriname, Guyana, Trinidad, French Guiana, Venezuela and Brazil.

The Azuero howler a type of monkey that is a subspecies of the Coiba Island howler A. coibensis. This subspecies is endemic to the Azuero Peninsula in Panama. The Azuero howler is distinguished primarily by its golden flanks and loins, and browner appearance on the rest of its body.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Golden-mantled howler</span> Subspecies of New World monkey

The golden-mantled howler is a subspecies of the mantled howler, A. palliata. It ranges throughout much of Central America, in Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica, and possibly Panama. The range limits between the golden-mantled howler and the Ecuadorian mantled howler are not entirely clear. The Ecuadorian mantled howler replaces the golden-mantled howler in either extreme eastern Costa Rica or western Panama.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ornate spider monkey</span> Subspecies of New World monkey

The ornate spider monkey is a subspecies of Geoffroy's spider monkey, a type of New World monkey, from Central America, native to Costa Rica and Panama. Other common names for this subspecies include the brilliant spider monkey, the common spider monkey, the red spider monkey, the Panama spider ape, and the Azuero spider monkey; the latter two of which were previously thought to be distinct subspecies, panamensis and azuerensis, respectively.

The brown-headed spider monkey is a critically endangered subspecies of the black-headed spider monkey, a type of New World monkey, found in northwestern Ecuador.

The hooded spider monkey is a subspecies of Geoffroy's spider monkey, a type of New World monkey, from Central America, native to Panama. It also might be found in a small portion of Colombia adjacent to Panama. In western Colombia and northeast Panama it is replaced by the Black-headed spider monkey, A. fusciceps. In western Panama, it is replaced by another subspecies of Geoffroy's Spider Monkey, the Ornate spider monkey, A. g. ornatus. The Hooded spider monkey has long, tawny fur.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nicaraguan spider monkey</span> Subspecies of New World monkey

The Nicaraguan spider monkey is a subspecies of Geoffroy's spider monkey, a type of New World monkey, from Central America. It is native to Nicaragua and parts of Costa Rica closest to Nicaragua plus the Guanacaste peninsula. The population in Guanacaste and much of Nicaragua is sometimes considered to be a separate subspecies, A. g. frontatus. But other authorities consider A. g. frontatus to be a synonym of A. g. geoffroyi.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Colombian spider monkey</span> Subspecies of New World monkey

The Colombian spider monkey is a subspecies of the Black-headed spider monkey, a type of New World monkey, found in Colombia and Panama. Some authorities, such as Froelich (1991), Collins and Dubach (2001) and Nieves (2005), do not recognize the Black-headed spider monkey as a distinct species and so treat the Colombian spider monkey as a subspecies of Geoffroy's spider monkey.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Colombian white-faced capuchin</span> Species of New World monkey

The Colombian white-faced capuchin, also known as the Colombian white-headed capuchin or Colombian white-throated capuchin, is a medium-sized New World monkey of the family Cebidae, subfamily Cebinae. It is native to the extreme eastern portion of Panama and the extreme north-western portion of South America in western Colombia and northwestern Ecuador.

