List of tram accidents

Last updated February 26, 2025

This is a worldwide list of accidents involving trams (or streetcars in U.S. English) in which there was significant damage to the tramcar, or involving severe injury or death to those in the tramcar. Pedestrian fatalities are outside the scope of this list.

Argentina

On 12 July 1930, electric tram no. 75 on Line 105 travelling from Temperley to Lanús in Greater Buenos Aires, Argentina, plunged into the Matanza River when the driver attempted to cross the Bosch Bridge without realising that the central bascule was raised. 56 out of 60 passengers died and only 4 survived,^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4] making this the deadliest tram accident anywhere in the world.^[5]

Australia

In January 1864, well-known Anglo-Australian musician and composer Isaac Nathan was hit and killed by a Sydney horse tram when his clothing was caught in the door, whilst he was attempting to alight. Nathan is reputed to be one of the first tram fatalities in the Southern Hemisphere (many sources claim that it was the first such accident).^[6]^[7]
On 28 September 1913, a Rockhampton steam tram and its trailer capsized on a sharp bend while returning from the Rockhampton Botanic Gardens resulting in three fatalities. One man died instantly, while two women later died from their injuries in hospital.^[8]^[9]^[10]
On 21 August 1924, a coupled set of Sydney tram E-class cars ran out of control near McMahon's Point, derailed and crashed into a house. There were two fatalities, and the trams were extensively damaged.^[11]
On 22 May 2017, a Melbourne tram was hit by a truck in Parkville, hospitalising 14.^[12]

Austria

On 2 August 1960, a tram ran away in Vienna, Austria and collided with another at a crossroads. Eighteen people were killed and 104 were injured.^[13]
On 21 April 2015, twelve people were injured after two trams collided in Vienna.^[14]

Brazil

On 27 August 2011, a Santa Teresa Tram in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil derailed, killing six people and injuring at least fifty.^[15]^[16]

Canada

On 26 May 1896, in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, a Consolidated Electric Railway Company tram car carrying 143 people plunged into a harbour after the bridge it was crossing collapsed. The disaster killed 55 people and left an unknown number of others injured.^[17]
On 7 July 1915, a severely overloaded Niagara Falls Park and River Railway open-sided car went out of control while descending the Niagara Escarpment near Queenston, Ontario. Fifteen people died, and many others were injured.^[18]
On 11 December 1944, a major snowstorm caused a Toronto Transportation Commission streetcar to overturn near Queen and Mutual Streets. One person was killed, and 50 injured.^[19]

Croatia

On 31 October 1954, a Zagreb tram ran away down Mirogoj Road and crashed. Nineteen people were killed and 37 were injured.

Czech Republic

On 11 April 2008, two Ostrava trams crashed in a head-on collision in a single-track section of the Ostrava-Poruba – Kyjovice-Budišovice tram line near Vřesina. Three people were killed and 66 were injured. The tram driver of one of the trams, who ignored a stop signal, was later sentenced to three years in prison for reckless driving.^[20]^[21]

Finland

On 15 September 1920, a Vyborg tram derailed and overturned at a junction. Five people, including the tram driver and a pedestrian, were killed and at least 10 were injured.^[22]
On 15 June 1945 a freight train collided with a Helsinki tram in Sörnäinen harbour. 6 passengers were injured.^[23]
On 13 September 2007 a Helsinki tram caught fire next to Pasila railway station. Nobody was injured but the tram suffered heavy damages.^[24]

France

On 11 January 2025, two trams collided at the Gare Centrale, Strasbourg. At least 30 people were injured.^[25]

Germany

On 17 December 1960, a Convair C-131D Samaritan airplane crashed into the city of Munich and struck a tram and people on the street. The tram's trailer burnt out, and all of its occupants died at the accident site or in hospitals. All 20 persons in the airplane and 32 on the ground were killed.^[26]^[27]
On 23 August 1999, a "CitySprinter" prototype tram under evaluation by Cologne Stadtbahn (KVB) ran into the rear of another at Christophstrasse Station, an underground station. Seventy people were injured, seven seriously. The accident was initiated by the failure of the vehicle's electronics, thus blocking control over the brakes, and the passengers' emergency brake was inhibited, as required by safety regulations for tunnels. But the driver missed the opportunity to use a separate emergency halt button. KVB then decided to buy "Bombardier Flexity Swift" trams instead.^[28]^[29]
In 2014, a Düsseldorf tram derailed and overturned at a junction. Several people were injured.^[30]
On 15 March 2018 A collision between two trams in Cologne injures 43 people. The driver of one of the trams is suspected to have been driving under the influence of alcohol.^[31]
On 4 February 2020 A tram operated by the Duisburger Verkehrsgesellschaft, derailed in Duisburg and hit a power pole frontally. Two passengers were lightly injured, the driver was stuck in his booth and was seriously injured. The tram itself got towed and was declared as destroyed.^[32]
On 2 November 2020, two trams collided head-on in Cologne. At least 15 people were taken to hospital, including both drivers who suffered serious injuries.^[33]

Photo of the crashed tram 1009 at the Grunewald depot. It was later scrapped and not repaired, because the Duisburger Verkehrsgesellschaft already ordered new vehicles from Bombardier Transportation, hence it was declared as destroyed.

Hong Kong

In 2013 a Light Rail vehicle was derailed after attempting to take a bend too fast. Seventy-seven people were injured.^[30]^[34]
On 6 April 2017, Hong Kong tram No. 123 was in an accident on Des Voeux Road. It was reported to have been travelling too fast and to have collided with a bus and overturned on a bend. Fourteen people were injured. The driver was consequently jailed for eleven months and disqualified from driving any vehicle for two years.^[35]^[36]

Isle of Man

On 5 April 1930, the tram depot at Laxey, Isle of Man was destroyed by fire. Manx Electric Railway trams 3, 4, 8 and 24, plus trailers 34, 35, 38–41 and 44 were destroyed. Trailer 60 was damaged.^[37]^: p13
On 30 March 2016, Snaefell Mountain Railway car No. 3 ran away from Snaefell Summit with nobody on board. The tram derailed before reaching Bungalow station and was destroyed.^[38]^[39]

Italy

On 23 September 1890, a number of tram cars left the track between Florence and Fiesole; five passengers were killed.^[40]
On 16 saugust 2016 two trams had a head-on accident in Trieste, causing the suspension of the only line still active in the city. Since that day the line has been suspended and has currently never been restored.

Netherlands

Tram accident at the Raambrug
On 3 June 1902, a Haarlemsche Tramway-Maatschappij tram derailed at the Raambrug, Haarlem, North Holland and plunged into a canal.
On 7 August 1927, two trams of the "Gooische Stoomtram" tramway company crashed in a head-on collision in a single-track section near Laren, North Holland. Four people were killed and seven seriously injured.^[41]
On 27 October 1943, two trams of the "Rotterdamsche Tramweg Maatschappij" tramway company collided with each other on a crossroads near Spijkenisse. Eight people were killed and about forty injured.^[42]
On 2 September 2018, a RET tram ran into the rear of another tram on Dwarsdijk, Rotterdam, injuring nine people.^[43]
On 16 March 2021, an Utrecht sneltram tram carrying six passengers collided with a van and was derailed in Herculeslaan, Utrecht.^[44]
On 17 April 2021, an Utrecht sneltram collided with a car and was derailed in Koekoeslaan, Nieuwegein, Utrecht.^[45]

Norway

On 15 May 1937, an Oslo Tramway tram derailed in Sannergata street and crashed with a taxi and a timber truck. The taxi driver and a passenger in the truck were killed, and several people injured.^[46]
On 2 August 1958, an Oslo Tramway tram caught fire in Strømsveien Street . Five people were killed, seventeen were injured.
On 28 March 2023, the Bergen light rail crashed into its end stop. All twelve passengers were reported injured.
On 29 Oct 2024 an Oslo Tramway tram derailed in Oslo, crashing into Eplehuset, an Apple computer reseller shop. Four people injured.^[47]

Poland

On 7 December 1967, a heavily loaded tram in Szczecin, Poland, consisting of one power car and two trailers, ran away downhill after the dynamic brakes failed, and derailed and overturned on a bend. The accident killed 15 people and injured around 150, 40 of them seriously.^[48]
On 3 September 1987 two trams collided in Warsaw, resulting in 7 fatalities and 73 injured. The young motorman of the tram heading eastbound did not realize the track was switched to take a left turn and caused a head-on collision with a tram heading westbound. Just a few hours later another serious crash occurred in Warsaw. Two trains collided at the Warszawa Włochy station, resulting in another 8 fatalities and several dozen wounded. This day was later called "The Black Thursday".^[49]
In Poznań on 8 September 1993 the motorman of tram No. 10 mistook which route the line was set for and went off the track. The tram fell on its side and then hit the wall of a building. Five people were killed and sixty wounded, the driver was sentenced to three years in prison.^[50]

Portugal

On 15 December 2018, a tram derailed and overturned in Lisbon. Twenty-eight people were injured.^[51]

