A list of first ever novel written in various languages.
Language | Year of publication | Name of the novel | Name in native language | Author | Country |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Assamese | 1890 | Bhanumati | ভানুমতী | Padmanath Gohain Baruah | India |
Arabic | 1160 (approx.) | Hayy ibn Yaqdhan | حي بن يقظان | Ibn Tufayl | Al-Andalus |
Bengali | 1857 | Alaler Gharer Dulal [1] | আলালের ঘরের দুলাল | Peary Chand Mitra | India |
Bhojpuri | 1956 | Bindiya [2] | बिंदिया | Ramnath Pandey | India |
Burmese | 1904 | Maung Yin Maung, Ma Me Ma [3] | မောင်ရင်မောင် မမယ်မ | James Hla Kyaw | Myanmar |
Chinese | 14th century | Romance of the Three Kingdoms | 三國演義 | Luo Guanzhong | China |
French | 1607 | L'Astrée | L'Astrée | Honoré d'Urfé | France |
Hindi | 1882 | Pariksha Guru [4] | परीक्षागुरू | Lala Srinivas Das | India |
Japanese | 11th century | The Tale of Genji | 源氏物語 | Murasaki Shikibu | Japan |
Kannada | 1899 | Indira Bai | Gulvadi Venkata Rao | India | |
Malayalam | 1887 | Kundalatha | കുന്ദലത | Appu Nedungadi | India |
Meitei | 1930 | Madhavi [5] | মাধবী | Lamabam Kamal Singh | India |
Marathi | 1857 | Yamuna Paryatan [5] | यमुना पर्यटन | Baba Padamji | India |
Nepali | 1903 | Bir Charitra [6] | वीर चरित्र | Girish Ballabh Joshi | Nepal |
Northern Ndebele | 1956 | The Ndebele Uprising [7] | Umvukela WamaNdebele | Ndabaningi Sithole | Zimbabwe |
Odia | 1888 | Padmamali [8] | ପଦ୍ମମାଳୀ | Umesh Chandra Sarkar | India |
Persian | 1937 | The Blind Owl | بوف کور | Sadegh Hedayat | Iran |
Pashto | 1912 | Mah Rukh | Rahat Zakheli | Pakistan | |
Punjabi | 1898 | Sundari | ਸੁੰਦਰੀ | Bhai Vir Singh | India |
Russian | 1842 | Dead Souls | Мёртвые души | Nikolai Gogol | Russia |
Sanskrit | 7th century | Kadambari [5] | कादम्बरी | Bāṇabhaṭṭa | India |
Shona | 1956 | Feso [9] | Feso | Solomon Mutswairo | Zimbabwe |
Spanish | 1605 | Don Quixote [10] | Don Quijote de la Mancha | Miguel de Cervantes | Spain |
Tamil | 1879 | Prathapa Mudaliar Charitram [5] | பிரதாப முதலியார் சரித்திரம் | Samuel Vedanayagam Pillai | India |
Telugu | 1867 | Sri Rangaraju Charitra [5] | Narahari Gopalakrishnama Setty | India | |
Turkish | 1872 | The Love of Talat and Fitnat [11] | Taaşşuk-ı Talat ve Fitnat | Sami Frashëri | Turkey |
Urdu | 1869 | Mirat-ul-Uroos [5] | مراۃ العروس | Nazir Ahmad Dehlvi | India |
Uzbek | 1926 | Bygone Days [12] | O’tkan Kunlar | Abdullah Qodiriy | Uzbekistan |
Xhosa | 1907 | USamson [13] | USamson | S.E.K. Mqhayi | South Africa |
Heart of Darkness (1899) is a novella by Polish-English novelist Joseph Conrad in which the sailor Charles Marlow tells his listeners the story of his assignment as steamer captain for a Belgian company in the African interior. The novel is widely regarded as a critique of European colonial rule in Africa, whilst also examining the themes of power dynamics and morality. Although Conrad does not name the river on which most of the narrative takes place, at the time of writing, the Congo Free State — the location of the large and economically important Congo River — was a private colony of Belgium's King Leopold II. Marlow is given a text by Kurtz, an ivory trader working on a trading station far up the river, who has "gone native" and is the object of Marlow's expedition.
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Their Eyes Were Watching God is a 1937 novel by American writer Zora Neale Hurston. It is considered a classic of the Harlem Renaissance, and Hurston's best known work. The novel explores protagonist Janie Crawford's "ripening from a vibrant, but voiceless, teenage girl into a woman with her finger on the trigger of her own destiny".
The voiceless alveolar, dental and postalveolarplosives are types of consonantal sounds used in almost all spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiceless dental, alveolar, and postalveolar plosives is ⟨t⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is t
. The voiceless dental plosive can be distinguished with the underbridge diacritic, ⟨t̪⟩ and the postalveolar with a retraction line, ⟨t̠⟩, and the Extensions to the IPA have a double underline diacritic which can be used to explicitly specify an alveolar pronunciation, ⟨t͇⟩.
Riddley Walker is a science fiction novel by American writer Russell Hoban, first published in 1980. It won the John W. Campbell Memorial Award for best science fiction novel in 1982, as well as an Australian Science Fiction Achievement Award in 1983. It was nominated for the Nebula Award for Best Novel in 1981.
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Country of My Skull is a 1998 nonfiction book by Antjie Krog about the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC). It is based on Krog's experience as a radio reporter, covering the Commission from 1996 to 1998 for the South African Broadcasting Corporation. The book explores the successes and failures of the Commission, the effects of the proceedings on her personally, and the possibility of genuine reconciliation in post-Apartheid South Africa.
"Diary of a Madman", also translated as "A Madman's Diary" is a short story by the Chinese writer Lu Xun, published in 1918. It was the first and one of the most influential works written in vernacular Chinese in Republican era China, and would become a cornerstone of the New Culture Movement. Lu Xun's stories often critiqued early 20th century Chinese society, and "Diary of a Madman" established a new language and revolutionary figure of Chinese literature, an attempt to challenge conventional thinking and traditional understanding.
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