References

  1. ↑ Rylands, A.; Groves, C.; Mittermeier, R.; Cortes-Ortiz, L. & Hines, J. (2006). "Taxonomy and Distributions of Mesoamerican Primates". In Estrada, A.; Garber, P.; Pavelka, M. & Luecke, L (eds.). New Perspectives in the Study of Mesoamerican Primates. Springer. pp. 29–80. ISBN   0-387-25854-X.
  2. 1 2 Collins, A. (2008). "The taxonomic status of spider monkeys in the twenty-first century". In Campbell, C. (ed.). Spider Monkeys. Cambridge University Press. pp. 50–67. ISBN   978-0-521-86750-4.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Cortes-Ortíz, L.; Solano-Rojas, D.; Rosales-Meda, M.; Williams-Guillén, K.; Méndez-Carvajal, P.G.; Marsh, L.K.; Canales-Espinosa, D.; Mittermeier, R.A. (2021). "Ateles geoffroyi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2021: e.T2279A191688782. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T2279A191688782.en . Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  4. 1 2 Méndez-Carvajal, P.G.; Link, A. (2021). "Aotus zonalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2021: e.T39953A17922442. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T39953A17922442.en . Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  5. 1 2 3 Cortes-Ortíz, L.; Rosales-Meda, M.; Williams-Guillén, K.; Solano-Rojas, D.; Méndez-Carvajal, P.G.; de la Torre, S.; Moscoso, P.; Rodríguez, V.; Palacios, E.; Canales-Espinosa, D.; Link, A.; Guzman-Caro, D.; Cornejo, F.M. (2021). "Alouatta palliata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2021: e.T39960A190425583. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T39960A190425583.en . Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  6. 1 2 3 4 de la Torre, S.; Moscoso, P.; Méndez-Carvajal, P.G.; Rosales-Meda, M.; Palacios, E.; Link, A.; Lynch Alfaro, J.W.; Mittermeier, R.A. (2021). "Cebus capucinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2021: e.T81257277A191708164. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T81257277A191708164.en . Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 Mittermeier, Russell A. & Rylands, Anthony B. (2013). Mittermeier, Russell A.; Rylands, Anthony B.; Wilson, Don E. (eds.). Handbook of the Mammals of the World: Volume 3, Primates. Lynx. pp. 412–413. ISBN   978-8496553897.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. 1 2 3 Link, A.; Méndez-Carvajal, P.G.; Palacios, E.; Mittermeier, R.A. (2021). "Saguinus geoffroyi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2021: e.T41522A192551955. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T41522A192551955.en . Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  9. 1 2 3 Moscoso, P.; Link, A.; Defler, T.R.; de la Torre, S.; Cortes-Ortíz, L.; Méndez-Carvajal, P.G.; Shanee, S. (2021). "Ateles fusciceps". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2021: e.T135446A191687087. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T135446A191687087.en . Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Solano-Rojas, D. (2021). "Saimiri oerstedii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2021: e.T19836A17940807. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T19836A17940807.en . Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  11. 1 2 3 4 Méndez-Carvajal, P.G.; Cuarón, A.D.; Shedden, A.; Rodriguez-Luna, E.; de Grammont, P.C.; Link, A. (2021). "Alouatta palliata ssp. coibensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2021: e.T43899A195441006. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T43899A195441006.en . Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  12. 1 2 3 4 Di Fiore, A. & Campbell, C. (2007). "The Atelines". In Campbell, C.; Fuentes, A.; MacKinnon, K.; Panger, M. & Bearder, S. (eds.). Primates in Perspective. The Oxford University Press. pp. 155–177. ISBN   978-0-19-517133-4.
  13. 1 2 Rowe, N. (1996). The Pictorial Guide to the Living Mammals. Pogonias Press. p.  113. ISBN   0-9648825-0-7.
  14. 1 2 Defler, T. (2004). Primates of Colombia. Conservation International. pp. 163–169. ISBN   1-881173-83-6.
  15. ↑ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 148–149. ISBN   0-801-88221-4. OCLC   62265494.
  16. ↑ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 149. ISBN   0-801-88221-4. OCLC   62265494.
  17. 1 2 Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 140. ISBN   0-801-88221-4. OCLC   62265494.
  18. ↑ Fernandez-Duque, E. (2007). "Aotinae". In Campbell, C.; Fuentes, A.; MacKinnon, K.; Panger, M.; Bearder, S. (eds.). Primates in Perspective. The Oxford University Press. pp. 139–154. ISBN   978-0-19-517133-4.
  19. ↑ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 150. ISBN   0-801-88221-4. OCLC   62265494.
  20. ↑ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 150–151. ISBN   0-801-88221-4. OCLC   62265494.
  21. 1 2 Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 137. ISBN   0-801-88221-4. OCLC   62265494.
  22. 1 2 3 Jack, K. (2007). "The Cebines". In Campbell, C.; Fuentes, A.; MacKinnon, K.; Panger, M.; Bearder, S. (eds.). Primates in Perspective. The Oxford University Press. pp. 107–120. ISBN   978-0-19-517133-4.
  23. ↑ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN   0-801-88221-4. OCLC   62265494.
  24. ↑ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 138–139. ISBN   0-801-88221-4. OCLC   62265494.

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