7 April 2019: Another electric tram accident in Lisbon injures seven ‘mainly foreign’ passengers https://www.portugalresident.com/another-electric-tram-accident-in-lisbon-injures-seven-mainly-foreign-passengers

Four people injured on 3 February 2021 due to the derailment of a tram, followed by a collision with another, in downtown Lisbon. ^[52]

17 August 2023: A collision between two trams in Lisbon caused 13 minor injuries, including several tourists and three children https://euro.dayfr.com/news/696527.html Spanish Tourist Among Eight Hospitalised In Lisbon After Two Trams Collide https://euroweeklynews.com/2023/08/18/spanish-tourist-among-eight-hospitalised-in-lisbon-after-two-trams-collide/

Romania

On 15 February 1994, a V3A tram heading towards Piața Muncii derails at Piața Iancului in Bucharest due to a faulty switch. The last (third) section of the tram tips over and falls over several passengers waiting at the station for the opposite direction, killing between 1 and 3 people (the exact number is unknown)
On 28 March 1997, during a test ride of a Timiș 2 tram. the rear trailer car derailed due to the poor condition of the track quality, on the CUG-Nicolina route in Iași. The trailer car subsequently collided with an oncoming Tatra T4R tram from the opposite direction, resulting in 5 injuries. The accident led to the closure of the line towards the Heavy Machinery Plant (Combinatul de Utilaje Grele) on 3 April 1997 for the next 18 years.
On 22 March 2011, a former Bern tram ran away down the Copou hill in Iași. The tram, travelling at over 50 km/h, struck a line of cars that were soon destroyed by the force of impact. One person was left dead and another 6 were injured. No injuries were recorded inside the tram itself.
On 10 May 2012, at the Lujerului Underpass in Bucharest, three trams were involved in a massive collision that injured up to 100 people. One tram broke down, the second one stopped behind it, but the third one failed to stop in time.
On 18 July 2012, at the Ferentari-Rahova intersection, also in Bucharest, a tram heading towards its depot derailed after a set of faulty points changed underneath the last section. It entered the path, and struck another oncoming tram, heading the opposite way. Only 18 people were injured, but the damage was so high, that the articulated section of the derailed tram broke into 2 pieces
On 27 may 2020, at the intersection Șura Mare, two V3A trams collided. 228 on line 7 and 109 on line 11. 228 took the wrong path, instead of going to Giurgiului , it was going to Olteniței. The 109 was coming from Giurgiului, and its driver observed in the last seconds that 228 is on the wrong way and hit it with quite a high speed. Both trams derailed and were severely damaged although repaired later. Possible causes : 1) the automatic switch malfunctioned , leading 228 on wrong path, although it could shortly reestablish its original path in the Șura Mare terminal. 2) Reckless driving of the 109 driver, which is said to have caused early that year another tram accident, although with little damages. Although he observed that 228 took on the wrong path, made no efforts to avoid accident. In this accident there were no deaths, just light injuries. Live video from 109 dashcam is available online. Many people said that the accident could be avoided even though one of the trams slightly mistook paths. Trams were later repaired and still operate .

Russia

On 1 December 1930 a tram collided with a freight train in Leningrad. 28 people were killed, 19 were injured.^[53]
On 4 December 1951 in Irkutsk a tram derailed, overturned and hit several people. 7 people were killed, 58 were injured.^[54]
Om 13 April 1972 a tram derailed in Tula killing 11 people and injured near 100.^[55]^[56]
On 22 December 1980 in Chelyabinsk a tram collided with a crane. 2 passengers were killed, 4 were injured.^[57]
On 25 May 1988 two trams collided in Leningrad. One passenger was killed, near 100 were injured.
On 26 October 2006 in Samara a tram derailed, overturned and hit several people. 3 people were killed, 6 were injured.^[58]
On 6 June 2024, a tram suffered a brake failure and crashed into another tram at Kemerovo. One person was killed and about 140 were injured.^[59]^[60]

Serbia

On 12 November 2018, a tram derailed at an intersection in central Belgrade after being hit by a car that ran a red light. A pedestrian died and several people were injured.

Slovakia

On 30 October 1978, a completely full tram in Košice, Slovakia, ran away down hill and its rear car derailed on a sharp bend near the stop Amfiteáter after the dynamic brakes failed, and the driver called for the emergency brake too late. The accident, which is recorded on film, killed 9 people, and injured many more. However, it is suspected that the VB reduced the death count significantly to avoid further inspection by commission from Prague. This accident was later called "The Košice tram of death". To prevent any further accidents like this, all trams now have a mandatory stop on the hill.

Spain

Source:^[61]

1889–1929

On 11 June 1889, two trams collided in Barcelona resulting in one killed and one more injured.
On 26 March 1893, a train ran over a tram on the Barcelona to Badalona line in Barcelona, killing one and injuring almost 4 more.
On 15 March 1894, a steam tram from Clot to the San Andrés del Palomar line collided with a train on a level crossing. 1 person was killed and 30 injured.
On 20 July 1895, a train collided with a tram at a crossing in Valencia and resulted in 3 dead and almost 8 injured.
On 13 September 1896, two trams collided in Valencia. 1 was killed and 30 more injured.
On 15 August 1897, a tram from the Horta line derailed in Barcelona, killing one person and injuring 3 more.
On 5 November 1900, a tram derailed in Madrid killing one and injuring two more.
On 23 December 1907, a train ran over a tram in Barcelona. One died and five more were injured.
On 21 June 1912, a tram overturned in Barcelona. One person dies and several people were injured.
On 29 June 1912, two trams from the San Sebastian to Tolosa line collided near San Sebastián, injuring 24.
On 2 July 1912 a train ran over a tram in Grao área in Valencia, killing 4 people and injuring 20 more.
On 9 February 1913 an accident on a tram in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria killed one person.
On 2 July 1916, a tram derailed and overturned in Palma de Mallorca, killing one and injuring several more.
On 5 March 1918, a Barcelona tram collided with a freight train on level crossing, killing 5 people and injuring 24.^[62]
On 1 May 1922 a tram deraided and crashed into a wall in Oviedo with 4 dead and 13 injured.
On 18 July 1921 two trams collided at Castelar square in Madrid, killing one and injuring an unknown number of people.
On 21 March 1923, a train ran over a tram in Barcelona at Ribas road level crossing. 3 were killed and 20 more injured.
On 17 August 1927 two trams on the San Sebastián to Tolosa suburban line collided in Oria (Guipúzcoa). 1 died and 6 were injured.

1930–1949

On 19 April 1933, around 40 people were injured in a collision of two trams in Barcelona.
On 17 November 1933 a tram lost its brakes in a ramp, derailed and overturned at Vigo, killing 2 and injuring more 60.
On 5 August 1934 a bus - tram collision in Barcelona left one dead and eleven injured.
On 11 February 1936, a train collided with a tram in Mislata (Valencia) at a level crossing, killing 4 and injuring 21 more.
On 19 April 1937, in the Spanish Civil War, during an air raid over Barcelona, a bomb exploded near a tram that ran along Paralelo avenue. The tram derailed and the explosion killed the tram driver and injured several more.
In July 1937 one person was killed when two trams collided in Barcelona.
On 1 January 1939 a tram collided with a train at a level crossing near Paterna (Valencia province), 7 died and 16 were injured.
On 17 August 1939, two trams collided at Cibeles square in Madrid, killing one and injuring several more.
On 2 September 1940, two trams collided al Urgell avenue in Barcelona. One was killed and several injured.
On 7 November 1942, a train collided with a tram at Bonanova level crossing in Barcelona. Ine was killed and several injured.
On 7 April 1944 a tram overturned in Madrid killing 1 and injuring 30 more.
On 28 June 1944 two trams collided in Madrid injuring 40.
In September 1946, a tram accident at Santander killed three people.
On 9 March 1947 two trams covering lines 17 and 23 collided in Sevilla. One was killed and one more injured.
On 30 June 1947, two trams collided in Madrid. One was killed and 43 injured.
On 5 August 1947, two trams on lines 60 and 62 collided in Barcelona injuring 29 people.
On 13 October 1947, one person died in a tram accident in Vigo.
On 23 October 1947, two trams collided in Madrid. One child was killed and one passenger more injured.
On 17 November 1947, 30 were injured in Barcelona when a tram on line 48 collided with the barrier of a level crossing.
On 13 December 1947, a lorry collided with the rear of a tram in Madrid, killing 1 and injuring 5.
On 2 February 1948, a train ran over a tram at a crossing in Pedro IV street in Barcelona, killing one and injuring 8 more.
On 13 October 1948, two trams collided in Barcelona. 24 were injured.
On 30 October 1948 a tram derailed and crashed into a wall in Bilbao. One woman died and 27 people were injured.
On 6 November 1948, a tram collided with a lorry at Paseo Imperial in Madrid. One died and two more were injured.
On 24 January 1949, a collision of two trams in Madrid caused 24 injured.
On 1 March 1949, two trams collided in Barcelona. 1 dies and 4 were injured.
On 24 August 1949, one person died in a tram - lorry collision in Sevilla.

