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Geant4 is a platform for "the simulation of the passage of particles through matter" using Monte Carlo methods. It is the successor of the GEANT series of software toolkits developed by The Geant4 Collaboration, and the first to use object oriented programming. Its development, maintenance and user support are taken care by the international Geant4 Collaboration. Application areas include high energy physics and nuclear experiments, accelerator and space physics studies. The software is used by a number of research projects around the world.
DELPHI was one of the four main detectors of the Large Electron–Positron Collider (LEP) at CERN, one of the largest particle accelerators ever made. Like the other three detectors, it recorded and analyzed the result of the collision between LEP's colliding particle beams. The specific focus of DELPHI was on particle identification, three-dimensional information, high granularity (detail), and precise vertex determination.
The Lazarus effect refers to semiconductor detectors; when these are used in harsh radiation environments, defects begin to appear in the semiconductor crystal lattice as atoms become displaced because of the interaction with the high-energy traversing particles. These defects, in the form of both lattice vacancies and atoms at interstitial sites, have the effect of temporarily trapping the electrons and holes which are created when ionizing particles pass through the detector. Since it is these electrons and holes drifting in an electric field which produce a signal that announces the passage of a particle, when large amounts of defects are produced, the detector signal can be strongly reduced leading to an unusable (dead) detector.
A wavelength shifter is a photofluorescent material that absorbs higher frequency photons and emits lower frequency photons. The material absorbs one photon, and emits one or multiple lower-energy photons. The relaxation time of the excited molecule is usually in the order of nanoseconds.
A clover detector is a gamma-ray detector that consists of 4 coaxial N-type high purity germanium (Ge) crystals each machined to shape and mounted in a common cryostat to form a structure resembling a four-leaf clover.
In particle detectors a detection of internally reflected Cherenkov light (DIRC) detector measures the velocity of charged particles and is used for particle identification. It is a design of a ring imaging Cherenkov detector where Cherenkov light that is contained by total internal reflection inside the solid radiator has its angular information preserved until it reaches the light sensors at the detector perimeter.
The Clab, also known as Centralt mellanlager för använt kärnbränsle is an interim radioactive waste repository located at Oskarshamn Nuclear Power Plant about 25 km north of Oskarshamn. Clab used to be owned by Oskarshamnsverkets Kraftgrupp AB (OKG) but is now owned by Svensk Kärnbränslehantering Aktiebolag (SKB). It was opened in 1985 for the storage of spent nuclear fuel from all Swedish nuclear power plants. The fuel is stored for 30 to 40 years, in preparation for final storage.
FLUKA is a fully integrated Monte Carlo simulation package for the interaction and transport of particles and nuclei in matter. FLUKA has many applications in particle physics, high energy experimental physics and engineering, shielding, detector and telescope design, cosmic ray studies, dosimetry, medical physics, radiobiology. A recent line of development concerns hadron therapy.
Allchar deposit is a low-temperature hydrothermal gold–arsenic–antimony–thallium deposit in Kavadarci Municipality of North Macedonia. For some time, the thallium-rich part of the deposit was mined. The Crven Dol mine yielded thallium and the ore body still holds estimated amount of 500 t of thallium. The mineral lorandite from this ore deposit can be used to determine the solar neutrino flux.
Neutron spectroscopy is a spectroscopic method of measuring atomic and magnetic motions by measuring the kinetic energy of emitted neutrons. The measured neutrons may be emitted directly, or they may scatter off cold matter before reaching the detector. Inelastic neutron scattering observes the change in the energy of the neutron as it scatters from a sample and can be used to probe a wide variety of different physical phenomena such as the motions of atoms, the rotational modes of molecules, sound modes and molecular vibrations, recoil in quantum fluids, magnetic and quantum excitations or even electronic transitions.
Neutron imaging is the process of making an image with neutrons. The resulting image is based on the neutron attenuation properties of the imaged object. The resulting images have much in common with industrial X-ray images, but since the image is based on neutron attenuating properties instead of X-ray attenuation properties, some things easily visible with neutron imaging may be very challenging or impossible to see with X-ray imaging techniques.
Gadolinium oxyorthosilicate is a type of scintillating inorganic crystal used for imaging in nuclear medicine and for calorimetry in particle physics.
