Longipedia

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Longipedia
Scientific classification Red Pencil Icon.png
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Crustacea
Class: Hexanauplia
Subclass: Copepoda
Order: Canuelloida
Family: Longipediidae
Genus: Longipedia
Claus, 1862
Type species
Longipedia coronata
Claus, 1863

Longipedia is a genus of marine copepods of the family Longipediidae, order Canuelloida. [1]

Contents

The genus Longipedia comprises 23 accepted species [1] and is distributed worldwide. [2]  The Longipediidae generally are long and missile shaped, with segmented bodies covered by hard chitin. Longipedia utilize thoracopods to move, pulling themselves through the water. Distinctive features of Longipedia species are an elongated P2 endopod; and a tooth on the P2 endopod third segment. [3] Identification and differentiation between Longipedia species can be difficult due to morphological similarities among species. [2]

Phylogeny

Until recently the family Longipediidae was classified in the section Polyarthra of Harpacticoida. [2]   Recent genetic analysis has reclassified that section as a separate order, the Canuelloida. [4] The morphological differences of the Polyarthra from the other Harpacticoids have also been identified as a reason for separation of Polyarthra from the other Harpacticoids. [5] The new order, Canuelloida, includes the families of Longipediidae and Canuellidae. [4]

Distribution

The Longipediidae are located throughout the world in brackish and marine waters. Most frequently they have been identified in shallow marine habitats with sandy or muddy sediments.  They have also been identified on macroalgae, in seagrass beds and in marine plankton. [6] Recently a new species of Longipedia has been identified in samples from a Caribbean mesophotic coral reef. [3] This species is unusual because the depth at which it was found is not typical of other Longipedia species, suggesting that the range of habitats supporting Longipediidae may be greater than previously understood.

Growth and development

Like other copepods, Longipedia larvae have a planktonic naupliar larval stage, and through molting go through six stages to become copepodites. [7] Once larva metamorphose to the copepodite form, they continue to molt in five stages, adding complexity and size over time. [8]  As nauplius, planktonic Longipedia have good swimming abilities. As copepodites, they remain close to a substratum. [5]

Habitat and behavior

Longipedia species are benthic or hyperbenthic filter feeders. [9] [2] In the Mediterranean, various Longipedia species were identified as detrital feeders, while others were identified as phytophile. [10] Longipedia species are preyed upon by small fish and corals. [9]

In seagrass beds they are more abundant in the intertidal zone, in the top few centimeters of substrate. [6] In Costa Rica, Longipedia were found on the Caribbean coastline. [11] In the mesophotic reef, the newly discovered species was collected with coral, but the sample also included substrate, so the specific habitat of the species and role in the ecosystem was not identifiable. [3]

In a study analyzing sediments and stomach contents of small fish in the North Sea, it has been noted that a species of Longipedia constituted the majority of the biomass in the sediments during the summer months. This increase was attributed to the increase in phytoplankton in sediment following the spring bloom, providing ample food to the copepods, and the copepod breeding activities. [9]

Related Research Articles

Copepod Subclass of crustaceans

Copepods are a group of small crustaceans found in nearly every freshwater and saltwater habitat. Some species are planktonic, some are benthic, a number of species have parasitic phases, and some continental species may live in limnoterrestrial habitats and other wet terrestrial places, such as swamps, under leaf fall in wet forests, bogs, springs, ephemeral ponds, and puddles, damp moss, or water-filled recesses (phytotelmata) of plants such as bromeliads and pitcher plants. Many live underground in marine and freshwater caves, sinkholes, or stream beds. Copepods are sometimes used as biodiversity indicators.

Harpacticoida Order of crustaceans

Harpacticoida is an order of copepods, in the subphylum Crustacea. This order comprises 463 genera and about 3,000 species; its members are benthic copepods found throughout the world in the marine environment and in fresh water. A few of them are planktonic or live in association with other organisms. Harpacticoida represents the second-largest meiofaunal group in marine sediments, after nematodes. In Arctic and Antarctic seas, Harpacticoida are common inhabitants of sea ice. The name Harpacticoida comes from the Greek noun harpacticon and the suffix -oid and means reminiscent of a predator.