1950–1965

On 8 April 1950, a tram and a taxi collided in Sevilla. The tram overturned and several people were trapped under the tram. 2 were killed and 22 injured.
On 28 November 1950, a tram of the Ferrol - Xubia line derailed and crashed into a wall. 1 was killed and 4 injured.
On 28 May 1952, in Madrid, a tram on line 31 fell from the bridge of Toledo onto the river Manzanares riverbank. 15 people died and 112 were injured, 44 seriously.
On 16 September 1952, a train - tram collision in Mislata (Valencia) killed 5 and injured 26 more.
On 5 November 1952, a tram - tram collision on the Ivenida Icaria level crossing in Barcelona caused 4 deaths and 39 injuries.
On 19 May 1953, in Madrid, a tram lost its brakes on a ramp and collided into the rear of another one. 1 died and 54 were injured.
On 27 June 1953, two trams collided in Barcelona. 1 died and 20 were injured.
On 27 November 1953, two trams collided in Madrid, injuring 25.
On 27 January 1955, two trams collided in Madrid, 1 died and 10 were injured.
On 18 March 1957 around 100 people were injured when two trams on lines 70 and 71 collided due the fog near river Besós bridge in Barcelona.
On 28 December 1959, three trams collided in Barcelona. One was killed.
On 13 January 1961, a tram - lorry collision killed one and injured several more in Barcelona.
On 1 September 1965, a bus - tram collision in Barcelona injured 35.

Sweden

On 12 March 1992, Gothenburg tram Model M21 No. 245 lost its electric power at Kapellplatsen. In an attempt to move the tram out of traffic, the automatic brakes were disabled causing the tram to hurtle backwards down a hill at more than 100 kilometres per hour (62 mph) with a driver on board, unable to stop it, and a police car racing alongside, with sirens on to alert the public. The tram hit cars, before derailing at Vasaplatsen, folding in half and hitting people and cars waiting at the stop, coming to a stop after crashing into a building and bursting into flames. Thirteen people were killed and around 30 were seriously injured.^[63]

Switzerland

On 15 January 1926 a tram was derailed by snow near Zug, with the death of three passengers.^[64]
On 10 November 1966, a tram derailed in Zürich, Switzerland and crashed into a building. A passenger was killed and 71 were injured.^[65]

Ukraine

On 10 January 1972 in Lviv (Ukrainian SSR) an overcrowded tram derailed, crashed into a crowd of people. 26 people were killed.^[66]
On 2 July 1996, in Kamianske, Ukraine, an overcrowded tram car carrying at least 150 people derailed and crashed through a concrete wall, after its brakes failed while going down a steep hill. The disaster killed 34 people and injured over 100 others.^[67]

United Kingdom

1880s

On 14 October 1881, a Newcastle Corporation Tramways tram was blown over in a gale at Newcastle upon Tyne. Several people were severely wounded.^[68]
On 7 August 1882, a Blackburn and Over Darwen Tramways Company tram ran away, derailed and overturned at Ewood Bridge, Blackburn. One person was killed and 30 were injured.^[69]
On 3 July 1883, a Huddersfield Corporation Tramways steam tram engine and trailer ran away downhill and derailed at the junction of Westgate and Railway Street. Seven people were killed and twenty were injured.^[70]^[71]
On 29 December 1883, a tram ran away downhill on the Wigan and Pemberton Tramway after the driver had left the tram to snatch a child from danger that was in front of the tram. The tram hit another tram killing one of the passengers.^[72]
On 12 September 1885, a Bradford and Sheffield Tramways tram ran away downhill from the Wibsey Bank Foot depot in Bradford after being steamed up, it hit and killed a pedestrian and a man driving a horse-drawn vehicle.^[73]

1890s

On 19 September 1898, a Bradford City Tramways tram ran away on Horton Bank, derailed and crashed. One person was killed, fourteen were seriously injured.^[74]

1900s

On 28 June 1902, a Huddersfield Corporation Tramways electric tram ran away down Somerset Road and crashed on Wakefield Road. Three people were killed and several injured.^[75]
On 1 June 1906, Swindon Corporation Tramways tram No. 11 ran away on Victoria Road and overturned. Five people were killed, 30 were injured.^[76]^: p57
On 23 June 1906, Metropolitan Electric Tramways tram No. 115 ran away in Archway Road, crashed into five other vehicles and another tram. Three people were killed, twenty were injured.^[76]^: p35
On 1 July 1906, Halifax Corporation Tramways tram No. 94 ran away down New Bank, derailed and overturned. Two people were killed, eleven were injured.^[76]^: p30
On 1 April 1907, South Metropolitan Electric Tramways tram No. 19 ran away, derailed and overturned in Wallington. Two people were killed, 36 were injured.^[76]^: p60
On 31 July 1907, Bradford City Tramways tram No. 210 derailed in Church Bank due to a fractured axle. Two people were killed and sixteen were injured.^[76]^: p14

On 1 October 1907, a City of Birmingham Tramways Company Ltd tram ran away down Ickneild Street, derailed and overturned. Two people were killed and eleven were injured.
On 15 October 1907, Halifax Corporation Tramways tram No. 64 ran away backwards down Pye Nest Road and derailed. Six people were killed, 37 were injured.^[76]^: p51
On 1 May 1908, Bournemouth Corporation Tramways tram No. 72 ran away down Poole Hill and derailed at Fairy Glen. Seven people were killed, 26 were injured.^[76]^: p11

1910s

On 5 June 1911, Stalybridge, Hyde, Mossley & Dukinfield Tramways & Electricity Board tram No. 44 ran away down Ditchcroft Hill, Stalybridge, derailed and overturned. One person was killed, 33 were injured.^[76]^: pp54-55
On 2 September 1911, London County Council Tramways tram No. 110 derailed and overturned in Lewisham High Road. One person was killed, 35 were injured.^[76]^: p38
On 20 October 1911, a Stalybridge, Hyde, Mossley and Dukinfield Tramways & Electricity board tram ran away down Stamford Road, Mossley, derailed and crashed onto the railway at Mossley railway station. The guard and four passengers were killed, four passengers were seriously injured.^[77]
On 18 October 1913, Tynemouth and District Electric Traction Company tram No. 23 collided with trolley wagon No. 27 at Benton Farm. Two people were killed, six were injured.^[76]^: p42
On 27 November 1914, Devonport and District Tramways tram No. 25 was derailed at Paradise Road due to excessive speed on a curve. Three people were killed, 33 were injured.^[76]^: p18
On 2 December 1914, Barnsley and District Tramway tram No. 4 ran away on Eldon Street North, derailed and crashed into a shop. Two people were killed, four were injured.^[76]^: p7
On 5 February 1916, Gateshead and District Tramways Company tram No. 7 ran away in Bensham Road and derailed on a curve. Four people were killed, ten were injured.^[76]^: pp28-29
On 28 December 1916, a Luton Corporation Tramways tram ran away and derailed at the junction of Old Bedford Road and Midland Road. Seven people were injured, one seriously.^[78]
On 7 March 1917, Exeter Corporation Tramways tram No. 17 ran away and derailed in Fore Street. One person was killed and three were injured.^[76]^: p27

On 19 August 1917, Dover Corporation Tramways tram No. 23 ran away down Crabble Hill, derailed and overturned. Eleven people were killed and sixty were injured. This was the deadliest tram accident in the United Kingdom.^[76]^: pp22-23^[79]
On 1 February 1918, Bradford City Tramways tram No. 88 derailed and overturned in Chapel Lane, Allerton. One person was killed and nineteen were injured.^[76]^: p15
On 5 December 1918, Glasgow Corporation Tramways Car No. 157 derailed and overturned in Victoria Road opposite Queen's Park Gate, when it left the rails and overturned. Three people were killed and fifty six were injured.^[80]
On 8 October 1919, Burton and Ashby Light Railway tram No. 19 ran away backwards in Bearwood Hill Road and was derailed. Two people were killed, sixteen were injured.^[76]^: p18

1920s

On 27 September 1920, a tramcar ran away down a hill in Lancaster, killing a pedestrian and injuring several passengers.^[81]
On 21 December 1923, a lorry collided with Barnsley and District Tramway tram No. 10, which ran away backwards and derailed at Lane Head. Two people were killed, seven were injured.^[76]^: p17
In 1926, a tram ran away downhill and crashed in Bridge Street, Darwen. Two people were killed.^[82]

1930s

On 12 April 1930, a Glasgow Corporation Tramways tram derailed and overturned at the junction to Dumbarton Road and Crow Road. Two passengers were killed and around 60 were injured, eighteen seriously.^[83]^[84]
On 23 August 1932, Great Orme Tramway tram No. 4 derailed and hit a wall. The driver and a passenger were killed, ten passengers were seriously injured.^[85]
On 3 July 1933, a Bath Tramways Company tram ran away backwards on Wells Road and crashed into another tram. A passenger was killed and fifteen were injured.^[86]
On 2 January 1934, a Liverpool Corporation Tramways tram ran away down a hill, derailed and overturned in Crown Street. One person was killed and 35 injured, several seriously.^[87]^[88]
On 25 March 1934, a London tram derailed and overturned on a curve in Eltham due to excessive speed. Four people were injured.^[88]

