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Panama elects on national level a head of state, i.e. the president, and a legislature. The president and the vice-president are elected on one ballot for a five-year term by the people. The National Assembly (Asamblea Nacional) has 71 members, elected for a five-year term in single-seat and multi-seat constituencies.
Panama has a multi-party system, with numerous parties in which no one party often has a chance of gaining power alone, and parties must work with each other to form coalition governments.
| Position | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type | Presidential (May) National Congress (May) Gubernatorial (May) | None | Presidential (May) National Congress (May) Gubernatorial (May) | |||
| President and vice president | President and vice president | None | President and vice president | |||
| National Congress | All seats | None | All seats | |||
| Provinces, cities and municipalities | All positions | None | All positions | |||
| Position | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type | Presidential (July) National Congress (July) Gubernatorial (July) | None | Presidential (July) National Congress (July) Gubernatorial (July) | |||
| President and vice president | 1 July | None | 1 July | |||
| National Congress | 1 July | None | 1 July | |||
| Provinces, cities and municipalities | 1 July | None | 1 July | |||
| Candidate | Party or alliance | Votes | % | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Laurentino Cortizo | Joining Forces | Democratic Revolutionary Party | 609,638 | 31.03 | ||
| Nationalist Republican Liberal Movement | 45,664 | 2.32 | ||||
| Total | 655,302 | 33.35 | ||||
| Rómulo Roux | Change to Wake Up | Democratic Change | 564,297 | 28.72 | ||
| Alliance Party | 44,706 | 2.28 | ||||
| Total | 609,003 | 31.00 | ||||
| Ricardo Lombana | Independent | 368,962 | 18.78 | |||
| José Blandón | Panama We Can | Panameñista Party | 174,113 | 8.86 | ||
| People's Party | 38,818 | 1.98 | ||||
| Total | 212,931 | 10.84 | ||||
| Ana Matilde Gómez | Independent | 93,631 | 4.77 | |||
| Saúl Méndez | Broad Front for Democracy | 13,540 | 0.69 | |||
| Marco Ameglio | Independent | 11,408 | 0.58 | |||
| Total | 1,964,777 | 100.00 | ||||
| Valid votes | 1,964,777 | 97.58 | ||||
| Invalid/blank votes | 48,656 | 2.42 | ||||
| Total votes | 2,013,433 | 100.00 | ||||
| Registered voters/turnout | 2,757,823 | 73.01 | ||||
| Source: Election Tribunal | ||||||
 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | |
| Democratic Revolutionary Party | 542,105 | 29.99 | 35 | +9 | |
| Democratic Change | 405,798 | 22.45 | 18 | –6 | |
| Panameñista Party | 312,635 | 17.30 | 8 | –8 | |
| Nationalist Republican Liberal Movement | 92,340 | 5.11 | 5 | +3 | |
| People's Party | 65,028 | 3.60 | 0 | –1 | |
| Alliance Party | 43,670 | 2.42 | 0 | –1 | |
| Broad Front for Democracy | 22,711 | 1.26 | 0 | 0 | |
| Independents | 323,153 | 17.88 | 5 | +4 | |
| Total | 1,807,440 | 100.00 | 71 | 0 | |
| Valid votes | 1,807,440 | 92.68 | |||
| Invalid/blank votes | 142,663 | 7.32 | |||
| Total votes | 1,950,103 | 100.00 | |||
| Source: Tribunal Electoral | |||||
Politics of El Salvador takes place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the President of El Salvador is both head of state and head of government, and of an executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the Legislative Assembly. The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. El Salvador was ranked 5th least electoral democratic country in Latin America and the Caribbean according to V-Dem Democracy indices in 2023 with a score of 0.378 out of 1.
The politics of Panama take place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic with multi-party system, whereby the President of Panama is both head of state and head of government.
The Government of Sri Lanka (GoSL) is a Semi-presidential republic determined by the Sri Lankan Constitution. It administers the island from both its commercial capital of Colombo and the administrative capital of Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte.
Algeria elects on the national level a head of state – the president – and a legislature. The president is elected for a five-year term by the people. People's National Assembly has 407 members, elected for a five-year term in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation. Eight seats in the national assembly are reserved for Algerians abroad. The Council of the Nation has 144 members, 96 members elected by communal councils and 48 members appointed by the president.
