Many battles and campaigns between the armies of the Mughal Empire and various Sikh states took place, and started with the martyrdom of the fifth Sikh guru, Guru Arjan Dev in 1606. The Guru's older brother Prithi Chand and Mughal subedar Chandu Shah circulated rumours up to the Mughal emperor Jahangir claiming the draft of the Adi Granth composed by the Guru was anti-Hindu as well as anti-Islamic. The Guru was called for questioning and jailed due to his support for his alleged support to the prince Khusrau Mirza against Jahangir as well as his refusal to change the words of the Adi Granth. He was imprisoned under the Governor Murtaza Khan. In the absence of Jahangir, Chandu Shah purchased the Guru's freedom and brutally tortured the Guru to death. When Jahangir found out about the scheming, he ordered Chandu Shah's execution. Jahangir handed him over to Guru Hargobind Sahib who paraded Chandu Shah through the streets of Lahore where his face was blackened and he was beaten to death by crowds.
Guru Hargobind Sahib, the sixth Sikh guru, introduced the militarization to Sikhi. In response to his father's execution, and the persistent threat to his life from Prithi Chand, Chandu Shah, etc, since he was born. He established the Akal Sena and fought the Battle of Rohila incited by Chandu Shah's son Karam Chand and Prithi Chand's son Meherban. The Faujdar of Jalandhar, Abdul Khan, was persuaded by them to send an expedition against Guru Hargobind. The Sikhs fought and defeated the contingent of 4,000 Mughal troops sent by Abdul Khan, near the Beas River. `
Later, the ninth Sikh guru, Guru Tegh Bahadur, was executed on the orders of Aurangzeb in 1675, after he refused to convert to Islam. Guru Gobind Singh, the tenth and last human Sikh guru, started the Khalsa tradition and fought further battles against the Mughals and their allies. Before Guru Gobind Singh's passing in 1708, he appointed his newly converted Sikh, Banda Singh Bahadur as the leader of the Khalsa Fauj and ordered him to go fight in Punjab. Banda Singh Bahadur fought further battles against the Mughal's and their allies and established the first Khalsa Rule in 1710 but was captured in 1715 and executed in 1716. After this, the Sikhs later reorganized themselves into Misls creating the Dal Khalsa which fought further battles against the Mughals under the leadership of Nawab Kapur Singh, Jassa Singh Ahluwalia and other Misl leaders. The Dal Khalsa was victorious in the last major battle in 1783 with a few smaller fights happening until the conflict ended in 1788.
The Mughals and Shivalik Hill kings were forced to retreat and the Sikhs fought bravely along with Baba Ajit Singh and those Sikhs gained martyrdom excluding Baba Ajit Singh.
Seeing the complex situation in Malwa, Bahadur Shah asked Guru Gobind Singh for help. The Guru sent Bhai Dharam Singh to fight with 300 soldiers. Azam Shah killed by Guru Gobind Singh and Isha Khan Main.
Establishment of Sikh rule from Lahore to the sanctum sanctorum of Delhi
Sucha Nand killed by Banda Singh Bahadur and thousands of Mughal soldiers killed by Sikhs and those people who are involved in martyrdom of Guru Gobind Singh younger sons (Saka Sirhind affair)
Guru Gobind Singh was the tenth and last human Sikh Guru. He was a warrior, poet, and philosopher. In 1675, at the age of nine he was formally installed as the leader of the Sikhs after his father Guru Tegh Bahadur was executed by Emperor Aurangzeb. His father was the ninth Sikh Guru. His four biological sons died during his lifetime – two in battle and two executed by the Mughal governor Wazir Khan.
Guru Hargobind was the sixth of ten Gurus of the Sikh religion. He had become Guru at the young age of eleven, after the execution of his father, Guru Arjan, by the Mughal emperor Jahangir.
The following outline is provides an overview of Sikhism, or Sikhi.
Dal Khalsa was the name of the combined military forces of 11 Sikh misls that operated in the 18th century (1748–1799) in the Punjab region. It was established by Nawab Kapur Singh in late 1740s.
Panj Pyare refers to a gathered ad hoc quintet of five baptised (Amritdhari) Khalsa Sikhs who act as institutionalized leaders for the wider Sikh community.