1950s

On 24 May 1950, a tramcar and double-decker-bus collided on Great Western Road in Glasgow, killing seven and injuring 43.^[89]
On 30 March 1953, a Glasgow Corporation Tramways tram overturned due to excessive speed through a junction. Fifty-six people were injured.^[88]
On 28 January 1959, a Glasgow Corporation Tramways tram collided with a lorry and caught fire. The tram driver and two passengers were killed. Thirty people were injured. This was the last fatal tram accident on a British first-generation tramway.^[90]^[91]

1990s

On 12 August 1996, a lorry collided with a Manchester Metrolink tram at the junction of Corporation Street and Miller Street. Sixteen people were injured, one seriously.^[92]

2000s

On 19 December 2006, trams 09 and 10 of the Midland Metro collided in Winson Green, injuring a group of people while en route to the Metro's then Birmingham Snow Hill terminus.^[93]^[94]
September 2008 – Croydon.^[95] The driver of a double deck bus misread traffic signals which had been altered the day beforehand, colliding with a tram and derailing it, so that it ran on the street pavement before crashing. The bus ran into a shop and a passenger on the upper deck was ejected through a side window (toughened glass) and died from injuries received. RAIB did not report on this, as it was considered to be a road crash, but the summary produced is far more detailed and informative than any other reports in the public domain. The death of the bus passenger through lack of laminated glass in side windows has parallels with the deaths in the 2016 Croydon tram crash, and deaths in coach overturning incidents, where glazing failures allowed passengers to fall out of the secure protection inside the vehicle body. This was behind the attempts^{[ by whom? ]} to enforce seat belt wearing in UK coaches.^{[ citation needed ]}

2010s

On 9 November 2016, a London Tramlink tram derailed at Sandilands in Croydon due to excessive speed on a curve. Seven people were killed and 62 were injured. This was the first accident on a modern British tram system with non-pedestrian fatalities.^[96]^[97]^[98]
On 25 October 2018 a Sheffield Supertram operating on the newly opened Tram-Train route collided with a lorry at the Staniforth Road/Woodburn Road junction in Attercliffe. Several people were taken to hospital but there were no fatalities. The driver of the lorry was charged with driving without due care and attention and contravention of a red light. He was scheduled to appear in court on 13 June 2019, and pleaded guilty to driving through a red light, with no evidence entered on the other charge.^[99]
On 30 November 2018 a Sheffield Supertram operating on the same Tram-Train route collided with a car at exactly the same location. Several people were treated at the scene for minor injuries, and one was taken to hospital but later discharged. There were no major injuries or fatalities. The cause of this incident is currently unknown and under investigation.^[100]
West Midlands Metro tram 31 was derailed on 19 August 2019 by collision with a private vehicle. The car driver was injured as were the tram driver and four passengers on the tram. The crash was caused by the car driver running a red light on the Bilston Road Island, close to Wolverhampton City Centre.^[101]

2020s

On 23 July 2021, Sheffield Supertram tram 105 was derailed in a collision with a lorry on Cricket Inn Road, Sheffield. One person was taken to hospital with minor injuries.^[102]
On 12 June 2023, a Nottingham Express Transit tram collided with a pole forming part of the catenary system and was derailed at Bulwell.^[103]
On 4 March 2024, a Nottingham Express Transit tram collided with a 11 year old cyclist, leaving the child with major injuries.^[104]
On 18 October 2024, a Manchester Metrolink tram collided head-on with a bus in the city centre resulting in four injuries^[105]
On 22 February 2025, a Manchester Metrolink tram collided with a van, which struck and killed a 3 year-old girl.^[106]

United States

On 5 October 1883, a streetcar was in collision with a passenger train on a grade crossing in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Three people were killed and ten were injured.^[107]
On 12 May 1889 a streetcar descending Denny Hill in Seattle, Washington, suffered a cable malfunction and crashed after hitting a sharp curve. The crash killed one passenger and injured another.^[108]
On 1 November 1893, a streetcar in Portland, Oregon plunged into the Willamette River after running off an open swing bridge. Seven people died.

On 4 July 1900, an overcrowded Tacoma Railway & Power tram car derailed and plunged into a ravine in Tacoma, Washington. The accident killed 43 people and left 65 others injured.^[109]
On 7 November 1916, Boston Elevated Railway Co. streetcar No. 393 smashed through the warning gates of the open Summer Street drawbridge in Boston, Massachusetts, plunging into the frigid waters of Fort Point Channel, killing 46 people.^[110]
On 24 December 1917, a Pittsburgh Railways streetcar ran away downhill in the Mount Washington Transit Tunnel after becoming detached from the wire and derailed and overturned on a curve.^[111] The car slid on its side until hitting a telegraph pole which ripped the roof off. Twenty-one people were killed and 80 were injured.^[112]^[113]
On 14 November 1944, two Pittsburgh Railways streetcars collided in a heavy fog, killing five people and injuring thirty-five.^[112]
On 25 May 1950, a petrol tanker collided with a streetcar in Chicago, Illinois, creating a fire which destroyed five buildings.^[114] A total of 34 people were killed on the tramcar and another 50 left injured, either on the tram or in the surrounding area.^[115]^[116]
On 10 February 1978, a Pittsburgh Railways streetcar was in a head-on collision with a bus near the Palm Garden Bridge. Four people were killed and 28 were injured.^[117]
On 15 April 1978, Squaw Valley Aerial Tramway disaster: one of the cables became dislodged; it sliced into the cabin killing 3 of the 44 passengers on board. The accident resulted in four deaths and 22 injuries.

On 29 October 1987, a Pittsburgh Light Rail 1700-series PCC car was going downhill through Mount Washington Transit Tunnel when its brakes failed. The driver ordered the passengers to the back of the trolley as it picked up speed. The streetcar sideswiped a city bus and a truck, ripped out a utility pole and fire hydrant then ran into a six-story, brick office building. Thirty-seven people were injured, four seriously, but there were no fatalities. All three braking systems on the car had failed: the drum, track and dynamic rail brakes.^[118]^[119]

On 9 December 2021, a SEPTA trolley collided with a CSX Transportation freight train on a grade crossing at Darby, Pennsylvania. Seven people were injured.^[120]

Zimbabwe

On 7 July 2014 a freight train hit a tram at Victoria Falls Railway Station, Zimbabwe which was attempting to move off the main line, killing 1 person and injuring at least 12 others.^[121]

