List of countries with multiple capitals

Map of countries that have or have had multiple capitals, divided into de jure (dark blue and light blue) and de facto (red and light red) multi-capital status.

Some countries can be considered to have multiple capitals. In some cases, one city is the capital for some purposes, and one or more others are capital for other purposes, without any being considered an official capital in preference to the others. There are also cases where there is a single legally defined capital, but one or more other cities operate as the seat of government of some or all parts of the national government; in these situations, sources may disagree on whether these other cities are considered additional capital cities.

More than one capital at present

Bonus legend:

  This country is a sovereign state.

  This country is a transcontinental state.

  This country is an unrecognized state.

  This country is a dependent territory.

  This country is some other International Law entity (ex. a non-territorial entity ^{[note 1]} , an autonomous territory ^{[note 2]} , an Antarctic territorial claim not containing the status of its owner's dependent territory ^{[note 3]} , etc.).

Country	Capital	Details
American Samoa [note 4]	Pago Pago	Official capital and home to the territorial government. [1]
	Fagatogo	Seat of government, where the legislature, High Court and District Court are located. [2] [3] [4] [5]
	Utulei	Legislative capital and home to the executive office building of the country. [6] [7]
Antigua and Barbuda	St. John's	Official capital.
	Marble Hill	Home to most of the country's diplomatic missions. [8] [9]
Belize	Belmopan	Official capital.
	Belize City	Home to most government offices and embassies of the country.
Benin	Porto-Novo	Official capital.
	Cotonou	Seat of government; de facto administrative capital.
Bolivia	Sucre	Constitutional capital.
	La Paz	Seat of government; de facto executive and legislative capital.
Bougainville Island [note 5]	Buka	Current capital.
	Arawa	Future capital. The town was largely destroyed during the Bougainville Civil War,[ citation needed ] resulting in the relocation of the capital to Buka, though there are plans to rebuild Arawa and make it the capital again. [10]
Burundi	Gitega	Official political capital.
	Bujumbura	Economic capital and seat of government. [11]
Chile *	Santiago	Official capital.
	Valparaíso	Home to the Chilean legislature.
Côte d'Ivoire	Yamoussoukro	Official capital.
	Abidjan	De facto administrative capital. [12]
Czech Republic	Prague	Official capital.
	Brno	Important centre of the Czech judiciary.
	Jihlava	Home to the Energy Regulatory Office  [ cs ]. [13]
Dominican Republic	Santo Domingo	Official capital.
	Santo Domingo Oeste	De facto co-capital of the Dominican Republic as seat of the Constitutional Court and the Central Electoral Commission. [14]
Egypt *	Cairo	Current capital.
	The New Capital	Future capital. In March 2015, Egypt proposed building a New Administrative Capital, currently undergoing a naming process. [15] It is now under construction and lies east of the present capital Cairo. The city is projected to be home to more than 40 million people by 2050. [16]
Estonia	Tallinn	Official capital.
	Tartu	Often considered the "intellectual capital city" of the country. [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] It is also home to the Supreme Court and the Ministry of Education and Research.
Eswatini	Mbabane	Administrative capital.
	Lobamba	Legislative capital and royal residence.
France	Paris	Official capital of the country and the seat of both houses of Parliament (the National Assembly and the Senate). [22]
	Versailles	Seat of joint congresses of both houses of Parliament (the National Assembly and the Senate), which are officially held at the Palace of Versailles.
Georgia	Tbilisi	Official capital.
	Mtskheta	Sometimes called the "ancient capital" of Georgia. [23] [24]
Germany	Berlin	Official capital.
	Bonn	It has the special title of "federal city" (Bundesstadt) and is the primary seat of six ministries. [25]
