List of biodiversity databases

Last updated

This is a list of biodiversity databases. Biodiversity databases store taxonomic information alone or more commonly also other information like distribution (spatial) data and ecological data, which provide information on the biodiversity of a particular area or group of living organisms. They may store specimen-level information, species-level information, information on nomenclature, or any combination of the above. Most are available online.

Contents

Specimen-focused databases contain data about individual specimens, as represented by vouchered museum specimens, collections of specimen photographs, data on field-based specimen observations and morphological or genetic data. Species-focused databases contain information summarised at the species-level. Some species-focused databases attempt to compile comprehensive data about particular species (FishBase), while others focus on particular species attributes, such as checklists of species in a given area (FEOW) or the conservation status of species (CITES or IUCN Red List). Nomenclators act as summaries of taxonomic revisions and set a key between specimen-focused and species-focused databases. They do this because taxonomic revisions use specimen data to determine species limits.

NameFocusGroups includedCollection
Plants Fungi Mammals Birds Reptiles Amphi-bians Fish Arthro­pods Other Euk. Prok. & Vir.
AlgaeBase Algae and other oxygenic photosynthesisers other than embryophyte land plantsXXXHigher taxonomy, scientific names, common names, images, distribution, references
All Catfish Species Inventory  [1] Catfish Xinformation collated by genera, including estimated numbers of species, taxonomic experts
AmphibiaWebAmphibiansXInformation about almost 9,000 species of amphibians
AntWeb  [2] Ants XSpecimen information, collection details, photographs, higher taxonomy
Arctos  [3] Specimen holdings of several natural history museums, agencies, and accessible private collectionsXXXXXXXXXVertebrates, invertebrates, parasites, vascular and non-vascular plants, many with images and extensive usage data.
Avibase – the World Bird Database  [4] Birds, distribution, taxonomyXAvibase is an extensive database information system about all birds of the world, containing over 27 million records about 10,000 species and 22,000 subspecies of birds, including distribution information for 20,000 regions, taxonomy, synonyms in several languages and more
ASEAN Biodiversity Information Sharing Service (BISS)  [5] Amphibians, birds, butterflies, dragonflies, edible plants, freshwater fishes, mammals, plants, reptiles and Malesian mosses of Southeast Asia XXXXXXXXXXIUCN status, habitat, regional presence/absence, description, classification
BacDive Metadatabase that provides strain-linked information about bacterial and archaeal biodiversity.XXDifferent kind of metadata like taxonomy, morphology, physiology, environment and molecular-biology
BioLib – Biological Library   [6] BioLib is an international encyclopedia of plants, fungi and animals.XXXXXXXXXXApart from taxonomic system you can visit the gallery, glossary, vernacular names dictionary, database of links and literature, systems of biotopes, discussion forum and several other functions related to biology
CITES species database  [7] All species ever listed in CITES Appendices I, II or IIIXXXXXXXXXScientific names, higher taxonomy, distribution, photos and CITES quotas
Catalogue of Life (CoL) [8] All forms of life and virusesXXXXXXXXXXHighly complete database with various information about known species
Encyclopedia of Life (EOL)All forms of life and virusesXXXXXXXXXXHighly complete database with various information about known species
Fauna Europaea  [9] Europe's main zoological taxonomic indexXXXXXXXQuality-checked data, 180,712 accepted taxon names, web portal also provide links to other key biodiversity services
FishBase   [10] Fish XHigher taxonomy, common names, distribution, IUCN Redlist status
FishNet 2FishXInformation about fish taxon distribution
Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (FEOW)  [11] Freshwater ecoregionsXXXXXXXXXXMaps of species and endemic numbers
Fulgoromorpha Lists On the Web (FLOW)  [12] Planthoppers (Insecta: Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha) – 15.000 speciesXTaxonomy and classification, nomenclature, type depository, bibliography, distribution, photos on actual and fossil planthoppers of the world and various associated biological information (host-plants, parasites, trophobiosis, etc.)
Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) [13] All forms of lifeXXXXXXXXXXAll forms of life and a map of known occurrences with data about such occurrences. Also taxonomy and links to other databases
Georgia Biodiversity Database [14] Georgia (country) biodiversity websiteXXXXXXXXChecklists covering ca. 11,000 of plants and animals recorded for Georgia (Central and Western Caucasus)
HerpNET  [15] Amphibians and reptiles XXAmphibian and reptile distributions