References

↑ Pigna, Felipe (1 July 2007). "La tragedia del tranvía obrero". Clarín. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
↑ "A 80 años de un viaje trágico en tranvía". Días de Historia. 12 July 2010. Archived from the original on 30 December 2012. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
↑ Guarella, Carlos (20 September 2010). "Historias del puente Bosch". La Nacion. Archived from the original on 18 August 2016. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
↑ "56 cadáveres sepultados en las aguas del Riachuelo". Diario Popular. 13 March 2015. Archived from the original on 20 September 2016. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
↑ Withington, John (13 November 2016). "The world's deadliest tram accident". Disaster Historian. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 11 December 2016.
↑ The London Jewish Chronicle of 25 March 1864 reported from Sydney:
Mr. Nathan was a passenger by No. 2 tramway car [...] [he] alighted from the car at the southern end, but before he got clear of the rails the car moved onwards [...] he was thus whirled round by the sudden motion of the carriage and his body was brought under the front wheel.
↑ David Crowden, Isaac Nathan: the Biographical Puzzle: Part One – article in Australian Jewish Historical Society Journal, Volume XXIII Part 4, June 2018, AJHS Sydney.
↑ Tram Car Capsize; Passenger killed outright Archived 4 April 2018 at the Wayback Machine , The Morning Bulletin, 29 September 1913. Retrieved from National Library of Australia 4 April 2018.
↑ Tram Car Capsize: Two fatalities among passengers Archived 5 April 2018 at the Wayback Machine , The Capricornian, 4 October 1913. Retrieved from National Library of Australia 4 April 2018.
↑ Third victim dies: Rockhampton tram accident Archived 4 April 2018 at the Wayback Machine , The Daily Standard, 7 October 1913. Retrieved from National Library of Australia 4 April 2018.
↑ D. R. Keenan, The North Sydney Lines of the Sydney Tramway system, Transit Press, Sans Souci, n.d., pp. 35, 104 with photographs
↑ Carey, Ebony Bowden, Bhakthi Puvanenthiran, Adam (22 May 2017). "Parkville tram crash: Fourteen taken to hospital after truck slams into tram". The Age. Archived from the original on 14 September 2019. Retrieved 25 April 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
↑ "Tram crash death toll now 18". The Times. No. 54841. London. 4 August 1960. col E, p. 7.
↑ "12 injured after Vienna trams collide". The Local. 22 April 2015. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
↑ "Bondes de Santa Teresa voltam a funcionar em junho de 2014" (in Portuguese). 8 November 2013. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 11 November 2016.
↑ "Croydon tram crash: Experts defend 'extremely safe' mode of transport". BBC News. 10 November 2016. Archived from the original on 11 November 2016. Retrieved 11 November 2016.
↑ Henry Ewert (1986). The Story of the B. C. Electric Railway Company. North Vancouver: Whitecap Books. ISBN 092062054X.
↑ Mills, John (2007). Niagara, St. Catharines & Toronto Railway. Pickering, ON: Railfare DC Books. p. 192. ISBN 978-1-897190-27-2.
↑ Natasha Grzincic (11 December 2014). "Think we got it bad? Remembering Toronto's worst snowstorm". The Toronto Star. Archived from the original on 24 November 2016. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
↑ Jan Richter (22 January 2018). "Ostrava tram crash: three dead, forty injured". Archived from the original on 19 August 2012. Retrieved 21 April 2018.
↑ Rosie Johnston (14 April 2008). "Ostrava tram driver handed three-year sentence following crash" . Retrieved 21 April 2018.
↑ Rickheden, Per (2013). Viipurin raitiotiet – Spårvägen i Viborg (in Finnish). Turku: Laaksonen. pp. 45–51. ISBN 978-952-58055-2-9.
↑ "Olipa kerran Helsinki | Huipputyylikäs "jumbo" sukkuloi Helsingin liikenteessä sata vuotta sitten – Tällainen oli oman aikansa luksusratikka, jonne rahvaalla ei ollut mitään asiaa". 7 August 2021.
↑ "Raitiovaunu liekeissä". 13 September 2007.
↑ "Dozens injured after Strasbourg tram collision". BBC News Online. 11 January 2025. Retrieved 12 January 2025.
↑ Rundfunk, Bayerischer (27 December 2011). "Flugzeugabsturz 1960 – Erinnerungen an das Drama in München" [Airplane crash 1960 – Commemoration of the drama in Munich] (in German). Bayerischer Rundfunk. Archived from the original on 4 May 2017. Retrieved 16 February 2017.
↑ Accident description at the Aviation Safety Network
↑ "70 hurt in tram crash". The Times. No. 66601. London. 24 August 1999. col H, p. 10.
↑ "Rückblick Köln 1999 40 Verletzte bei KVB-Crashfahrt" [Retrospect Cologne 1999:40 injured in KVB crash ride] (in German). Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger. 23 June 2009. Archived from the original on 2 November 2020. Retrieved 16 February 2017.
1 2 "Overturning of a tram at Sandilands junction, Croydon 9 November 2016" (PDF). Paragraph 216: RAIB. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 7 December 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
↑ "Scores injured in Cologne tram collision". Deutsche Welle. 15 March 2018. Archived from the original on 18 March 2018. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
↑ "Unfall in Duisburg Straßenbahn Frontal-Crash" (in German). rtl.de. 4 February 2020. Archived from the original on 8 October 2020.
↑ "Straßenbahnen kollidieren frontal – mehr als 20 Verletzte" [Trams collide head-on – more than 20 injured]. Der Spiegel (in German). 2 November 2020. Archived from the original on 2 November 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
↑ "Yuen Long train that derailed was speeding at three times the limit". South China Morning Post. 23 May 2013. Retrieved 14 April 2022.
↑ Ng, Ellie (6 April 2017). "Hong Kong tram driver arrested for alleged dangerous driving, as accident leaves 14 injured". Hong Kong Free Press. Archived from the original on 7 April 2017. Retrieved 7 April 2017.
↑ "11 months in jail for speeding Hong Kong driver whose tram overturned, leaving 11 in hospital". South China Morning Post. 14 March 2018. Archived from the original on 14 March 2018. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
↑ Hendry, R. Preston; Hendry, R. Powell (1978). Manx Electric Railway Album. Rugby: Hillside Publishing Co. ISBN 0950593303.
↑ "Isle of Man Snaefell Mountain Railway tram crashes after derailing". BBC News. BBC. 31 March 2016. Retrieved 25 December 2024.
↑ Darbyshire, Adrian. "2016 crash tram had faulty brakes". www.iomtoday.co.im. Isle of Man Today . Retrieved 25 December 2024.
↑ "Fatal Electric Tram Accident". The Times. No. 33125. London. 24 September 1890. p. 3.
↑ "Archived copy". www.spoorinfo.nl. Archived from the original on 9 August 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
↑ http://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010317023:mpeg21:a0007 Archived 2 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine Nieuwe Tilburgsche Courant, 30 October 1943
↑ Pieters, Janene. "Trams crash in Rotterdam; 9 hurt". NL Times. Archived from the original on 2 November 2020. Retrieved 3 September 2018.
↑ "Tram Utrecht ontspoord na botsing met bestelbus: 'Hoe krijg je het voor elkaar?'" [Utrecht tram derailed after collision with van: "How do you get it done?"] (in Dutch). De Telegraaf. 16 March 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
↑ "Tram traffic in Nieuwegein suspended for the weekend after serious collision". NL Times. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
↑ Haugli, Mina (7 October 2017). "En av Oslos verste trikkeulykker". Nordre Aker Budstikke (in Norwegian). Retrieved 29 October 2024.
↑ "Four injured after derailed tram crashes into a shop in central Oslo". euronews. 29 October 2024. Retrieved 29 October 2024.
↑ "The 40th anniversary of the largest in the history of Polish tram crash in Szczecin for the victims of the tragedy and their families celebrated Friday in the local cathedral Mass. (translated into English)". Money PL. Retrieved 21 November 2016.
↑ "Photos of the Warsaw tram crash in 1987". fotopolska.eu. Archived from the original on 26 October 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2019.
↑ "Mama kazała jechać tramwajem, ale poszedłem na deser. To mnie uratowało ("Mama told me to go by tram, but instead I went for dessert. It saved me")". Archived from the original on 24 November 2016. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
↑ "Twenty-eight injured in Lisbon tram crash". BBC News. 15 December 2018. Archived from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 15 December 2018.
↑ "Lisbon tram accident leaves 4 injured". The Portugal News. 3 February 2021. Retrieved 2 April 2024.
↑ admin (27 February 2023). "Столкновение поезда и трамвая в Ленинграде в 1930 году". ZOMG Teh Drama (in Russian). Retrieved 9 March 2024.
↑ "Крушение трамвая на остановку в Иркутске: история одной трагедии - IrkutskMedia.ru". irkutskmedia.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 9 March 2024.
↑ "Самая громкая катастрофа с тульским трамваем: Люди опрокинули вагон на себя". MySlo (in Russian). 10 April 2018. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
↑ "Пятьдесят лет самой страшной трагедии в истории Тулы". newstula.ru. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
↑ "Массовое ДТП на шоссе Металлургов в Челябинске унесло две жизни". RusDTP - Русские дороги (in Russian). 23 December 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
↑ "Трамвай в Самаре сошел с рельсов: трое человек погибли". Российская газета (in Russian). 26 October 2006. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
↑ "More than 100 hurt in tram crash in Siberian city". Shepparton News. 7 June 2024. Retrieved 6 June 2024.
↑ "2 Detained Over Deadly Tram Collision In Siberia". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. 7 June 2024. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
↑ Source of data in FCMAF Association
↑ «Grave accidente en Barcelona. Colisión entre un tren y un tranvía (Serious accident in Barcelona. Train-Tram crash) Archived 25 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine », article in La Epoca, 6 March 1918, page 4. National Library of Spain digitalized historic press online archive Archived 21 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine . (In Spanish).
↑ "25 år sedan kraschen på Vasaplatsen" (in Swedish). Göteborgs Posten. 11 March 2017. Archived from the original on 3 July 2017. Retrieved 30 June 2019.
↑ "Swiss Tram Accident". The Times. No. 44172. London. 18 January 1926. p. 14.
↑ "One killed, 71 injured in tram crash". The Times. No. 56785. London. 11 November 1960. col D, p. 9.
↑ "Погибло 26 человек в результате масштабной аварии во Львове с участием трамвая - ulvovi.info". ulvovi.info (in Russian). 10 January 2018. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
↑ "Tram accident in the Soviet Union (24 photos)". Bashney.net. Archived from the original on 10 November 2016. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
↑ "The Gale". The Times. No. 30327. London. 17 October 1881. col C-E, p. 10.
↑ "Capsizing of a tramcar". Blackburn Standard, Darwen Observer, and North-East Lancashire Reporter. No. 2442. Blackburn. 12 August 1882. p. 6.
↑ "Frightful tramcar accident". North-East Daily Gazette. No. 5001. Middlesbrough. 4 July 1883. p. 3.
↑ "The fearful tramcar accident at Huddersfield". The Huddersfield Daily Chronicle. No. 4974. Huddersfield. 13 July 1883. p. 3.
↑ "Fatal Tram Accident". The Times. No. 31017. London. 31 December 1883. p. 6.
↑ "Fatal Steam Tram Accident at Bradford". The Times. No. 31566. London. 1 October 1885. p. 9.
↑ "Electric tramcar accident". Nottinghamshire Guardian. No. 2783. Nottingham. 24 September 1898. p. 5.
↑ "Huddersfield Tram Tragedy". Yorkshire Evening Post. 11 July 1902.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Hinchcliffe, Brian (1990). Trams in Trouble. Sheffield: Pennine Publications Ltd. ISBN 0-946055-07-6.
↑ "Tramcar accident near Manchester". The Times. No. 39722. London. 21 October 1911. col D, p. 8.
↑ "Seven hurt in 1916 tram smash". World War 1 Luton. Archived from the original on 11 November 2016. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
↑ Horn, J V (1955). "Chapter VI. The tramways during the First World War". The Story of the Dover Corporation Tramways, 1897–1936. London: The Light Railway Transport League.
↑ "Major Pringle's report to the Board of Trade with reference to the accident at Glasgow when a car was overturned". Ian & Alice Semple. Archived from the original on 31 July 2018. Retrieved 10 July 2018.
↑ Whitaker's Almanack 1921. J Whitaker & Sons. 1920. p. 463.
↑ Johnson, Gill. "NOSTALGIA: A fatal tram crash in Darwen centre in 1926". Lancashire Telegraph. Newsquest. Archived from the original on 14 March 2018. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
↑ "Crowded tramcar overturned". The Times. No. 45487. London. 14 April 1930. col A, p. 9.
↑ "Three men burned to death". The Times. No. 45489. London. 16 April 1930. col C, p. 11.
↑ Walley, Noel. "Significant Events in the History of the Line with brief notes on its construction, equipment and operation. PART 1 – 1894–1934". Great Orme. Archived from the original on 18 September 2015. Retrieved 9 November 2016.
↑ "Runaway tramcar". The Times. No. 46487. London. 4 July 1933. col C, p. 16.
↑ "Tramcar overturned". The Times. No. 46643. London. 4 January 1934. col F, p. 7.
1 2 3 "Overturning of a tram at Sandilands junction, Croydon 9 November 2016" (PDF). Paragraph 217: RAIB. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 7 December 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
↑ "Seven Killed in Bus-Tram Crash". Hull Daily Mail. 24 May 1950. p. 1.
↑ "Several killed and more than 50 injured as tram overturns in Croydon". ITV. 9 November 2016. Archived from the original on 9 November 2016. Retrieved 9 November 2016.
↑ "Steel forging "cut through tram"". The Times. No. 54378. London. 6 February 1959. col E, p. 6.
↑ "16 injured in tram crash". The Times. No. 65657. London. 14 August 1996. col H, p. 2.
↑ "Tram collision causes minor injuries". BBC News. 19 December 2006. Archived from the original on 27 January 2007. Retrieved 21 July 2016.
↑ "Report released into a tram collision at Soho Benson Road on Midland Metro". Rail Accident Investigation Branch. 7 June 2007. Archived from the original on 20 July 2011.
↑ RAIB Safety Bulletin – 2009
↑ "BTP | Updated statement on tram derailment – Croydon". media.btp.police.uk. British Transport Police. Archived from the original on 10 November 2016. Retrieved 9 November 2016.
↑ "Fatal accident involving the derailment of a tram at Sandilands Junction, Croydon – 9 November 2016" (PDF). Rail Accident Investigation Branch. 16 November 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 November 2016. Retrieved 16 November 2016.
↑ "Overturning of a tram at Sandilands junction, Croydon 9 November 2016" (PDF). RAIB. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
↑ "Sheffield tram-train crash: Lorry driver fined". BBC News. 12 August 2019. Archived from the original on 12 August 2019. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
↑ "Three injured as tram and car collide". BBC News. 30 November 2018. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
↑ "Tram derailed and car overturns in dramatic Wolverhampton smash". www.msn.com. Archived from the original on 20 August 2019. Retrieved 20 August 2019.
↑ Ghazali, Rahmah (23 July 2021). "Woman taken to hospital after tram and HGV crash in Sheffield". Sheffield Star. Retrieved 23 July 2021.
↑ "Nottingham passengers rescued after tram hits power wire pole". BBC News Online. 12 June 2023. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
↑ "Nottingham: Boy, 11, seriously injured after being hit by tram". BBC News. 4 March 2024. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
↑ "Manchester city centre: Bus and tram in head-on collision". BBC News. 18 October 2024.
↑ "'Sweetest' girl, 3, killed after tram crash named". BBC News. 23 February 2025.
↑ "The United States". The Times. No. 30944. London. 6 October 1883. col C, p. 5.
↑ "Streetcar accident results in fatality, first of the kind in Seattle, on May 12, 1889. - HistoryLink.org". www.historylink.org. Archived from the original on 18 December 2019. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
↑ McClary, Daryl C. (12 September 2005). "Forty-three passengers die in a trolley car accident in Tacoma on July 4, 1900". Historylink.org. History Ink. Archived from the original on 9 November 2012. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
↑ "Street Car Plunge 46 Drowned". Boston Globe. 29 October 2016. Archived from the original on 17 November 2016. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
↑ "14 Persons Killed Wild Dash of Runaway Car". The Toronto World. 25 December 1917. Archived from the original on 2 November 2020. Retrieved 29 April 2011.
1 2 "Trolley Service in Brookline (1905–1966)". brooklineconnection.com. Archived from the original on 25 April 2017. Retrieved 21 November 2016.
↑ Smith, Harold A. (1992). Touring Pittsburgh by Trolley. NY: Quadrant Press. pp. 4–5. ISBN 0-915276-48-8.
↑ "Victims Trapped in Blazing Wreck; Bodies Burned Beyond Recognition". Chicago Daily Tribune. 26 May 1950. Archived from the original on 29 October 2016. Retrieved 19 October 2016.
↑ "On This Day in 1950: The Green Hornet Streetcar Disaster". CBS Chicago. 25 May 2012. Archived from the original on 29 October 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2016.
↑ "Chicago tram struck by petrol lorry". The Times. No. 51701. London. 26 May 1950. col B, p. 6.
↑ "Trolleys In Pittsburgh Throughout the Years". Brookline Connection. Archived from the original on 25 March 2016. Retrieved 5 January 2016.
↑ Associated Press (29 October 1987). "Runaway Pittsburgh trolley injures 37". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 6 November 2012. Retrieved 29 April 2011.
↑ Dupuis, Roger II. "Pittsburgh Railways history (Page 6)". Pittsburgh Railways OnLine. Retrieved 29 April 2011.
↑ "CSX Transportation Freight Train and Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority Trolley Collision" (PDF). National Transportation Safety Board. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
↑ "Peter Holmes a Court and Alissa Everett put off wedding after guest dies in train crash". The Sydney Morning Herald. 7 July 2014. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 21 November 2016.