	Karlsruhe	Seat of the Federal Constitutional Court. Also, this city, as a consequence of this, is sometimes called Germany's "judicial capital".[ citation needed ]
Honduras	Tegucigalpa	Joint constitutional capital with Comayagüela. [26]
	Comayagüela
Hong Kong [note 6]	Hong Kong	Official capital.
	Central	Today's seat of government offices of the country. Actually, this city is a central business district, and not an adjecent regular city.
Indonesia *	Jakarta	Current capital.
	Nusantara	Future capital. Nusantara has been under construction since July 2022 and is expected to replace Jakarta as the capital of Indonesia. [27] For decades, Indonesia has mulled the relocation of its capital from Jakarta, which is overcrowded and subsiding rapidly. On 26 August 2019, President Joko Widodo announced that the future Indonesian capital would be carved from Penajam North Paser and Kutai Kartanegara regencies in East Kalimantan province. [28] [29] The proposed capital was named Nusantara on 16 January 2022. [30]
Iran	Tehran	Current capital.
	Makran	Future capital. The southern coastal region of Makran is expected to replace Tehran as its national capital of Iran due to both population overcrowding and vulnerability to earthquakes. [31]
Israel	Jerusalem	Official capital, but with limited recognition. Recognition by other UN member states: Russia (West Jerusalem), [32] the Czech Republic (West Jerusalem), [33] Argentina, [34] Honduras, [35] Guatemala, [36] Nauru, [37] and the United States. [38]
	Tel Aviv	Home to most embassies of the country (the UN does not recognize Jerusalem as Israel's proclaimed capital).
Japan *	Tokyo	Official capital.
	Kyoto	It is considered the cultural capital of Japan and is a major tourist destination. It is also home to the Agency for Cultural Affairs of the national government. Additionally, the internationally renowned video game company called Nintendo is also headquartered there.
Jersey [note 7]	St Helier	Official capital.
	St Saviour	Home to the official royal residence of the country: Government House.
Kosovo [note 8]	Pristina	Official capital of the country and its seat of government. [41] [42]
	Prizren	Historic capital of the country (only recognized by a separate law). [42]
Libya	Tripoli	Official capital of the country and home to the Presidential Council and the Government of National Unity. It is sometimes referred to as "the de jure capital of Libya" because none of the country's ministries are actually located in the capital.[ citation needed ]
	Tobruk	Home to the House of Representatives (the internationally recognized government of Libya) [43] [44] and the Government of National Stability.
Malaysia	Kuala Lumpur	Constitutional and legislative capital; royal seat.
	Putrajaya	De facto administrative and judicial capital.
Montenegro	Podgorica	Administrative capital of the country.
	Cetinje	The Old Royal Capital of the country.
Montserrat [note 7]	Plymouth	De jure capital of the country. Abandoned in 1997, following a volcanic eruption.
	Brades	De facto capital of the country. That's because government buildings are now located in there.
	Little Bay	Future capital. Little Bay is a town under construction in Montserrat, intended to replace the previous capital, Plymouth, which was destroyed by the eruption of the Soufrière Hills volcano in 1997.
Myanmar	Naypyidaw	Official capital.
	Yangon	Home to most government offices and embassies of the country.
Netherlands	Amsterdam	Capital per constitution.
	The Hague	Seat of government.
Northern Cyprus [note 9]	North Nicosia	De facto capital of the country.
	Nicosia	De jure capital of the country. [50]
Palestine [note 10]	Jerusalem	Proclaimed capital of the country, but with limited recognition. The Palestinian Declaration of Independence proclaims the "establishment of the State of Palestine on our Palestinian territory with its capital Jerusalem (Al-Quds Ash-Sharif)". Israel exercises de facto control over Jerusalem, but neither state's claims to Jerusalem are widely recognized by the international community.
	Ramallah	De facto capital of the country. It is also the administrative capital where government institutions and foreign representative offices are located.