São Tomé and Príncipe elects on the national level a head of state – the president – and a legislature. The president is elected for a five-year term by the people. The National Assembly has 55 members, elected for a four-year term in seven multi-member constituencies by proportional representation. São Tomé and Príncipe has a multi-party system. The most recent legislative elections took place on the 25th of September 2022. Elections also happen on the regional and municipal level.
Elections in Mexico are held every 6 years to elect a president and every 3 years to elect a legislature. These elections determine who, on the national level, takes the position of the head of state – the president – as well as the legislature.
Sri Lanka elects on the national level a head of state – the president – and a legislature. Sri Lanka has a multi-party system, with two dominant political parties. All elections are administered by the Election Commission of Sri Lanka.
Mozambique elects representatives at several levels:
Bulgaria elects on the national level a head of state—the president—and a legislature. The president is elected for a five-year term directly by the people. The National Assembly has 240 members elected for a four-year term by proportional representation in multi-seat constituencies with a 4% threshold. Bulgaria has a multi-party system in which often no one party has a chance of gaining power alone and parties must work with each to form governments.
Burundi elects a head of state – the president – and a legislature on the national level. The National Assembly has 118 members, elected for a five-year term by proportional representation with a 2% barrier. The Senate (Sénat) has 49 members, elected for a five-year term by electoral colleges of communal councilors. Extra seats in both chambers can be added to ensure that ethnic and gender quotas are met. Burundi has a multi-party system, with two or three strong parties and a third party that is electorally successful. Parties are usually based on ethnic background.
Artsakh elected on a national level a president and a parliament. The president was elected for a five-year term by the people. The National Assembly had 33 members, 16 elected for a five-year term in single-seat constituencies and 17 by proportional representation.
National-level elections in Djibouti are held for the President and the unicameral National Assembly.
Mali elects on the national level a head of state – the president – and a legislature. The president is elected for a five-year term by the people. The National Assembly has 160 members, elected for a five-year term, 147 members elected in single-seat constituencies and 13 members elected by Malians living abroad.
Marshall Islands elects on the national level a head of state – the president – and a legislature. The president is elected for a four-year term by the parliament. The Legislature (Nitijela) has 33 members, elected for a four-year term in single-seat and five multi-seat constituencies. The Legislature was last elected in 2023 without the participation of parties, though part of the members could be members of the United Democratic Party. The Marshall Islands is a state in which political parties have not been active.
Senegal elects on the national level a head of state – the president – and a legislature. The president is elected for a seven-year term by the people.
Vanuatu elects on the national level a head of state—the president—and a legislature. The Parliament or Parlement has 52 members, elected for a four-year term in eight single-member constituencies and ten multi-member constituencies by first-past-the-post and single non-transferable vote, respectively. The president is elected for a five-year term by an electoral college consisting of members of Parliament and the presidents of Regional Councils.
Elections in Zambia take place within the framework of a multi-party democracy and a presidential system. The President and National Assembly are simultaneously elected for five-year terms.
Politics of Artsakh took place within the constraints of a written constitution, approved by a popular vote, that recognises three branches of government: executive, legislative and judicial. The executive branch of government was exercised within a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the President of Artsakh was both the head of state and the head of government. The legislative branch of government was composed of both the Government and the National Assembly. Elections to the National Assembly were on the basis of a multi-party system. As of 2009, the American-based non-governmental organisation, Freedom House, ranks Artsakh above both Armenia and Azerbaijan in terms of political and civil rights. The republic was de facto independent and de jure a part of Azerbaijan. None of the elections in Artsakh were recognised by international bodies such as the OSCE Minsk Group, the European Union or the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation. Both Azerbaijan and Turkey had condemned the elections and called them a source of increased tensions.
General elections were held in Panama on 4 May 2014. Due to constitutional term limits, Incumbent President Ricardo Martinelli was ineligible for a second consecutive term. Incumbent Vice President Juan Carlos Varela of the Partido Panameñista was declared the victor with 39% of the votes.
General elections were held in Panama on 5 May 2019. Due to constitutional term limits, incumbent President Juan Carlos Varela was ineligible for a second consecutive term. Businessman and politician Laurentino Cortizo of the centre-left Democratic Revolutionary Party won the election with around 33% of the vote, narrowly defeating Rómulo Roux of the centre-right Democratic Change, who won 31% of the vote. The PRD also won a majority in the National Assembly. The ruling Panameñista Party of President Juan Carlos Varela suffered its worst result in history. Its candidate, Panama City mayor José Isabel Blandón, received only 11% of the vote and came in fourth behind independent candidate Ricardo Lombana. The party also lost half its seats in the National Assembly.
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