The Virtual Instrumentation Tool for the ESS (VITESS) is an open source software package for the simulation of neutron scattering experiments. The software is maintained and developed by the Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie (HZB), the former Hahn-Meitner-Institur HMI, and available for Windows, Linux and Macintosh on the VITESS homepage. It is widely used for simulation of existing neutron scattering instruments as well as for the development of new instruments.
Kim Sun-kee is a South Korean physicist. He is professor in Seoul National University and director of the Korea Invisible Mass Search. He was the first director of the Rare Isotope Science Project within the Institute for Basic Science and is a member of the Korean Academy of Science and Technology.
Self Powered Neutron Detector (SPND) is a neutron detector used in nuclear fission reactors. It is a compact device extensively used worldwide for mapping of neutron flux, helping the reactor-operators in maintaining the neutron economy. It gives a direct current signal proportional to the incident flux of neutrons, due to production of negative beta particles or Compton electrons in the heart of the device.
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Hybrid pixel detectors are a type of ionizing radiation detector consisting of an array of diodes based on semiconductor technology and their associated electronics. The term “hybrid” stems from the fact that the two main elements from which these devices are built, the semiconductor sensor and the readout chip, are manufactured independently and later electrically coupled by means of a bump-bonding process. Ionizing particles are detected as they produce electron-hole pairs through their interaction with the sensor element, usually made of doped silicon or cadmium telluride. The readout ASIC is segmented into pixels containing the necessary electronics to amplify and measure the electrical signals induced by the incoming particles in the sensor layer.
Linda Gail Stutte is an experimental elementary particle physicist. After an appointment as a postdoc at Caltech in 1974–76, Stutte was a research staff scientist at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory from 1976 through her retirement in 2007. She is known for work on neutrino experiments and her expertise with Fermliab neutrino beam facilities.
Associated particle imaging (API), sometimes referred to as the tagged neutron method (TNM), is a three dimensional imaging technique that maps the distribution of elements within an object. In associated particle imaging, deuterium-tritium fusion reactions each produce a fast neutron and an associated particle, which travel in opposite directions in the center-of-mass frame. By measuring the timing and position of the associated particle, the trajectory of the neutron may be inferred. The neutron may then enter an object of interest where it is likely to undergo inelastic scattering. This produces one or more gamma-rays of specific energies dependent on the element that the neutron scatters off of. By measuring the gamma-ray energy, the element may be identified. The timing of the gamma-ray coinciding with an associated particle allows the 3D imaging of an object's elemental composition. This technique has applications in agriculture, national security, and diamond detection, among other areas.
References
- ↑ "7.14 Synchrotron Radiation Sources". www.ptb.de. 2017-01-23. Retrieved 2018-08-13.
- 1 2 Ancharov, A.I.; Baryshev, V.B.; Chernov, V.A.; Gentselev, A.N.; Goldenberg, B.G.; Kochubei, D.I.; Korchuganov, V.N.; Kulipanov, G.N.; Kuzin, M.V.; Levichev, E.B.; Mezentsev, N.A.; Mishnev, S.I.; Nikolenko, A.D.; Pindyurin, V.F.; Sheromov, M.A.; Tolochko, B.P.; Sharafutdinov, M.R.; Shmakov, A.N.; Vinokurov, N.A.; Vobly, P.D.; Zolotarev, K.V. (2005-05-01). "Status of the Siberian synchrotron radiation center". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 543 (1): 1–13. Bibcode:2005NIMPA.543....1A. doi:10.1016/j.nima.2005.01.021. ISSN 0168-9002.
- ↑ "STATUS OF VEPP-4M COLLIDER" (PDF). Proceedings of IPAC2016, Busan, Korea.
- 1 2 Belokrinitsky, S.; Churkin, I.; Oleynik, A.; Pekshev, D.; Philipchenko, A.; Rouvinsky, I.; Steshov, A.; Ushakov, V. (2009-05-11). "Modeling and magnetic measurements of TNK synchrotron radiation source magnets". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 603 (1–2): 16–18. Bibcode:2009NIMPA.603...16B. doi:10.1016/j.nima.2008.12.119. ISSN 0168-9002.