iAMF [16] [17] Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Database for Phylogeny, Nomenclature, Taxonomy and Distribution in IndiaXDistribution, phylogeny and taxonomy database of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi was built in two phases: In the first phase of the study (2013–2015) occurrence of about 148 species of AM fungi was reported across 18 states of India namely: Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Goa, Haryana, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttarkhand, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal (Gupta et al. 2014, under Delhi University innovation project) . In the second phase under UGC project (2015 onwards) the study has been extended to three more states namely Delhi, Tripura and Manipur reporting occurrence of 161 species. rRNA sequence data for these fungi is added as Phylogenetic Map and distribution data is available as Google Map
Integrated Botanical Information System (IBIS)  [18] Plants of Australia XTaxonomic information, collection details, photographs
iNaturalist All forms of lifeXXXXXXXXXXGeolocated observations, location checklists, taxonomic information, range maps
iSpot All forms of life large enough to photographXXXXXXXXXGeolocated individual observations and other information produced by citizen science participants
Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)  [19] All taxa of interest to North America, with other taxa included as availableXXXXXXXXXXTaxonomic information, including higher taxonomy
JACQ [20] Specimens from various Herbaria XContains information about plant specimen taxonomy and collection information
MicrobeWiki [21] MicrobesXXHigher taxonomic information, scientific/vernacular names, images, attributes, references
Natural History Information System [22] all forms of life, biotopes, rocksXXXXXXXXXXFaunistic and floristic records (citizen science and other sources), phenology, ecology, biotopes, taxonomy, paleontology, stratigraphy
Naturdata  [23] Portuguese taxaXXXXXXXXXXChecklist of Portuguese species including mainland and islands with a page for each species including taxonomy, synonyms, vernacular names, images, videos and Portuguese distribution
NatureServe   [24] plants, animals, and ecosystems of the United States and CanadaXXXXXXXXSource for information on more than 70,000 plants, animals, and ecosystems of the United States and Canada, including rare and endangered species
A Pan-European Species-directories Infrastructure (PESI)  [25] European taxaXXXXXXXXXAuthoritative taxonomic checklist of European species, including higher taxonomy, synonyms, vernacular names and European distribution
Pl@ntNet Plants identification, observation, imagesXPlant identification, observations, citizen science project, photographs, distribution
Reptile Database Reptiles XTaxonomic information, names, photos
ScaleNet [26] Scale insects (superfamily Coccoidea)XNomenclature, distribution, hosts, systematics, references
Tropicos [27] Taxonomy, distribution, and specimen data for Missouri Botanical Garden.XNearly 1.3 million scientific names and over 4.4 million specimen records, accumulated during the past 30 years
A Database of Plant Biodiversity of West Bengal (WBPBDIVDB)Plants of West Bengal Xrichness of floral diversity of West Bengal from Terai, Duars, Darjeeling, the eastern Himalayan region and in the mangrove forests of Sundarbans
Wikispecies   [28] All forms of lifeXXXXXXXXXXHigher taxonomy, synonyms, vernacular names, references
World Register of Marine Species Marine organismsXXXHigher taxonomy, scientific names, synonyms, distribution, attributes, references

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew</span> Government botanical research institute in the UK

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew is a non-departmental public body in the United Kingdom sponsored by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. An internationally important botanical research and education institution, it employs 1,100 staff. Its board of trustees is chaired by Dame Amelia Fawcett.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mycorrhiza</span> Fungus-plant symbiotic association

A mycorrhiza is a symbiotic association between a fungus and a plant. The term mycorrhiza refers to the role of the fungus in the plant's rhizosphere, the plant root system and its surroundings. Mycorrhizae play important roles in plant nutrition, soil biology, and soil chemistry.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">FishBase</span> Biological database about fish

FishBase is a global species database of fish species. It is the largest and most extensively accessed online database on adult finfish on the web. Over time it has "evolved into a dynamic and versatile ecological tool" that is widely cited in scholarly publications.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Integrated Taxonomic Information System</span> Authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes

The Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) is an American partnership of federal agencies designed to provide consistent and reliable information on the taxonomy of biological species. ITIS was originally formed in 1996 as an interagency group within the US federal government, involving several US federal agencies, and has now become an international body, with Canadian and Mexican government agencies participating. The database draws from a large community of taxonomic experts. Primary content staff are housed at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History and IT services are provided by a US Geological Survey facility in Denver. The primary focus of ITIS is North American species, but many biological groups exist worldwide and ITIS collaborates with other agencies to increase its global coverage.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arbuscular mycorrhiza</span> Symbiotic penetrative association between a fungus and the roots of a vascular plant

An arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) is a type of mycorrhiza in which the symbiont fungus penetrates the cortical cells of the roots of a vascular plant forming arbuscules. Arbuscular mycorrhiza is a type of endomycorrhiza along with ericoid mycorrhiza and orchid mycorrhiza. They are characterized by the formation of unique tree-like structures, the arbuscules. In addition, globular storage structures called vesicles are often encountered.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Glomeromycota</span> Phylum of fungi

Glomeromycota are one of eight currently recognized divisions within the kingdom Fungi, with approximately 230 described species. Members of the Glomeromycota form arbuscular mycorrhizas (AMs) with the thalli of bryophytes and the roots of vascular land plants. Not all species have been shown to form AMs, and one, Geosiphon pyriformis, is known not to do so. Instead, it forms an endocytobiotic association with Nostoc cyanobacteria. The majority of evidence shows that the Glomeromycota are dependent on land plants for carbon and energy, but there is recent circumstantial evidence that some species may be able to lead an independent existence. The arbuscular mycorrhizal species are terrestrial and widely distributed in soils worldwide where they form symbioses with the roots of the majority of plant species (>80%). They can also be found in wetlands, including salt-marshes, and associated with epiphytic plants.

Biodiversity informatics is the application of informatics techniques to biodiversity information, such as taxonomy, biogeography or ecology. It is defined as the application of Information technology technologies to management, algorithmic exploration, analysis and interpretation of primary data regarding life, particularly at the species level organization. Modern computer techniques can yield new ways to view and analyze existing information, as well as predict future situations. Biodiversity informatics is a term that was only coined around 1992 but with rapidly increasing data sets has become useful in numerous studies and applications, such as the construction of taxonomic databases or geographic information systems. Biodiversity informatics contrasts with "bioinformatics", which is often used synonymously with the computerized handling of data in the specialized area of molecular biology.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Undescribed taxon</span> Taxon that has been discovered but not yet formally described and named

In taxonomy, an undescribed taxon is a taxon that has been discovered, but not yet formally described and named. The various Nomenclature Codes specify the requirements for a new taxon to be validly described and named. Until such a description has been published, the taxon has no formal or official name, although a temporary, informal name is often used. A published scientific name may not fulfil the requirements of the Codes for various reasons. For example, if the taxon was not adequately described, its name is called a nomen nudum. It is possible for a taxon to be "undescribed" for an extensive period of time, even if unofficial descriptions are published.

<i>Erigenia</i> Genus of flowering plants

Erigenia bulbosa, also known as harbinger of spring or pepper and salt, is a flowering perennial plant in the family Apiaceae. E. bulbosa is the only species in the genus Erigenia and tribe Erigenieae. This plant is known as harbinger of spring because it is one of the earliest blooming native wildflowers of rich forests in the mid-latitude United States. Throughout most of its range it blooms from late February through early April.

The Catalogue of Life is an online database that provides an index of known species of animals, plants, fungi, and microorganisms. It was created in 2001 as a partnership between the global Species 2000 and the American Integrated Taxonomic Information System. The Catalogue is used by research scientists, citizen scientists, educators, and policy makers. The Catalogue is also used by the Biodiversity Heritage Library, the Barcode of Life Data System, Encyclopedia of Life, and the Global Biodiversity Information Facility. The Catalogue currently compiles data from 165 peer-reviewed taxonomic databases that are maintained by specialist institutions around the world. As of September 2022, the COL Checklist lists 2,067,951 of the world's 2.2m extant species known to taxonomists on the planet at present time.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Living Planet Index</span> Indicator of the state of global biological diversity

The Living Planet Index (LPI) is an indicator of the state of global biological diversity, based on trends in vertebrate populations of species from around the world. The Zoological Society of London (ZSL) manages the index in cooperation with the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF).