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.

[1] Pigna, Felipe (1 July 2007). "La tragedia del tranvía obrero". Clarín. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 17 November 2016.

[2] "A 80 años de un viaje trágico en tranvía". Días de Historia. 12 July 2010. Archived from the original on 30 December 2012. Retrieved 17 November 2016.

[3] Guarella, Carlos (20 September 2010). "Historias del puente Bosch". La Nacion. Archived from the original on 18 August 2016. Retrieved 17 November 2016.

[4] "56 cadáveres sepultados en las aguas del Riachuelo". Diario Popular. 13 March 2015. Archived from the original on 20 September 2016. Retrieved 17 November 2016.

[1930_Buenos_Aires_tram_accident-5] Withington, John (13 November 2016). "The world's deadliest tram accident". Disaster Historian. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 11 December 2016.

[6] The London Jewish Chronicle of 25 March 1864 reported from Sydney:
Mr. Nathan was a passenger by No. 2 tramway car [...] [he] alighted from the car at the southern end, but before he got clear of the rails the car moved onwards [...] he was thus whirled round by the sudden motion of the carriage and his body was brought under the front wheel.

[7] David Crowden, Isaac Nathan: the Biographical Puzzle: Part One – article in Australian Jewish Historical Society Journal, Volume XXIII Part 4, June 2018, AJHS Sydney.

[8] Tram Car Capsize; Passenger killed outright Archived 4 April 2018 at the Wayback Machine , The Morning Bulletin, 29 September 1913. Retrieved from National Library of Australia 4 April 2018.

[9] Tram Car Capsize: Two fatalities among passengers Archived 5 April 2018 at the Wayback Machine , The Capricornian, 4 October 1913. Retrieved from National Library of Australia 4 April 2018.

[10] Third victim dies: Rockhampton tram accident Archived 4 April 2018 at the Wayback Machine , The Daily Standard, 7 October 1913. Retrieved from National Library of Australia 4 April 2018.

[11] D. R. Keenan, The North Sydney Lines of the Sydney Tramway system, Transit Press, Sans Souci, n.d., pp. 35, 104 with photographs

[12] Carey, Ebony Bowden, Bhakthi Puvanenthiran, Adam (22 May 2017). "Parkville tram crash: Fourteen taken to hospital after truck slams into tram". The Age. Archived from the original on 14 September 2019. Retrieved 25 April 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[Times040860-13] "Tram crash death toll now 18". The Times. No. 54841. London. 4 August 1960. col E, p. 7.