Peru	Lima	Official capital.
	Cusco	Historical capital of the country. [60]
Philippines	Manila	De jure capital of the country.
	Metro Manila	De facto capital of the country. While Manila is designated as the country's capital, the seat of government is the National Capital Region, commonly known as "Metro Manila", of which the city of Manila is a part. [61] [62]
Russia [note 11]	Moscow	Official capital.
	Saint Petersburg	Home to notable federal government bodies such as the Constitutional Court of Russia and the Heraldic Council of the President of the Russian Federation. It is also Russia's major cultural centre [63] , which means it received over 15 million tourists in 2018. [64] [65]
Singapore	Singapore	Official capital, even though Singapore has no official distinct capital city as it is a city-state.
	Central Area	Today, this city occupies this role in practice, functioning as a de facto capital without any formal designation. [66] It also includes Downtown Core, the location of the main judiciary and legislative offices of the country.
South Africa *	Pretoria	Administrative and executive capital.
	Cape Town	Legislative capital.
	Bloemfontein	Judicial capital.
	Johannesburg	Home to the country's highest court, the Constitutional Court of South Africa.
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands [note 7] *	King Edward Point	Official capital.
	Grytviken	This city is often mistakenly referred to as the capital of the entire country [note 12] , but it is actually King Edward Point [67] , located in the same bay. This city is also home to the South Georgia Museum and the resting places of polar explorers Sir Ernest Shackleton and Frank Wild in Grytviken's graveyard.
South Korea	Seoul	Official capital and the primary seat of the National Assembly.
	Sejong City	De facto administrative capital of the country and partially its future capital (since 2014). And also, since the Sejong Government Complex was finished in 2014, some authorities already moved from Seoul to there, making it their official primary seat.
South Sudan	Juba	Current capital.
	Ramciel	Future capital. In February 2011, the Autonomous Government of Southern Sudan adopted a resolution to study moving the capital of the new Republic of South Sudan that was to be created in July of that year to a new, planned city. In September 2011, the government of South Sudan approved a project to build a new capital at Ramciel in Lakes state; it is projected that the project will take at least five years.
Sovereign Military Order of Malta [note 13]	Palazzo Malta	Joint headquarters with Villa del Priorato di Malta. Both of them are located in Rome (the capital of Italy).
	Villa del Priorato di Malta
Sri Lanka	Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte	Legislative capital.
	Colombo	Executive, judicial, and commercial capital.
Sudan	Khartoum	Official capital. It's also the country's de jure capital due to intense fighting in there during the ongoing civil war. [68]
	Port Sudan	De facto capital of the country due to the ongoing brutal events mentioned already.
Switzerland	Bern	Official and the de facto capital of the country and its federal city.
	Lausanne [note 14]	Home to the Swiss Supreme Court.
Tanzania	Dodoma	Official capital.
	Dar es Salaam	Although Dar es Salaam ceded its official status as the country's capital to Dodoma in 1993, it still remains the seat of government. [69]
Western Sahara [note 15]	Laayoune	De jure capital of the country due to it being de facto under Morocco's control.
	Rabouni, Tindouf [note 16]	De facto capital of the country, and also, one of its capitals-in-exile (along with Tifariti).
	Tifariti	Provisional capital of the country, and also, one of its capitals-in-exile (along with Rabouni).
Yemen *	Sanaa	Official and constitutional capital. It is still considered the country's de jure capital due to it being under Houthi control since 2014.
	Aden	Seat of the Presidential Leadership Council (the internationally recognized government of Yemen) and the country's de facto capital. It is currently claimed by this executive body as the country's provisional capital. [70]