Bhai Mani Singh was an 18th-century Sikh scholar and martyr. He was a childhood companion of Guru Gobind Singh and took the vows of Sikhism when the Guru inaugurated the Khalsa in March 1699. Soon after that, the Guru sent him to Amritsar to take charge of Harmandir Sahib, which had been without a custodian since 1696. He took control and steered the course of Sikh destiny at a critical stage in Sikh history. He was also a teacher of the Gianian Bunga, later becoming known as the "Amritsari Taksal", currently located in Sato Ki Gali.
Mata Gujri, also spelt as Mata Gujari, was the wife of Guru Tegh Bahadur, the ninth Guru of Sikhism, and the mother of Guru Gobind Singh, the tenth Guru of Sikhism. She played a central role in the history of Sikhism and is one of the four consorts bestowed with the title of Guru-Mahal.
Guru Nanak founded the Sikh religion in the Punjab region of the northern part of the Indian subcontinent in the 15th century and opposed many traditional practices like fasting, Upanayana, idolatry, caste system, ascetism, azan, economic materialism, and gender discrimination.
Bhai Sati Das along with his elder brother Bhai Mati Das were martyrs of early Sikh history. Bhai Sati Das, Bhai Mati Das and Bhai Dyal Das were all executed at kotwali (police-station) in the Chandni Chowk area of Delhi, under the express orders of emperor Aurangzeb just prior to the martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur. Bhai Sati Das was executed by the means of being wrapped in cotton wool soaked in oil and set on fire.
The Battle of Bhangani was fought between Guru Gobind Singh's army and Bhim Chand (Kahlur) of Bilaspur on 18 September 1686 or 1688, at Bhangani near Paonta Sahib. An alliance of Rajput Rajas of the Shivalik Hills participated in the engagement on behalf of Bhim Chand of Bilaspur State's side, including the states of Garhwal and Kangra. It was the first battle Guru Gobind Singh, the tenth Sikh Guru, fought at the age of 19.
Lohgarh is a historic town in Bilaspur tehsil of Yamunanagar district of Haryana in India. It was the capital of First Sikh State under Baba Banda Singh Bahadur from 1710 to 1716.
The Battle of Basoli was fought between the Mughal Empire and the Sikhs.
The Mīnās were a heretical sect of Sikhs that followed Prithi Chand, the eldest son of Guru Ram Das, after his younger brother Guru Arjan was selected by the Guru to succeed him. Prithi Chand would vigorously contest this, attracting a portion of Sikhs to his side who followers of Guru Arjan referred to as ਮੀਣੇ mīṇe, meaning "charlatans," "dissemblers," or "scoundrels." They sustained their opposition to the orthodox line of Gurus through the seventeenth century, and upon Guru Gobind Singh's founding of the Khalsa in 1699, they were declared by him, as well as by Khalsa rahitnamas, as one of the Panj Mel, or five reprobate groups, that a Sikh must avoid. They are occasionally referred to in the more neutral terms Sikhān dā chhotā mel or as the Miharvān sampraday in scholarship.
The first siege of Anandpur was a thirty-five-day-long siege at Anandpur led by the Rajas of the Sivalik Hills and the Gujar and Ranghar tribesmen against the armies of the Sikh under Guru Gobind Singh.
Prithi Chand, also spelt as Prithia, was the eldest son of Guru Ram Das – the fourth Guru of Sikhism, and the eldest brother of Guru Arjan – the fifth Guru. He founded the heretical Mina sect of Sikhism.
The Akal Sena was the Sikh military force established by the sixth Sikh Guru, Guru Hargobind. It was the first standing Sikh army. It was also known as the Akali Dal.
The Hill States–Sikh wars, also known as the Sikh–Pahari Raja wars, was a set of battles and conflicts fought by the Sikhs and the rajas (kings) of the Hill States located in the Sivalik Hills.
The Battle of Anandpur was fought between the Sikh forces led by Guru Gobind Singh and the Hill State forces by Alim and Balia Chand. This was the first major battle fought after the formation of the Khalsa.
Alam Singh Nachna, also called Alim Singh, was a warrior in the army of Guru Gobind Singh, and was a Rajput turned Sikh. Sarup Das Bhalla of Mahima Prakash describes him as one of Guru Gobind Singh's constant and closest companions. He is also known for killing a lion single handedly.
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