Fauna Europaea is a database of the scientific names and distribution of all living multicellular European land and fresh-water animals. It serves as a standard taxonomic source for animal taxonomy within the Pan-European Species directories Infrastructure (PESI). As of June 2020, Fauna Europaea reported that their database contained 235,708 taxon names and 173,654 species names.

<i>Lygodium microphyllum</i> Species of fern

Lygodium microphyllum is a climbing fern originating in tropical Africa, Southeast Asia, Melanesia and Australia. It is an invasive weed in Florida where it invades open forest and wetland areas. The type specimen was collected in the vicinity of Nabúa, on the island of Luzon in the Philippines by Luis Née.

<i>Bidens ferulifolia</i> North American plant species

Bidens ferulifolia is a North American plant species in the family Asteraceae. Common names include Apache beggarticks and fern-leaved beggarticks.

A Global Species Database (GSD) is a digital catalog of organisms often defined around a conservation purpose for the organisms of interest. GSDs attempt to be globally inclusive of species within their inclusion parameters versus local species databases. GSDs have a defined purpose, SPECIESDAB is a GSD for economically valuable fish species, while FishBase focuses on fin fish regardless of their human potential for exploitation. Attempts have been made to create GSDs for extinct species such as trilobites. A GSD can be broad in taxonomic scope, such as AlgaeBase comprehensively including algae and seagrasses from the entire planet, or narrow such as International Legume Database & Information Service, a GSD for members of a single plant family, the Fabaceae.

Tropicos is an online botanical database containing taxonomic information on plants, mainly from the Neotropical realm. It is maintained by the Missouri Botanical Garden and was established in 1982. The database contains images and taxonomical and bibliographical data on more than 4.2 million herbarium specimens. In addition, it contains data on over 49,000 scientific publications. The database can be queried in English, French, and Spanish. The oldest records in the database go back to 1703.

Catalog of Fishes is a comprehensive on-line database and reference work on the scientific names of fish species and genera. It is global in its scope and is hosted by the California Academy of Sciences. It has been compiled and is continuously updated by the curator emeritus of the CAS fish collection, William N. Eschmeyer.

Yolande Dalpé is a former Research Scientist with Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. She became the first mycologist in Ottawa to study the taxonomy of mycorrhizal fungi. Her research focuses on developing new information on taxonomy, phylogeny, distribution and biology of fungi, including systematic research related to biosecurity/alien invasive species as well as species involved in the development of bioproducts. She was awarded the Lawson Medal by the Canadian Botanical Association for her "cumulative, lifetime contributions to Canadian botany, for the research she has performed in mycology, and has been recognized nationally and internationally." The standard author abbreviation Dalpé is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera</span> Taxonomic database

The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG) is a taxonomic database which attempts to cover published genus names for all domains of life, from 1758 in zoology up to the present, arranged in a single, internally consistent taxonomic hierarchy, for the benefit of Biodiversity Informatics initiatives plus general users of biodiversity (taxonomic) information. In addition to containing just over 500,000 published genus name instances as at May 2023, the database holds over 1.7 million species names, although this component of the data is not maintained in as current or complete state as the genus-level holdings. IRMNG can be queried online for access to the latest version of the dataset and is also made available as periodic snapshots or data dumps for import/upload into other systems as desired. The database was commenced in 2006 at the then CSIRO Division of Marine and Atmospheric Research in Australia and, since 2016, has been hosted at the Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ) in Belgium.