[14] "12 injured after Vienna trams collide". The Local. 22 April 2015. Retrieved 18 November 2021.

[voltamafuncionar-15] "Bondes de Santa Teresa voltam a funcionar em junho de 2014" (in Portuguese). 8 November 2013. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 11 November 2016.

[16] "Croydon tram crash: Experts defend 'extremely safe' mode of transport". BBC News. 10 November 2016. Archived from the original on 11 November 2016. Retrieved 11 November 2016.

[17] Henry Ewert (1986). The Story of the B. C. Electric Railway Company. North Vancouver: Whitecap Books. ISBN 092062054X.

[18] Mills, John (2007). Niagara, St. Catharines & Toronto Railway. Pickering, ON: Railfare DC Books. p. 192. ISBN 978-1-897190-27-2.

[19] Natasha Grzincic (11 December 2014). "Think we got it bad? Remembering Toronto's worst snowstorm". The Toronto Star. Archived from the original on 24 November 2016. Retrieved 24 November 2016.

[20] Jan Richter (22 January 2018). "Ostrava tram crash: three dead, forty injured". Archived from the original on 19 August 2012. Retrieved 21 April 2018.

[21] Rosie Johnston (14 April 2008). "Ostrava tram driver handed three-year sentence following crash" . Retrieved 21 April 2018.

[22] Rickheden, Per (2013). Viipurin raitiotiet – Spårvägen i Viborg (in Finnish). Turku: Laaksonen. pp. 45–51. ISBN 978-952-58055-2-9.

[23] "Olipa kerran Helsinki | Huipputyylikäs "jumbo" sukkuloi Helsingin liikenteessä sata vuotta sitten – Tällainen oli oman aikansa luksusratikka, jonne rahvaalla ei ollut mitään asiaa". 7 August 2021.

[24] "Raitiovaunu liekeissä". 13 September 2007.

[BBCc15z34gjlndo-25] "Dozens injured after Strasbourg tram collision". BBC News Online. 11 January 2025. Retrieved 12 January 2025.

[26] Rundfunk, Bayerischer (27 December 2011). "Flugzeugabsturz 1960 – Erinnerungen an das Drama in München" [Airplane crash 1960 – Commemoration of the drama in Munich] (in German). Bayerischer Rundfunk. Archived from the original on 4 May 2017. Retrieved 16 February 2017.

[27] Accident description at the Aviation Safety Network

[Times240899-28] "70 hurt in tram crash". The Times. No. 66601. London. 24 August 1999. col H, p. 10.

[29] "Rückblick Köln 1999 40 Verletzte bei KVB-Crashfahrt" [Retrospect Cologne 1999:40 injured in KVB crash ride] (in German). Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger. 23 June 2009. Archived from the original on 2 November 2020. Retrieved 16 February 2017.

[Croydon-30] 1 2 "Overturning of a tram at Sandilands junction, Croydon 9 November 2016" (PDF). Paragraph 216: RAIB. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 7 December 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: location (link)

[DW42998819-31] "Scores injured in Cologne tram collision". Deutsche Welle. 15 March 2018. Archived from the original on 18 March 2018. Retrieved 2 April 2018.

[32] "Unfall in Duisburg Straßenbahn Frontal-Crash" (in German). rtl.de. 4 February 2020. Archived from the original on 8 October 2020.

[33] "Straßenbahnen kollidieren frontal – mehr als 20 Verletzte" [Trams collide head-on – more than 20 injured]. Der Spiegel (in German). 2 November 2020. Archived from the original on 2 November 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2020.

[34] "Yuen Long train that derailed was speeding at three times the limit". South China Morning Post. 23 May 2013. Retrieved 14 April 2022.

[HKFP060417-35] Ng, Ellie (6 April 2017). "Hong Kong tram driver arrested for alleged dangerous driving, as accident leaves 14 injured". Hong Kong Free Press. Archived from the original on 7 April 2017. Retrieved 7 April 2017.

[SCMP2137211-36] "11 months in jail for speeding Hong Kong driver whose tram overturned, leaving 11 in hospital". South China Morning Post. 14 March 2018. Archived from the original on 14 March 2018. Retrieved 14 March 2018.

[MERA-37] Hendry, R. Preston; Hendry, R. Powell (1978). Manx Electric Railway Album. Rugby: Hillside Publishing Co. ISBN 0950593303.

[38] "Isle of Man Snaefell Mountain Railway tram crashes after derailing". BBC News. BBC. 31 March 2016. Retrieved 25 December 2024.

[39] Darbyshire, Adrian. "2016 crash tram had faulty brakes". www.iomtoday.co.im. Isle of Man Today . Retrieved 25 December 2024.

[40] "Fatal Electric Tram Accident". The Times. No. 33125. London. 24 September 1890. p. 3.

[41] "Archived copy". www.spoorinfo.nl. Archived from the original on 9 August 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

[42] ttp://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010317023:mpeg21:a0007 Archived 2 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine Nieuwe Tilburgsche Courant, 30 October 1943

[NLT030918-43] Pieters, Janene. "Trams crash in Rotterdam; 9 hurt". NL Times. Archived from the original on 2 November 2020. Retrieved 3 September 2018.

[Telegraaf965678140-44] "Tram Utrecht ontspoord na botsing met bestelbus: 'Hoe krijg je het voor elkaar?'" [Utrecht tram derailed after collision with van: "How do you get it done?"] (in Dutch). De Telegraaf. 16 March 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2021.

[NLT170421-45] "Tram traffic in Nieuwegein suspended for the weekend after serious collision". NL Times. Retrieved 17 April 2021.

[46] Haugli, Mina (7 October 2017). "En av Oslos verste trikkeulykker". Nordre Aker Budstikke (in Norwegian). Retrieved 29 October 2024.

[47] "Four injured after derailed tram crashes into a shop in central Oslo". euronews. 29 October 2024. Retrieved 29 October 2024.

[48] "The 40th anniversary of the largest in the history of Polish tram crash in Szczecin for the victims of the tragedy and their families celebrated Friday in the local cathedral Mass. (translated into English)". Money PL. Retrieved 21 November 2016.

[49] "Photos of the Warsaw tram crash in 1987". fotopolska.eu. Archived from the original on 26 October 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2019.

[50] "Mama kazała jechać tramwajem, ale poszedłem na deser. To mnie uratowało ("Mama told me to go by tram, but instead I went for dessert. It saved me")". Archived from the original on 24 November 2016. Retrieved 23 November 2016.

[BBC46577352-51] "Twenty-eight injured in Lisbon tram crash". BBC News. 15 December 2018. Archived from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 15 December 2018.

[“TPN0274950”-52] "Lisbon tram accident leaves 4 injured". The Portugal News. 3 February 2021. Retrieved 2 April 2024.

[53] (27 February 2023). "Столкновение поезда и трамвая в Ленинграде в 1930 году". ZOMG Teh Drama (in Russian). Retrieved 9 March 2024.

[54] "Крушение трамвая на остановку в Иркутске: история одной трагедии - IrkutskMedia.ru". irkutskmedia.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 9 March 2024.

[55] "Самая громкая катастрофа с тульским трамваем: Люди опрокинули вагон на себя". MySlo (in Russian). 10 April 2018. Retrieved 9 March 2024.

[56] "Пятьдесят лет самой страшной трагедии в истории Тулы". newstula.ru. Retrieved 9 March 2024.

[57] "Массовое ДТП на шоссе Металлургов в Челябинске унесло две жизни". RusDTP - Русские дороги (in Russian). 23 December 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2024.

[58] "Трамвай в Самаре сошел с рельсов: трое человек погибли". Российская газета (in Russian). 26 October 2006. Retrieved 9 March 2024.

[SN060624-59] "More than 100 hurt in tram crash in Siberian city". Shepparton News. 7 June 2024. Retrieved 6 June 2024.

[60] "2 Detained Over Deadly Tram Collision In Siberia". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. 7 June 2024. Retrieved 8 June 2024.

[Note_1-61] Source of data in FCMAF Association

[62] «Grave accidente en Barcelona. Colisión entre un tren y un tranvía (Serious accident in Barcelona. Train-Tram crash) Archived 25 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine », article in La Epoca, 6 March 1918, page 4. National Library of Spain digitalized historic press online archive Archived 21 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine . (In Spanish).

[63] "25 år sedan kraschen på Vasaplatsen" (in Swedish). Göteborgs Posten. 11 March 2017. Archived from the original on 3 July 2017. Retrieved 30 June 2019.

[64] "Swiss Tram Accident". The Times. No. 44172. London. 18 January 1926. p. 14.

[Times111160-65] "One killed, 71 injured in tram crash". The Times. No. 56785. London. 11 November 1960. col D, p. 9.

[66] "Погибло 26 человек в результате масштабной аварии во Львове с участием трамвая - ulvovi.info". ulvovi.info (in Russian). 10 January 2018. Retrieved 9 March 2024.

