The youngest son of the Archbishop of Canterbury, Edward White Benson, and the society hostess Mary Sidgwick Benson, Benson was descended from a very long line of Anglican clergy. He had also read the litany at his father's 1896 funeral at Canterbury Cathedral and was widely expected to one day take his father's place as the most senior cleric in the Anglican Communion.[citation needed] After a crisis of faith described in his 1913 memoir Confessions of a Convert, however, Benson was received into the Catholic Church on 11 September 1903.[2]
According to Joseph Pearce, "The press made much of the story that the son of the former Archbishop of Canterbury had become a Catholic, and the revelation rocked the Anglican establishment in a way reminiscent of the days of the Oxford Movement and the conversion of Newman."[3]
The former Anglican priest found himself inundated with hate mail from Anglican clergy, men, women, and even children. Benson found himself accused of being "a deliberate traitor", "an infatuated fool", and of bringing dishonour upon his father's name and memory. Although he replied scrupulously to every letter, Benson was deeply hurt. He later wrote that he received considerable solace in the words that an Anglican bishop had spoken to his mother, "Remember that he has followed his conscience after all, and what else could his father wish for him than that?"[4]
After his ordination as a Catholic priest in Rome in 1904, Benson was assigned as a Catholic chaplain at Cambridge University. It was during his time in Cambridge that Lord of the World was conceived and written.
According to Martindale, as Benson read Saint-Simon's writings, "A vision of a dechristianised civilisation, sprung from the wrecking of the old régime, arose before him and he listened to Mr. Rolfe's suggestion that he should write a book on Antichrist."[5]
In early 21st-century London, priests Percy Franklin and John Francis visit the elderly Mr. Templeton. A Catholic and former ConservativeMember of Parliament who witnessed the marginalisation of his religion and the destruction of his party, Templeton describes to the two priests the last century of British and world history.
The world has been divided into three power-blocs: a European Confederation of Marxist one-party states and their colonies in Africa; the "Eastern Empire", whose emperor descends from the Japanese and Chinese imperial families; and the "American Republic", consisting of North and South America. The European Confederation and Eastern Empire are now on the brink of war.
Book I: The Advent
Oliver Brand, an influential MP from Croydon, listens as his secretary, Mr. Phillips, describes the seemingly inevitable rush toward war between Europe and the Eastern Empire. A mysterious Senator Felsenburgh has unexpectedly taken charge of the American Republic's peace delegation and is travelling the Empire, delivering speeches to rapt audiences in their own languages.
Oliver ponders that the real problem is the survival of religious belief in the Eastern Empire. In Great Britain, only Catholicism remains in "a few darkened churches" and "with hysterical sentimentality" in Westminster Cathedral. Ireland was granted Home Rule and became fully Catholic, and Rome was given entirely to the Pope.
Oliver's wife Mabel witnesses a volor (flying machine) crash. As the government's Ministers of Euthanasia arrive and begin to finish off the wounded, she sees Franklin give Last Rites to a dying Catholic. Traumatised by what she witnessed, Mabel tells Oliver that both the priest and the dying man seemed to believe in what they were doing. Oliver explains the Catholic belief in the afterlife in a dismissive way, and Mabel is mollified.
Due to Felsenburgh's efforts, all chances of war have evaporated. Oliver urges Mabel to accompany him to the announcement, where Felsenburgh will be. As they depart, Mr. Phillips arrives at Franklin's flat. He explains that Oliver's elderly mother used to be Catholic and wishes to return to the Church before her imminent death. Franklin knows it might be a setup, but feels he cannot refuse. He meets Mrs. Brand and receives her back into the Church.
The Brands return home earlier than expected and find Franklin still there. Oliver is infuriated, but Franklin refuses to reveal who arranged his visit. To Oliver's shock, Mabel urges Franklin to leave in peace. She explains that he will see Felsenburgh and the overflowing joy that his arrival has occasioned in England, which is why she does not fear Franklin. On his way home, Franklin encounters a rally being addressed by Felsenburgh. For a brief moment, the priest is tempted to believe in him.
While Oliver is away, Mrs. Brand takes a sudden turn for the worse. Ignoring Mabel's sermons against Christianity, Mrs. Brand pleads for Franklin to be summoned. Oliver returns home to find that his mother died an hour before. Mrs. Brand had continued to scream for a priest as long as she was able to speak, but Mabel had her involuntarily euthanised, knowing that her husband would desire it. Although saddened by her death, Oliver tells Mabel that she did the right thing.