The International Collection of (Vesicular) Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (INVAM) is the largest collection of living arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and includes Glomeromycotan species from 6 continents. Curators of INVAM acquire, grow, identify, and elucidate the biology, taxonomy, and ecology of a diversity AMF with the mission to expand availability and knowledge of these symbiotic fungi. Culturing AMF presents difficulty as these fungi are obligate biotrophs that must complete their life cycle while in association with their plant hosts, while resting spores outside of the host are vulnerable to predation and degradation. Curators of INVAM have thus developed methods to overcome these challenges to increase the availability of AMF spores. The inception of this living collection of germplasm occurred in the 1980s and it takes the form of fungi growing in association with plant symbionts in the greenhouse, with spores preserved in cold storage within their associated rhizosphere. AMF spores acquired from INVAM have been used extensively in both basic and applied research projects in the fields of ecology, evolutionary biology, agroecology, and in restoration. INVAM is umbrellaed under the Kansas Biological Survey at The University of Kansas, an R1 Research Institution. The Kansas Biological Survey is also home to the well-known organization Monarch Watch. INVAM is currently located within the tallgrass prairie ecoregion, and many collaborators and researchers associated with INVAM study the role of AMF in the mediation of prairie biodiversity. James Bever and Peggy Schultz are the Curator and Director of Operation team, with Elizabeth Koziol and Terra Lubin as Associate Curators.

References

  1. ↑ "All Catfish Species Inventory" . Retrieved 4 June 2010.
  2. ↑ "AntWeb". Archived from the original on 27 October 2014. Retrieved 4 June 2010.
  3. ↑ "Arctos". Archived from the original on 4 May 2017. Retrieved 9 June 2011.
  4. ↑ "Avibase – the World Bird Database". Archived from the original on 19 January 2022. Retrieved 9 March 2019.
  5. ↑ "ASEAN Biodiversity Information Sharing Service". Archived from the original on 6 June 2024. Retrieved 4 June 2010.
  6. ↑ "BioLib – Biological Library – Home". January 1997. Archived from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  7. ↑ "CITES-listed species database". Archived from the original on 9 January 2014. Retrieved 4 June 2010.
  8. ↑ "COL". COL. Retrieved 19 December 2024.
  9. ↑ "Fauna Europaea – All Europaean Animal Species Online". Archived from the original on 4 May 2022. Retrieved 4 June 2010.
  10. ↑ "FishBase : A Global Information System on Fishes". Archived from the original on 17 October 2017. Retrieved 4 June 2010.
  11. ↑ "Freshwater Ecoregions of the World". Archived from the original on 19 March 2018. Retrieved 4 June 2010.
  12. ↑ "FLOW: Fulgoromorpha Lists on The Web". Archived from the original on 4 October 2017. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
  13. ↑ "GBIF". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 19 December 2024.
  14. ↑ "Georgian Biodiversity database". www.biodiversity-georgia.net. Archived from the original on 17 September 2020. Retrieved 13 June 2022.
  15. ↑ "HerpNET". Archived from the original on 10 May 2020. Retrieved 4 June 2010.
  16. ↑ "Gupta, M., Naqvi, N., Kumar, P. (2017). i AMF – Centralized database of arbuscular mycorrhizal distribution, phylogeny and taxonomy. Journal of Recent Advances in Applied Sciences, 30 (1). 1 - 5". Archived from the original on 6 June 2024. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
  17. ↑ "The state of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal diversity in India: An analysis | Request PDF". Archived from the original on 6 June 2024. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
  18. ↑ "Integrated Biodiversity Information System". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 2 April 2015.
  19. ↑ "Integrated Taxonomic Information System". Archived from the original on 10 June 2013. Retrieved 4 June 2010.
  20. ↑ "JACQ - Virtual Herbaria". www.jacq.org. Retrieved 19 December 2024.
  21. ↑ "microbewiki". microbewiki.kenyon.edu. Retrieved 29 October 2024.
  22. ↑ "Natural History Information System". Archived from the original on 7 January 2014. Retrieved 22 January 2014.
  23. ↑ "Naturdata – Biodiversidade online". Archived from the original on 1 January 2012. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
  24. ↑ "NatureServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life". Archived from the original on 15 March 2006. Retrieved 4 June 2010.
  25. ↑ "A Pan-European Species-directories Infrastructure (PESI)". Archived from the original on 29 May 2020. Retrieved 3 January 2011.
  26. ↑ "ScaleNet: Scale insect web catalog". Archived from the original on 7 January 2014. Retrieved 3 June 2014.
  27. ↑ "Tropicos". www.tropicos.org. Archived from the original on 17 June 2022. Retrieved 13 June 2022.
  28. ↑ "Wikispecies, free species directory". Archived from the original on 4 December 2012. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
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