List of human disease case fatality rates

Last updated

Human infectious diseases may be characterized by their case fatality rate (CFR), the proportion of people diagnosed with a disease who die from it ( cf. mortality rate). It should not be confused with the infection fatality rate (IFR), the estimated proportion of people infected by a disease-causing agent, including asymptomatic and undiagnosed infections, who die from the disease. IFR cannot be higher than the CFR and is often much lower, but is also much harder to calculate. This data is based on optimally treated patients and excludes isolated cases or minor outbreaks, unless otherwise indicated.

Key
Treatment stagePathogen type
No treatment or cure Viral disease
No cure Bacterial disease
Unvaccinated Amoebic disease
Untreated Fungal disease
Vaccinated/treated Parasitic disease
Co-infection Prion
Unknown Chromosomal Disease
Symptomatic Molecule Disease
DiseaseTypeTreatment stage
[ clarification needed ]		 CFR NotesRefs.
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy Prion No treatment and no cure [1] 100% [2] Includes Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease and all its variants, fatal insomnia, kuru, Gerstmann–Sträussler–Scheinker syndrome, Variably protease-sensitive prionopathy and others.
No cases of survival, invariably fatal.		 [3]
Rabies Viral Unvaccinated and untreated≈100%Preventable with vaccine and PEP (dropped to near 0% rate) but once symptoms manifest, there is no cure and the CFR is greater than 99%. 4 known people who survived were simply vaccinated too late, [4] after symptoms started; more recently, at least 3 individuals have survived after being placed in a medically induced coma, however this protocol has since been disputed. [5] [6]
Pneumonic plague BacterialUnvaccinated and untreated≈100%The most virulent among the three forms of plague, hypotheised to be the Black Death. Victims of the Black Death who vomited blood occasionally survived, such as the chronicler Marcha di Marco Battagli. [7] : 58 
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis ViralUntreated≈100%Rare form of a measles infection, might be treatable if the disease hasn't progressed past Stage 1.
African trypanosomiasis Parasitic (protozoan)Untreated>99%Without treatment this disease is nearly invariably fatal due to its parasitic and extremely debilitating nature. [8] [9]
Visceral leishmaniasis Parasitic (protozoan)Untreated>99% [10]
Naegleriasis Amoebicwith ICU treatment≈98.5%From 1962 to 2022 there have been 157 recorded cases of this infection within the United States, only 4 of those 157 individuals survived the disease. A combination of various antifungal, antibacterial and antiemetic drugs have shown effectiveness in survivors. [11]
Glanders BacterialUntreated95%The rate drops significantly to >50% with treatment. [12]
Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis AmoebicNo cure [13] 90%150 cases worldwide, only < 10 survivors have been identified. [14] [15]
HIV/AIDS ViralUntreated90% [16] : 1 
Anthrax, pulmonary BacterialUnvaccinated and untreated85%Early treatments lower the CFR to 45% as seen in the 2001 AMERITHRAX letter attacks.
Monoclonal antibodies (Obilotoxaximab & Raxibacumab) could lower this further.		 [7] : 88 
Lujo virus Viral80% [17]
B virus ViralUntreated≈80%B virus infection of humans is extremely rare. As of 2020, there have been 50 documented cases of human B virus infection since the identification of the virus in 1932, 21 of which led to death. Early treatment including aciclovir can improve prognosis. [18]
Aspergillosis, invasive pulmonary formFungalOpportunistic w/COPD, Tuberculosis and Immuno-
compromised		[50–90]% [19]
Ebola ViralUnvaccinated and untreated[25–90]%The rate averages out at 50% for all variants of ebolaviruses, among which the one by EBOV is the deadliest in terms of both the fatality and morbidity rates, with fatalities ranging between 42% and 90%. Prognosis improved by early supportive treatments as seen in the West African epidemic and the Kivu outbreak. [20] [21]
Marburg virus disease – all outbreaks combinedViralUntreated[23–90]%23% in 1967 when it was first identified and 90% in 2004-2005 when the worst outbreak of the disease occurred. Galidesivir has shown promise in treating Filoviridae. [22] [23]
Smallpox Variola major ViralUntreated and Unvaccinated[9.3-100]% Eradicated. The overall fatality rate of all forms was 30%, which dropped significantly to 10% with effective treatments and 3% with vaccination. Around 90% of all the cases were the ordinary form whose untreated/unvaccinated rate was between 9.3 (normal) to 62% (confluent rashes); about 2% of the cases developed into the haemorrhagic form which approached 100% untreated fatality rate. [7] : 28 
[24]
Nipah virus ViralUntreated[40-75]%This rate can vary by outbreak depending on local capabilities for epidemiological surveillance and clinical management. [25] [26]
Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 Viral≈53%The deadliest form of all the avian flu on humans. [27]
Mucormycosis (Black fungus disease)Fungal[40–80]% [28]
Tularemia, pneumonicBacterialUntreated≤ 60% [7] : 78 
Cryptococcal meningitis FungalCo-infection with HIV[40–60]%6 month mortality is ≥ 60% with fluconazole-based therapy and 40% with amphotericin-based therapy in research studies in low and middle income countries. [29]