In Rome, Franklin meets with the pope and explains his ideas for the Church's survival under Felsenburgh's rule. He cautions that violence must never be used – the Mass and the rosary must be the primary weapon against the coming persecution – and recommends forming a new religious order, with no habit or badge, "freer than the Jesuits, poorer than the Franciscans, more mortified than the Carthusians: men and women alike – the three vows for their Church; each Bishop responsible for their sustenance; a lieutenant in each country.... And Christ Crucified for their patron".
After the audience, Franklin is assigned to assist the ailing Cardinal Protector of England in reading reports from England. One day, news arrives that Felsenburgh is now President of Europe. There is great rejoicing throughout the continent; some Catholics are attacked and killed, while others apostasise. The Cardinal-Protector soon dies, and Franklin is chosen to succeed him. The next day, the pope announces that he is creating an Order of Christ Crucified to spread the Faith in the face of persecution. Many join the new order and are martyred throughout the world.
Meanwhile, Felsenburgh instructs the Parliaments of Europe to institute weekly Humanist ceremonies. Attendance is optional except for the four annual festivals of Maternity, Life, Sustenance, and Paternity. Oliver becomes Minister of Public Worship in England, planning the ceremonies with now ex-priest John Francis. The new religion outrages Catholics, leading Cardinal Franklin to urge the pope to forbid Catholics to commit violence and encourage them to patiently endure persecution.
Mr. Phillips arrives in Rome with news that English and German Catholics are plotting a suicide bombing of the abbey where Felsenburgh's inner circle meets. Franklin and Cardinal Steinmann of Germany leave for their respective homelands to try to prevent the bombing. As they fly over the Alps, they encounter a squadron of volors heading the opposite direction. Having also learned of the plot, Felsenburgh has ordered the destruction of Rome in retaliation.
In London, Mabel witnesses mobs crucifying Christians and lynching priests, shaking her faith in Felsenburgh. Oliver attempts to console her, explaining that England needs to be purged from the residue of Christianity, and admits that the police have been ordered to stand down. Mabel confesses that she has been contemplating suicide, but relaxes when informed that Felsenburgh will soon arrive. Oliver informs her that Rome has already been destroyed and that he co-signed the orders. Devastated, Mabel dissolves in tears.
That afternoon, at the Feast of Maternity, Felsenburgh enters the Cathedral dressed in the red and black robes of a British High Court judge and speaks of the destruction of Rome and the recent pogroms against Christians, explaining that future generations of men must flush with shame to remember that mankind had once turned its back on the risen light. He reveals a statue of a naked mother and child then leads the assembled worshipers in prayer to the "Mother of us all". Those present acclaim Felsenburgh as God.
Book III: The Victory
Nazareth, c. 1900.
After the destruction of Rome, Cardinals Franklin and Steinmann travelled to the deathbed of the only other living cardinal. They held a Papal Conclave, and Franklin was elected Pope, taking the name Sylvester III. The cardinals both died soon after. Pope Sylvester has since reorganised the Church so that it will survive the persecution under Felsenburgh's government. He has secretly rebuilt the College of Cardinals, and his name and location (Nazareth) are known only to them.
Meanwhile, Felsenburgh has ordered everyone to either formally disavow the existence of God or be executed without trial. While some refuse and are slaughtered, others agree without qualm. Phillips is granted a week to make up his mind.
Her faith shattered, Mabel secretly leaves her husband and checks into a euthanasia clinic, while Oliver tries in vain to find her. After the mandatory eight-day waiting period, Mabel writes a suicide letter to her husband and kills herself. As her life fades away, Mabel finds, "something resembling sound or light, something she knew in an instant to be unique, tear across her vision. Then she saw, and understood..."
One cardinal betrays Franklin, and Felsenburgh plans to wipe out Nazareth, where the remaining cardinals are gathered with the pope, to put a final end to the Church. Pope Sylvester realises this and warns the city's residents to flee, but remains with the cardinals and offers Mass followed by Eucharistic Adoration. As firebombs begin to rain down on Nazareth, Pope Sylvester and the cardinals calmly continue to chant the Pange Lingua before a Host exposed in a monstrance on the altar. The novel ends: "Then this world passed, and the glory of it".
Influences
Benson drew upon history, other works of science fiction, and current events to create a fictional universe.