Cyclopoida Order of crustaceans

The Cyclopoida are an order of small crustaceans from the subclass Copepoda. Like many other copepods, members of Cyclopoida are small, planktonic animals living both in the sea and in freshwater habitats. They are capable of rapid movement. Their larval development is metamorphic, and the embryos are carried in paired or single sacs attached to first abdominal somite.

Phytotelma Small water-filled cavity in a terrestrial plant

Phytotelma is a small water-filled cavity in a terrestrial plant. The water accumulated within these plants may serve as the habitat for associated fauna and flora.

Poecilostomatoida Suborder of crustaceans

Poecilostomatoida are an suborder of copepods. Although it was previously considered a separate order, recent research showed it to be nested within the Cyclopoida

Monstrilloida Order of crustaceans

Monstrilloida is an order of copepods with a cosmopolitan distribution in the world's oceans. The order contains a single family, Monstrillidae. The name of the first ever described genus Monstrilla is derived from latin, meaning "tiny monster", because the lack of usual diagnostic features of copepods puzzled early taxonomists.

Acartia hudsonica is a species of marine copepod belonging to the family Acartiidae. Acartia hudsonica is a coastal, cold water species that can be found along the northwest Atlantic coast.

Facetotecta Genus of crustaceans

Facetotecta is a poorly known subclass of thecostracan crustaceans. The adult forms have never been recognised, and the group is known only from its larvae, the "y-nauplius" and "y-cyprid" larvae. They are mostly found in the north Atlantic Ocean, neritic waters around Japan, and the Mediterranean Basin, where they also survive in brackish water.

<i>Cyclops bicuspidatus</i> Species of crustacean

Cyclops bicuspidatus is a planktonic species of copepod found throughout the world, except Australia, and characteristic of the Great Lakes of North America. It is a deep water species found throughout the year with peak abundance occurring in May or June. Males grow up to 0.8–1.0 millimetre (0.031–0.039 in) long, while females are larger at 0.9–1.6 mm (0.035–0.063 in).

Arrecifes de Cozumel National Park Marine protected area in the Cozumel reef system off Mexico

The Arrecifes de Cozumel National Park is off the coast of the island of Cozumel in the state of Quintana Roo, Mexico. The Cozumel reef system is part of the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System, the second largest coral reef system in the world. Even though almost the entire island of Cozumel is surrounded by coral reefs, the park only encompasses the reefs on the south side of the island. It begins just south of the International Pier and continues down and around Punta Sur and up just a small portion of the east side of the island. The park contains both shallow and mesophotic coral reefs and extends to the 100 m depth isobar.

Crustacean larva

Crustaceans may pass through a number of larval and immature stages between hatching from their eggs and reaching their adult form. Each of the stages is separated by a moult, in which the hard exoskeleton is shed to allow the animal to grow. The larvae of crustaceans often bear little resemblance to the adult, and there are still cases where it is not known what larvae will grow into what adults. This is especially true of crustaceans which live as benthic adults, more-so than where the larvae are planktonic, and thereby easily caught.

<i>Tigriopus brevicornis</i> Coastal marine copepod from north western Europe

Tigriopus brevicornis is a coastal marine copepod. They are a dominant member of shallow supra tidal rock pools along the North Western European coastline. A broad range of studies have been carried out on this species, including: its ecology, physiology, phylogeography, metapopulation genetics, development and reproductive behaviour. T. brevicornis has also recently been used in ecotoxicology studies and has been trialled as a live feed for larvae in several aquaculture-based studies for the past 30 years.

Mildred Stratton Wilson was an American zoologist, whose work on copepods was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1955.

Calanus propinquus is a copepod found in Antarctica, and the surrounding waters.

<i>Calanoides acutus</i> Species of crustacean

Calanoides acutus is a copepod found in Antarctica and the surrounding waters.

Neocalanus plumchrus is a large copepod found in the Pacific and Arctic Oceans. It was described in 1921 by Marukawa. N. flemingeri used to be placed in this species, likely as a form, until it was split in 1988 by Charles B. Miller.