Anthrax, gastrointestinal BacterialUnvaccinated and untreated> 50% [7] : 27 
Tetanus, GeneralizedBacterialUnvaccinated and untreated50%CFR drops to [10–20]% with effective treatment. [30]
Tuberculosis, HIV Negative BacterialVaccinated43%Vaccines have been developed but have been frequently dismissed for having received controversial and improper testing on African populations. [ citation needed ] [31]
Septicemic plague BacterialUnvaccinated and untreated[30–50]% [7] : 58 
Baylisascariasis Parasitic (helminthous)≈40%With occurrence of Neural Larva Migrans; early, aggressive treatment necessary for survival, but only 2 full recoveries from NLM ever documented. [32]
Hantavirus infection Viral36% Ribavirin may be a drug for HPS and HFRS but its effectiveness remains unknown, still, spontaneous recovery is possible with supportive treatment.
Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)Viral34% Galidesivir has shown promise in treating Coronaviridae. [33]
Eastern equine encephalitis Viral≈33% [34]
Bubonic plague BacterialUnvaccinated and untreated[5–60]% [7] : 57 
Anthrax, gastrointestinal, oropharyngeal type Bacterial[10–50]% [7] : 27 
Varicella (chickenpox), in newbornsViralUntreated≈30%Where the mothers develop the disease between 5 days prior to, or 2 days after delivery. [16] : 110 
Dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) ViralUntreated26%Dengue haemorrhagic fever is also known as severe dengue. [35] [36]
Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE) ViralNo cure[15–30]%No specific treatment; usually involves supportive care. [37]
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS)ViralUntreated≈21% Galidesivir has shown promise in treating Bunyavirales. [38]
Tularemia, typhoidalBacterialUntreated[3–35]% [7] : 77 
Leptospirosis Bacterial<[5–30]% [16] : 352 
Meningococcal disease BacterialUnvaccinated and untreated[10–20]% [39]
Typhoid fever BacterialUnvaccinated and untreated[10–20]% [16] : 665 
Legionellosis Bacterial≈15% [16] : 665 
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) Viral11% Galidesivir has shown promise in treating Coronaviridae. [40]
Intestinal capillariasis Parasitic (helminthous)Untreated≈10% [41]
Visceral leishmaniasis Parasitic (protozoan)≈10% [42]
Botulism Bacterial toxinTreated< 10%Untreated foodborne botulism is thought to be ≈50%. [43]
Diphtheria, respiratory BacterialUnvaccinated and untreated≈[5-10]% [44]
Yellow fever ViralUnvaccinated7.5% [45]
Pertussis (whooping cough), infants in developing countriesBacterialUnvaccinated≈3.7% [16] : 456 
Smallpox, Variola major ViralVaccinated3% [7] : 88 
Cholera, in AfricaBacterial≈[2–3]%With proper treatment, may be less than 1%, while without treatment may reach 50%. [46] [47] [48] [49] [50]
1918 (Spanish) flu ViralTreated[2.5-9.7]%varies with population, up to 22% in Western Samoa. [51] [52] [53]
Angiostrongyliasis Parasitic (helminthous)≈2.4%From Hawaiian cases. [54]
Measles (rubeola), in developing countriesViralUnvaccinated≈[1–3]%May reach [10–30]% in some localities. [16] : 431 
Brucellosis BacterialUntreated≤ 2% [16] : 87 
Hepatitis A, adults > 50 years oldViralUnvaccinated≈1.8% [16] : 278 
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)ViralUnvaccinated &
Treated with unspecific treatments		0.88%Depends largely on the age group of the person, earlier strains of COVID-19 had higher CFR of around 0.1%. [55] [56] [57]
Lassa fever ViralTreated≈1%15% in hospitalized patients; higher in some epidemics. [58]
Mumps encephalitis ViralUnvaccinated≈1% [16] : 431 
Pertussis (whooping cough), children in developing countriesBacterialUnvaccinated≈1%For children 1–4 years old. [16] : 456 
Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis (VEE) Viral< 1% [7] : 97–98 
Anthrax, cutaneous Bacterial< 1% [7] : 27 
Seasonal Influenza, WorldwideViralLargely unvaccinated,
Treated		< 0.1–0.5%
[ failed verification ]		Depends largely on the age group of the people. [59]
Malaria Parasitic (protozoan)≈0.3% [60]
Smallpox, Variola minor ViralUnvaccinated0.1-0.3% [7] : 87–88 
Hepatitis A ViralUnvaccinated[0.1–0.3]% [16] : 278 
Polio ViralWithout artificial breathing support≈0.1%0.5% of all infected become paralysed. Of those, about [10–20]% die.
Fatality rates vary by age: 2–5% for children and up to 15–30% for adults.		 [61] [62]
Asian (1956–58) flu Viral≈0.1% [63]
Hong Kong (1968–69) flu Viral≈0.1% [63]
Influenza A, typical pandemics Viral< 0.1% [51]
Varicella (chickenpox), adultsViralUnvaccinated0.02% [16] : 110 
Hand, foot and mouth disease, children < 5 years oldViral0.01% [64]
Varicella (chickenpox), childrenViralUnvaccinated0.001% [16] : 110 

See also

References

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  2. ↑ Weiss, Cynthia (27 June 2021). "Sharing Mayo Clinic: Back from the brink and overcoming a rare neurologic disorder". Mayo Clinic News Network. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
  3. ↑ Krance SH, Luke R, Shenouda M, Israwi AR, Colpitts SJ, Darwish L, et al. (January 2020). "Cellular models for discovering prion disease therapeutics: Progress and challenges". Journal of Neurochemistry. 153 (2): 150–172. doi: 10.1111/jnc.14956 . PMID   31943194.
  4. ↑ "Is Rabies Really 100% Fatal? | Viruses101 | Learn Science at Scitable". www.nature.com. Retrieved 2023-08-17.
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