Literature
Frederick Rolfe's anti-Modernist satirical novel Hadrian VII inspired numerous aspects of Lord of the World, including the introductory first chapter.[7]
According to his biographer, Cyril Martindale, Benson's depiction of the future was in many ways an inversion of the science fiction novels of H. G. Wells.[8] Like many other Christians of the era, Benson was sickened by Wells' belief that Atheism, Marxism, World Government, and Eugenics would lead to an earthly utopia. Due to his depiction of a Wellsian future as a murderous global police state, Benson's novel has been called one of the first modern works of dystopianscience fiction.
History
A further source of inspiration was Benson's interest in history.
Percy Franklin's constant fear of arrest while carrying out his priestly ministry in London is inspired by Benson's research into the aftermath of the English Reformation—indeed, Benson would later write a historical novel, Come Rack! Come Rope! (1912), set during that time. Franklin's suspicion that Francis may have become a police informant and his belief that Mrs. Brand's request for a priest is a trap to ensnare him are reminiscent of the tactics used by Elizabethan Erapriest hunters like Sir Richard Topcliffe.
Julian Felsenburgh's leadership style was modelled after that of Napoleon Bonaparte, whose mistakes he was intended to correct. In one of the three notebooks he kept while writing Lord of the World, Benson wrote that while Napoleon's weakness was "his soft heart: he forgave," Felsenburgh, "never forgives: for political crime he strips of position, making the man incapable of holding office; for treachery to himself he drops them out of his councils." He further described the Anti-Christ as "complete hardness, and kindness".[7]
The number of former priests and bishops who reject Catholicism are inspired by the priests who took an oath rejecting the authority of the Holy See following the French Revolution. All were excommunicated by the Pope and became employees of the First French Republic following the Civil Constitution of the Clergy.
The word, "Recusants", which Franklin uses to describe Catholics who absent themselves from compulsory Humanist worship, dates from the reign of Queen Elizabeth I of England. The word was originally used to describe both Catholics and Puritans who, despite heavy fines and imprisonment, refused to attend weekly Anglican services.
The conspiracy to suicide bomb President Felsenburgh and its grisly aftermath are inspired by the Gunpowder Plot of 1605, in which a small group of English Catholic noblemen led by Robert Catesby planned to blow up King James I of England during an address before Parliament. Like its fictional counterpart, the Gunpowder Plot was exploited for propaganda and used to justify a campaign to completely and permanently destroy Catholicism.
As acknowledged in the text, the character of Cardinal Dolgorovski of Moscow is inspired by Judas Iscariot.[9][10]
The word Test Act for Felsenburgh's legislative means to root out Catholicism is no invention of his or of his author, but there were actually Test Acts passed in England intended for that purpose.
Current events
Further inspiration was gleaned from Benson's following of current events.
The fear among Europeans of the Eastern Empire and its ruler, the Son of Heaven, is inspired by the shock that greeted the territorial expansion of the Japanese Empire before, during, and after the Russo-Japanese War.
The dystopian Marxist Government of Britain is inspired by the events of the British general election of 1906. Prior to the election, a large number of small Marxist political parties consolidated to form a unified bloc called the Labour Party, which won 29 seats in the House of Commons. The first chapter, which describes the overthrow of the British royal family, the abolition of the House of Lords, the disestablishment of the Church of England, and the closing of the universities is inspired by the Labour Party's platform at the time the novel was written.
Julian Felsenburgh's sermon at St. Paul's and the emotional reaction of his listeners are inspired by press reports of the Reverend Evan Roberts and the 1904-1905 Welsh Revival. Rev. Roberts was similarly able to provoke public displays of emotion in his listeners and is regarded as the inventor of Pentecostalism. He was also the focus of a cult of personality which scandalised more traditional churches. At the height of his ministry, Rev. Roberts' denunciations of literary and cultural societies, competitive sports, and alcohol consumption temporarily caused a sea change in Welsh culture. Countless rugby teams and literary societies were voluntarily disbanded. In Welsh coal mining towns, pubs closed down for lack of business and the National Eisteddfod of Wales was almost deserted. Rev. Roberts, however, eventually came to believe that his ministry was not of God, voluntarily left the public eye, and spent the remaining years of his life resisting efforts to draw him back to the revival circuit. He died, a virtual recluse, in 1951.
The Anti-Catholic riots that follow the discovery of the planned suicide bombing are inspired by Anti-Jewish Pogroms in the Russian Empire, which also took place with the collusion of senior Government officials and policemen.