*May be considered a transcontinental state. ^{[note 17]}

More than one capital in the past

Main article: List of former national capitals

These countries have had two cities that served as administrative capitals at the same time, for various reasons such as war, weather or partition. In some cases, the second capital is considered a temporary capital.

Country	Year(s)	Capitals	Details
British Raj	1858–1947	Kolkata (a.k.a. Calcutta) (1858–1911)	Administrative capital
		New Delhi (1911–1947)
		Shimla (a.k.a. Simla)	Summer capital
Austria-Hungary	1873–1918	Vienna	Cisleithania
		Budapest	Kingdom of Hungary
Republic of China	1937–1945	Nanjing (a.k.a. Nanking)	Capital of the Japanese-controlled puppet state
		Chongqing	Provisional capital of the Kuomintang-ruled Republic of China
	1945–1991	Nanjing	Administrative, legislative, and judicial capital (claimed between the 1949 Retreat and the 1992 Consensus)
		Taipei	Provisional capital of the Kuomintang-ruled Republic of China on Taiwan
France	1940–1944	Vichy	De facto administrative capital
		Paris	De jure constitutional capital, also capital for the German military administration
Kingdom of Italy	1943–1944	Brindisi (1943–Feb 1944)	De facto provisional capital
		Salerno (Feb–Jun 1944)
		Rome	De jure capital until 1944 when it was liberated by the Allies
Italian Social Republic	1943–1944	Salò	De facto capital until 1944 when it became the primary capital
		Rome	De jure capital until 1944 when it was liberated by the Allies
Laos	1947–1975	Vientiane	Administrative capital
		Luang Prabang	Royal capital
Libya	1951–1963	Tripoli	One of two official capitals of the Kingdom of Libya, then Bayda became the capital of Libya from 1963 to 1969
		Benghazi
Malawi	1974–1994	Lilongwe	Administrative and judiciary capital
		Zomba	Legislative capital
Netherlands-Indonesia Union	1948–1956	Amsterdam	Kingdom of the Netherlands
		Batavia	United States of Indonesia
Norway	1940	Oslo	Official capital
		Hamar	Temporarily one-day capital that seated the parliament [73]
Pakistan	1962–1971	Rawalpindi (1962–14 August 1967)	Seat of the government
		Islamabad (14 August 1967–1971)
		Dhaka	Legislative capital
Philippines	1948–1976	Quezon City	Official capital
		Manila	De facto seat of government
	1901–1976	Baguio	Summer capital (still known as summer capital, outside of political use)
Serbia and Montenegro	2003–2006	Belgrade	Administrative and legislative capital
		Podgorica	Judicial capital

See also

• List of national capitals - A list of national capitals.
• List of purpose-built national capitals