Neocalanus cristatus is a species of copepod found primarily in the northern Pacific.

Pseudocalanus newmani is a copepod found in Arctic and northern Pacific waters. It was described by Frost in 1989. It is found in the Arctic and surrounding waters. There are multiple generations. Unlike some copepods, P. newmani undergoes reverse diel vertical migration, descending during the night, and ascending during the day, although it may undergo normal or no migration at all depending on predation. This copepod is primarily herbivorous.

Calanus sinicus is a copepod found in the northwest Pacific.

Ann Bucklin is a professor at the University of Connecticut known for her work using molecular tools to study zooplankton. Bucklin was elected a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1995.

References

  1. 1 2 "The World of Copepods - Longipedia Claus, 1862". www.marinespecies.org. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Wells, J. B. J. (1980-10-01). "A revision of the genus Longipedia Claus (Crustacea: Copepoda: Harpacticoida)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 70 (2): 103–189. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1980.tb00850.x. ISSN   0024-4082.
  3. 1 2 3 Schizas, Nikolaos V.; Dahms, Hans-Uwe; Kangtia, Pawana; Corgosinho, Paulo H. C.; Galindo Estronza, Alexandra M. (2015-04-09). "A new species ofLongipediaClaus, 1863 (Copepoda: Harpacticoida: Longipediidae) from Caribbean mesophotic reefs with remarks on the phylogenetic affinities of Polyarthra". Marine Biology Research. 11 (8): 789–803. doi:10.1080/17451000.2015.1013556. ISSN   1745-1000. S2CID   62833261.
  4. 1 2 Khodami, Sahar; McArthur, J. Vaun; Blanco-Bercial, Leocadio; Martinez Arbizu, Pedro (2017-08-22). "Molecular Phylogeny and Revision of Copepod Orders (Crustacea: Copepoda)". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 9164. Bibcode:2017NatSR...7.9164K. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-06656-4. ISSN   2045-2322. PMC   5567239 . PMID   28831035.
  5. 1 2 Dahms, H. U. (December 2004). "Exclusion of the Polyarthra from Harpacticoida and its reallocation as an underived branch of the Copepoda (Arthropoda, Crustacea)". Invertebrate Zoology. 1 (1): 29–51. doi: 10.15298/invertzool.01.1.03 . ISSN   1812-9250.
  6. 1 2 De Troch, M.; Fiers, F.; Vincx, M. (February 2003). "Niche segregation and habitat specialisation of harpacticoid copepods in a tropical seagrass bed". Marine Biology. 142 (2): 345–355. doi:10.1007/s00227-002-0958-7. ISSN   0025-3162. S2CID   55839369.
  7. ↑ Gurney, Robert (March 1930). "The Larval Stages of the Copepod Longipedia" (PDF). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 16 (2): 461–474. doi:10.1017/s0025315400072866. ISSN   0025-3154.
  8. ↑ Dahms, Hans-Uwe (1992-02-29). "Metamorphosis between naupliar and copepodid phases in the Harpacticoida". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences. 335 (1274): 221–236. Bibcode:1992RSPTB.335..221D. doi:10.1098/rstb.1992.0020. ISSN   0962-8436.
  9. 1 2 3 Schückel, Sabine; Sell, Anne F.; Kihara, Terue C.; Koeppen, Annemarie; Kröncke, Ingrid; Reiss, Henning (2012-07-20). "Meiofauna as food source for small-sized demersal fish in the southern North Sea". Helgoland Marine Research. 67 (2): 203–218. doi: 10.1007/s10152-012-0316-1 . ISSN   1438-387X.
  10. ↑ Por, Francis Dov. (1964). A study of the Levantine and Pontic Harpacticoida <Crustacea, Copepoda>. OCLC   642131984.
  11. ↑ Morales-Ramírez, Alvaro; Suarez-Morales, Eduardo; Corrales, Marco; Garrote, Octavio (2014-11-25). "Diversity of the free-living marine and freshwater Copepoda (Crustacea) in Costa Rica: a review". ZooKeys (457): 15–33. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.457.6820 . ISSN   1313-2970. PMC   4283362 . PMID   25561828.
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