Composition
Benson first mentioned his ideas in a letter to his mother on 16 December 1905, "Yes, Russia is ghastly. Which reminds me that I have an idea for a book so vast and tremendous that I daren't think about it. Have you ever heard of Saint-Simon? Well, mix up Saint-Simon, Russia breaking loose, Napoleon, Evan Roberts, the Pope and Antichrist; and see if any idea suggests itself. But I'm afraid it is too big. I should like to form a syndicate on it, but that is an idea, I have no doubt at all."[11]
In a letter to Rolfe on 19 January 1906, Benson wrote, "Anti-Christ is beginning to obsess me. If it is ever written, it will be a BOOK. How much do you know about the Freemasons? Socialism? I am going to avoid scientific developments, and confine myself to social. This election seems to hold vast possibilities in the direction of Anti-Christ's Incarnation – I think he will be born of a virgin. Oh! If I dare to write all that I think! In any case, it will take years."[12]
According to Martindale, the gradual evolution of Lord of the World can be charted through three of Benson's notebooks. The first two reveal that Benson based the physical appearances of Percy Franklin and President Julian Felsenburgh on "a rather prominent socialist politician" whose name Martindale does not disclose.[13] Benson's notebooks also reveal that Pope Sylvester was originally "made to take refuge and confront Antichrist in Ireland."[14]
On 16 May 1906, Benson wrote in his diary, "Anti-Christ is going forward; and Rome is about to be destroyed. Oh, it is hard to keep it up! It seems to me that I am getting terser and terser until finally the entire story will end in a gap, like a stream disappearing in sand. It is such a fearful lot that one might say, that every word seems irrelevant."[15]
On 28 June 1906, Benson again wrote in his diary, "I HAVE FINISHED ANTI-CHRIST. And really there is no more to be said. Of course I am nervous about the last chapter – it is what one may call just a trifle ambitious to describe the End of the World. (No!) But it has been done."[16]
In a 28 January 1907 letter, Lord of the World was praised by Frederick Rolfe. Commenting on Benson's decision to satirise him as "Chris Dell" in The Sentimentalists, Rolfe wrote, "You are worrying yourself most unnecessarily about me, I assure you... I am laughing at the absurdity of the whole thing though I must confess that I was rather amazed when I heard that everybody recognized me in Chris. It was rather a blow to my amour propre... You will, I hope, reap a rich harvest of shekels from the transaction, and the world will forget The Sentimentalists when it stands wondering before The Lord of the World."[17]
Textual error in modern editions
Most modern editions of Lord of the World contain an error in Book III, Chapter Five, Section III, carried forward from a printer's error in the American edition of the book. A sentence in the second paragraph of Section III began as follows, in the British first edition:
In short, it seemed that he could do no good by remaining in England, and the temptation to be present at the final act of justice in the East by which those who had indirectly been the cause of his tragedy were to be wiped out…
In the corrupted text found in most modern editions, the passage reads (erroneous portion in italics):
In short, it seemed that he could do no good by remaining in England, and the temptation to be present at the final act of justice in the East by which land, and, in fact, it was more than likely that if she were to be wiped out…
Release and reception
Upon its 1907 publication, Lord of the World caused an enormous stir among Catholics, non-Catholic Christians, and even among non-Christians. Benson was therefore kept busy answering letters from both readers and literary critics. Benson's reading of these letters helped inspire his novel The Dawn of All.