Notes

1. The example of a non-territorial entity is the Sovereign Military Order of Malta , which is part of Italy.
2. The example of an autonomous territory is Åland , which is part of Finland.
3. The example of an Antarctic territorial claim not containing the status of its owner's dependent territory is Argentine Antarctica , which belongs to Argentina.
4. Dependent territory of the United States.
5. Autonomous territory of Papua New Guinea.
6. Autonomous territory of China.
7. Dependent territory of the United Kingdom.
8. Kosovo unilaterally declared its independence from Serbia on 17 February 2008 ^[39] and has since gained diplomatic recognition by at least 110 member states of the United Nations. Serbia does not officially recognise Kosovo as a sovereign state and continues to claim it as its constituent Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija; however, it accepts the governing authority of the Kosovo institutions as part of the 2013 Brussels Agreement. ^[40]
9. Due to its lack of recognition, Northern Cyprus depends on Turkey for economic, political and military support. ^{[45] [46] [47]} This has led some experts to describe Northern Cyprus as a puppet state of Turkey; others contest the label, due to the independent nature of Northern Cyprus's elections and government. The Turkish Army, with the support of Northern Cyprus's government, maintains a large force in Northern Cyprus, which the Republic of Cyprus, the EU, and the international community regard as an occupation force. This military presence is illegal under international law, ^[48] and has been denounced in several UN Security Council resolutions. ^[49]
10. The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) declared the establishment of the State of Palestine on November 15, 1988. As of September 2025, the State of Palestine is recognized as a sovereign state by 157 of the 193 member states of the United Nations, or just over 80% of all UN members. It is a non-member observer state at the United Nations since November 2012. ^{[51] [52]} This limited status is largely due to the United States, a permanent member of the Security Council with veto power, which has consistently used its veto or threatened to do so to block Palestine’s full membership to UN. ^{[53] [54] [55]} The existence of a state of Palestine is recognized by the states that have established bilateral diplomatic relations with it. ^{[56] [57] [58] [59]} There is a wide range of views on the legal status of the State of Palestine, both among international states and legal scholars.
11. The main transcontinental state located in both Europe and Asia. The others are Kazakhstan and Turkey.
12. As seen for example: on Spanish Wikipedia. (link)
13. A non-territorial entity located in Italy (mainly in its capital, Rome).
14. Lausanne is also the capital of the International Olympic Committee, a non-territorial entity located in Switzerland (mainly in this city we are talking about right now).
15. Western Sahara is recognized by 44 UN member states and South Ossetia. It was proclaimed by the Polisario Front on 27 February 1976, in Bir Lehlou. The Western Sahara government calls the territories under its control the Liberated Territories or the Free Zone . Morocco occupies the rest of the disputed territory, and calls these lands its Southern Provinces. The claimed capital city of Western Sahara is Laayoune, which is also its largest city. Since Western Sahara does not control Laayoune, it has established a temporary capital in Tifariti, although most of the day-to-day administration happens in Rabouni, one of the Sahrawi refugee camps located in Tindouf, Algeria.
16. Rabouni as one of the capitals of Western Sahara is located outside this country, in Tindouf, Algeria.
17. Some of the countries shown on this list may be considered transcontinental states (we all know, that the main transcontinental states are: Kazakhstan, Russia and Turkey). These countries are:
    1)   Chile: Most of the territory of Chile is located in South America, while Easter Island and Isla Salas y Gómez are geographically considered to be part of Oceania;
    2)   Egypt: Most of the territory of Egypt is located in Africa, while the Sinai Peninsula is geographically considered to be part of Asia;
    3)   Indonesia: Most of the territory of Indonesia is located in Asia, while Western New Guinea ^[71] and the Aru Islands are geographically considered to be part of Oceania;
    4)   Japan: Most of the territory of Japan is located in Asia, while the Bonin Islands, the Volcano Islands, Minamitorishima and Okinotori are geographically considered to be part of Oceania;
    5)   South Africa: Most of the territory of South Africa is located in Africa, while the Prince Edward Islands are geographically considered to be part of the Antarctic;
    6)   South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands: Most of the territory of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands is located in South America, while the Antarctic South Sandwich Islands ^[72] are geographically considered to be part of the Antarctic;
    7)   Yemen: Most of the territory of Yemen is located in Asia, while the Socotra Archipelago is geographically considered to be part of Africa.

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71. Western New Guinea as one of the Oceanian parts of Indonesia (the other one are the Aru Islands) consists of 6 Indonesian provinces with special status: Central Papua, Highland Papua, Papua, South Papua, Southwest Papua and West Papua.
72. The Antarctic South Sandwich Islands as the Antarctic part of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands consist of the 2 archipelagos: the Central Islands  [ es ] (Saunders Island, Montagu Island, Bristol Island, Grindle Rock, Wilson Rock and Freezland Rock) and Southern Thule (Bellingshausen Island, Cook Island, Thule Island, Twitcher Rock and Vysokaya Bank  [ ang; ru ]); whereas the South American South Sandwich Islands consist of the 2 other archipelagos: the Traversay Islands (Protector Shoal, Zavodovski Island, Leskov Island and Visokoi Island) and the Candlemas Islands (Candlemas Island and Vindication Island). To sum up, the whole archipelago of the South Sandwich Islands is a transcontinental area between South America (Traversay Islands and Candlemas Islands) and the Antarctic (Central Islands  [ es ] and Southern Thule), while the other territories of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, of which the South Sandwich Islands are a part, called: South Georgia, Annenkov Island, Bird Island, Cooper Island, Grass Island, Jomfruene Islands, Pickersgill Islands, Trinity Island, Welcome Islands, Willis Islands, Shag Rocks, Black Rock and Clerke Rocks are geographically considered to be part of South America as well. And also, this makes South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands one of the transcontinental dependent territories in the world (just like it is with the French Southern and Antarctic Lands and Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha).
73. Kongens nei - 9. april (Norwegian)