[Bashney-67] "Tram accident in the Soviet Union (24 photos)". Bashney.net. Archived from the original on 10 November 2016. Retrieved 10 November 2016.

[Times171081-68] "The Gale". The Times. No. 30327. London. 17 October 1881. col C-E, p. 10.

[BSDONELR120882-69] "Capsizing of a tramcar". Blackburn Standard, Darwen Observer, and North-East Lancashire Reporter. No. 2442. Blackburn. 12 August 1882. p. 6.

[NEDG040783-70] "Frightful tramcar accident". North-East Daily Gazette. No. 5001. Middlesbrough. 4 July 1883. p. 3.

[HDC130783-71] "The fearful tramcar accident at Huddersfield". The Huddersfield Daily Chronicle. No. 4974. Huddersfield. 13 July 1883. p. 3.

[72] "Fatal Tram Accident". The Times. No. 31017. London. 31 December 1883. p. 6.

[73] "Fatal Steam Tram Accident at Bradford". The Times. No. 31566. London. 1 October 1885. p. 9.

[NG240998-74] "Electric tramcar accident". Nottinghamshire Guardian. No. 2783. Nottingham. 24 September 1898. p. 5.

[75] "Huddersfield Tram Tragedy". Yorkshire Evening Post. 11 July 1902.

[Trouble-76] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Hinchcliffe, Brian (1990). Trams in Trouble. Sheffield: Pennine Publications Ltd. ISBN 0-946055-07-6.

[Times211011-77] "Tramcar accident near Manchester". The Times. No. 39722. London. 21 October 1911. col D, p. 8.

[Luton-78] "Seven hurt in 1916 tram smash". World War 1 Luton. Archived from the original on 11 November 2016. Retrieved 10 November 2016.

[Dover5-79] Horn, J V (1955). "Chapter VI. The tramways during the First World War". The Story of the Dover Corporation Tramways, 1897–1936. London: The Light Railway Transport League.

[Glasgow-80] "Major Pringle's report to the Board of Trade with reference to the accident at Glasgow when a car was overturned". Ian & Alice Semple. Archived from the original on 31 July 2018. Retrieved 10 July 2018.

[81] Whitaker's Almanack 1921. J Whitaker & Sons. 1920. p. 463.

[LT16085344-82] Johnson, Gill. "NOSTALGIA: A fatal tram crash in Darwen centre in 1926". Lancashire Telegraph. Newsquest. Archived from the original on 14 March 2018. Retrieved 14 March 2018.

[Times140430-83] "Crowded tramcar overturned". The Times. No. 45487. London. 14 April 1930. col A, p. 9.

[Times160430-84] "Three men burned to death". The Times. No. 45489. London. 16 April 1930. col C, p. 11.

[Orme-85] Walley, Noel. "Significant Events in the History of the Line with brief notes on its construction, equipment and operation. PART 1 – 1894–1934". Great Orme. Archived from the original on 18 September 2015. Retrieved 9 November 2016.

[Times040733-86] "Runaway tramcar". The Times. No. 46487. London. 4 July 1933. col C, p. 16.

[Times040134-87] "Tramcar overturned". The Times. No. 46643. London. 4 January 1934. col F, p. 7.

[Croydon2-88] 1 2 3 "Overturning of a tram at Sandilands junction, Croydon 9 November 2016" (PDF). Paragraph 217: RAIB. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 7 December 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: location (link)

[89] "Seven Killed in Bus-Tram Crash". Hull Daily Mail. 24 May 1950. p. 1.

[ITV091116-90] "Several killed and more than 50 injured as tram overturns in Croydon". ITV. 9 November 2016. Archived from the original on 9 November 2016. Retrieved 9 November 2016.

[Times0602589-91] "Steel forging "cut through tram"". The Times. No. 54378. London. 6 February 1959. col E, p. 6.

[Times130896-92] "16 injured in tram crash". The Times. No. 65657. London. 14 August 1996. col H, p. 2.

[93] "Tram collision causes minor injuries". BBC News. 19 December 2006. Archived from the original on 27 January 2007. Retrieved 21 July 2016.

[94] "Report released into a tram collision at Soho Benson Road on Midland Metro". Rail Accident Investigation Branch. 7 June 2007. Archived from the original on 20 July 2011.

[95] RAIB Safety Bulletin – 2009

[BTP-96] "BTP | Updated statement on tram derailment – Croydon". media.btp.police.uk. British Transport Police. Archived from the original on 10 November 2016. Retrieved 9 November 2016.

[Report-97] "Fatal accident involving the derailment of a tram at Sandilands Junction, Croydon – 9 November 2016" (PDF). Rail Accident Investigation Branch. 16 November 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 November 2016. Retrieved 16 November 2016.

[Croydonfinal-98] "Overturning of a tram at Sandilands junction, Croydon 9 November 2016" (PDF). RAIB. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 7 December 2017.

[99] "Sheffield tram-train crash: Lorry driver fined". BBC News. 12 August 2019. Archived from the original on 12 August 2019. Retrieved 18 August 2020.

[100] "Three injured as tram and car collide". BBC News. 30 November 2018. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2020.

[101] "Tram derailed and car overturns in dramatic Wolverhampton smash". www.msn.com. Archived from the original on 20 August 2019. Retrieved 20 August 2019.

[Star3320758-102] Ghazali, Rahmah (23 July 2021). "Woman taken to hospital after tram and HGV crash in Sheffield". Sheffield Star. Retrieved 23 July 2021.

[BBC65884966-103] "Nottingham passengers rescued after tram hits power wire pole". BBC News Online. 12 June 2023. Retrieved 13 June 2023.

[104] "Nottingham: Boy, 11, seriously injured after being hit by tram". BBC News. 4 March 2024. Retrieved 5 March 2024.

[105] "Manchester city centre: Bus and tram in head-on collision". BBC News. 18 October 2024.

[106] "'Sweetest' girl, 3, killed after tram crash named". BBC News. 23 February 2025.

[Times061083-107] "The United States". The Times. No. 30944. London. 6 October 1883. col C, p. 5.

[108] "Streetcar accident results in fatality, first of the kind in Seattle, on May 12, 1889. - HistoryLink.org". www.historylink.org. Archived from the original on 18 December 2019. Retrieved 1 July 2020.

[historylink_a-109] McClary, Daryl C. (12 September 2005). "Forty-three passengers die in a trolley car accident in Tacoma on July 4, 1900". Historylink.org. History Ink. Archived from the original on 9 November 2012. Retrieved 13 June 2012.

[110] "Street Car Plunge 46 Drowned". Boston Globe. 29 October 2016. Archived from the original on 17 November 2016. Retrieved 17 November 2016.

[111] "14 Persons Killed Wild Dash of Runaway Car". The Toronto World. 25 December 1917. Archived from the original on 2 November 2020. Retrieved 29 April 2011.

[bline-112] 1 2 "Trolley Service in Brookline (1905–1966)". brooklineconnection.com. Archived from the original on 25 April 2017. Retrieved 21 November 2016.

[113] Smith, Harold A. (1992). Touring Pittsburgh by Trolley. NY: Quadrant Press. pp. 4–5. ISBN 0-915276-48-8.

[tribune_archive-114] "Victims Trapped in Blazing Wreck; Bodies Burned Beyond Recognition". Chicago Daily Tribune. 26 May 1950. Archived from the original on 29 October 2016. Retrieved 19 October 2016.

[cbs_chicago-115] "On This Day in 1950: The Green Hornet Streetcar Disaster". CBS Chicago. 25 May 2012. Archived from the original on 29 October 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2016.

[Times260550-116] "Chicago tram struck by petrol lorry". The Times. No. 51701. London. 26 May 1950. col B, p. 6.

[Pittsburgh-117] "Trolleys In Pittsburgh Throughout the Years". Brookline Connection. Archived from the original on 25 March 2016. Retrieved 5 January 2016.

[118] Associated Press (29 October 1987). "Runaway Pittsburgh trolley injures 37". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 6 November 2012. Retrieved 29 April 2011.

[119] Dupuis, Roger II. "Pittsburgh Railways history (Page 6)". Pittsburgh Railways OnLine. Retrieved 29 April 2011.

[NTSBDarby-120] "CSX Transportation Freight Train and Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority Trolley Collision" (PDF). National Transportation Safety Board. Retrieved 15 September 2023.

[121] "Peter Holmes a Court and Alissa Everett put off wedding after guest dies in train crash". The Sydney Morning Herald. 7 July 2014. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 21 November 2016.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

[49]

[50]

[51]

[52]

[53]

[54]

[55]

[56]

[57]

[58]

[59]

[60]

[61]

[62]

[63]

[64]

[65]

[66]

[67]

[68]

[69]

[70]

[71]

[72]

[73]

[74]

[75]

[76]

[77]

[78]

[79]

[80]

[81]

[82]

[83]

[84]

[85]

[86]

[87]

[88]

[89]

[90]

[91]

[92]

[93]

[94]

[95]

[96]

[97]

[98]

[99]

[100]