In reply to a critic who expressed a belief that Mabel Brand condemned herself to Hell by committing suicide, Benson wrote, "I think Mabel was alright, really. Honestly, she had no idea that suicide was a sin; and she did pray as well as she knew how at the end."[18][19]
In a 16 December 1907 letter to Benson's brother A. C. Benson, British physicist Sir Oliver Lodge wrote, "The assumption that there can be no religion except a grotesque return to Paganism, short of admitting the supremacy of Mediaeval Rome, is an unexpected contention to find in a modern book... I am wondering what the leaders of the Church think of it. Perhaps Pius X may approve; but it is difficult to suppose that it can meet with general approbation. If it does, it is very instructive."[20]
Some critics and readers misinterpreted the novel's last sentence as meaning, "the destruction, not of the world, but of the Church." Some Marxists were reportedly "delighted" by the ending and one non-Catholic reader wrote that Lord of the World had, "struck heaven out of my sky, and I don't know how to get it back again."[21]
Other readers were more admiring. Although "grave exception" was taken there to Benson's "sympathetic treatment" of Mabel Brand's suicide, Lord of the World was enthusiastically received in France.[22]
In a letter to Benson, Jesuit priest Joseph Rickaby wrote, "I have long thought that Antichrist would be no monster, but a most charming, decorous, attractive person, exactly your Felsenburgh. This is what the enemy has wanted, something to counteract the sweetness of Christmas, Good Friday, and Corpus Christi, which is the strength of Christianity. The abstruseness of Modernism, the emptiness of Absolutism, the farce of Humanitarianism, the bleakness (so felt by Huxley and Oliver Lodge) of sheer physical science, that is what your Antichrist makes up for. He is, as you have made him, the perfection of the Natural, away from and in antithesis to God and His Christ.... As Newman says, a man may be near death and yet not die, but still the alarms of his friends are each time justified and are finally fulfilled; so of the approach of Antichrist."[23]
Shortly after Benson's novel was published, British historian and future Catholic convert Christopher Dawson paid a visit to Imperial Germany. While there, Dawson witnessed the increasing de-Christianisation of German culture and the rapid growth of the Marxist Social Democratic Party. In response, Dawson called the Kaiser's Germany "a most soul-destroying place", and complained that German intellectuals, "examine Christianity as if it were a kind of beetle." Dawson further lamented that his stay in that "most dreadful" country reminded him of "the state of society in Lord of the World."[24]
In a 2005 essay, Joseph Pearce wrote that, while Orwell and Huxley's novels are "great literature", they "are clearly inferior works of prophecy." Pearce explains that while "the political dictatorships" that inspired Huxley and Orwell "have had their day", "Benson's novel-nightmare... is coming true before our very eyes."[27]
Pearce elaborates,
The world depicted in Lord of the World is one where creeping secularism and godless humanism have triumphed over traditional morality. It is a world where philosophical relativism has triumphed over objectivity; a world where, in the name of tolerance, religious doctrine is not tolerated. It is a world where euthanasia is practiced widely and religion hardly practiced at all. The lord of this nightmare world is a benign-looking politician intent on power in the name of "peace", and intent on the destruction of religion in the name of "truth". In such a world, only a small and shrinking Church stands resolutely against the demonic "Lord of the World".[28]
EWTN talk show host and American Chesterton Society President Dale Ahlquist has also praised Benson's novel and said that it deserves a wider audience.[29]
On February 8, 1992, Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger criticised U. S. President George H. W. Bush's recent speech calling for "a New World Order" in a speech of his own at the Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore. In his discourse, the future Pope explained that Benson's novel described "a similar unified civilization and its power to destroy the spirit. The anti-Christ is represented as the great carrier of peace in a similar new world order."[30]
Cardinal Ratzinger proceeded to quote from Pope Benedict XV's 1920 encyclical Bonum sane: "The coming of a world state is longed for, by all the worst and most distorted elements. This state, based on the principles of absolute equality of men and a community of possessions, would banish all national loyalties. In it no acknowledgement would be made of the authority of a father over his children, or of God over human society. If these ideas are put into practice, there will inevitably follow a reign of unheard-of terror."[30]
In a sermon in November, 2013, Pope Francis praised Lord of the World as depicting "the spirit of the world which leads to apostasy almost as if it were a prophecy."[1]
In early 2015, Pope Francis further revealed Benson's influence upon his thinking, speaking to a plane load of reporters. At first apologising for making "a commercial", Pope Francis further praised Lord of the World, despite its being "a bit heavy at the beginning". Pope Francis elaborated, "It is a book that, at that time, the writer had seen this drama of ideological colonization and wrote that book... I advise you to read it. Reading it, you'll understand well what I mean by ideological colonization."[31]
In March 2023, Pope Francis again mentioned that he "always recommends" Lord of the World during an interview with the Argentine newspaper La Nación.[32] He referenced the book within the context of "ideological colonization" and in response to a question about non-binary gender options appearing on government forms, saying that such a phenomenon reminded him of the Benson's "futuristic" world, “in which differences are disappearing and everything is the same, everything is uniform, a single leader of the whole world.”[33]
A cardinal is a senior member of the clergy of the Catholic Church. Cardinals are created by the pope and typically hold the title for life. Collectively, they constitute the College of Cardinals. The most solemn responsibility of the cardinals is to elect a new pope in a conclave, almost always from among themselves, when the Holy See is vacant. During the period between a pope's death or resignation and the election of his successor, the day-to-day governance of the Holy See is in the hands of the College of Cardinals. The right to participate in a conclave is limited to cardinals who have not reached the age of 80 years by the day the vacancy occurs. In addition, cardinals collectively participate in papal consistories, in which matters of importance to the Church are considered and new cardinals may be created. Cardinals of working age are also appointed to roles overseeing dicasteries of the Roman Curia, the central administration of the Catholic Church.
The pope is the bishop of Rome and the visible head of the worldwide Catholic Church. He is also known as the supreme pontiff, Roman pontiff or sovereign pontiff. From the eighth century until 1870, the pope was the sovereign or head of state of the Papal States, and since 1929, of the much smaller Vatican City State. The current pope is Francis, who was elected on 13 March 2013.
Pope John Paul I was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City from 26 August 1978 until his death 33 days later. His reign is among the shortest in papal history, resulting in the most recent year of three popes and the first to occur since 1605. John Paul I remains the most recent Italian-born pope, the last in a succession of such popes that started with Clement VII in 1523.
Bernard Francis Cardinal Law was a senior-ranking prelate of the Catholic Church, known largely for covering up the serial rape of children by Catholic priests. He served as Archbishop of Boston, archpriest of the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore, and Cardinal Priest of Santa Susanna, which was the American parish in Rome until 2017, when the American community was relocated to San Patrizio.
Frederick William Rolfe, better known as Baron Corvo, and also calling himself Frederick William Serafino Austin Lewis Mary Rolfe, was an English writer, artist, photographer and eccentric.
Francis Joseph Spellman was an American Catholic prelate who served as Archbishop of New York from 1939 until his death in 1967. Spellman previously served as an auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Boston from 1932 to 1939. He was created a cardinal in 1946.
John Murphy Farley was an Irish-American cardinal of the Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of New York from 1902 until his death in 1918, and became a cardinal in 1911.
Edward Aloysius Mooney was an American cardinal of the Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Detroit from 1937 until his death, and was made a cardinal in 1946.
Robert Hugh Benson AFSC KC*SG KGCHS was an English Catholic priest and writer. First an Anglican priest, he was received into the Catholic Church in 1903 and ordained therein the next year. He was also a prolific writer of fiction, writing the notable dystopian novel Lord of the World, as well as Come Rack! Come Rope!.
James Cardinal Gibbons was an American Catholic prelate who served as Apostolic Vicar of North Carolina from 1868 to 1872, Bishop of Richmond from 1872 to 1877, and as Archbishop of Baltimore from 1877 until his death.
Pope Francis is head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State. He is the first pope to be a member of the Society of Jesus, the first from the Americas and the Southern Hemisphere, and the first born or raised outside Europe since the 8th-century papacy of the Syrian pope Gregory III.
The history of the Catholic Church is integral to the history of Christianity as a whole. It is also, according to church historian Mark A. Noll, the "world's oldest continuously functioning international institution." This article covers a period of just under two thousand years.
Daniel Nicholas DiNardo is an American cardinal of the Catholic Church. He is the second and current archbishop of the Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston in Texas serving since 2006. He previously served as bishop of the Diocese of Sioux City in Iowa from 1998 to 2004.
Iuliu Hossu was a Romanian Greek-Catholic prelate who served as the Bishop of Cluj-Gherla. Pope Paul VI elevated Hossu to the rank of cardinal in pectore, that is, secretly, in 1969 but did not publish his appointment until after Hossu's death. The Communist authorities arrested Hossu on 28 October 1948. From 1950 to 1955 he was detained as political prisoner at the Sighet Prison. He spent the rest of his life under house arrest and died in 1970. He is venerated in the Catholic Church as a martyr and blessed, having been beatified by Pope Francis.
Hadrian the Seventh: A Romance is a 1904 novel by the English novelist Frederick Rolfe, who wrote under the pseudonym "Baron Corvo".
In Christian eschatology, Antichrist refers to a kind of person prophesied by the Bible to oppose Jesus Christ and falsely substitute themselves as a savior in Christ's place before the Second Coming. The term Antichrist is found four times in the New Testament, solely in the First and Second Epistle of John. Antichrist is announced as one "who denies the Father and the Son."
The discipline and administration of the Latin Church underwent important changes from 1517 to 1585 during and Counter-Reformation, specifically at the Council of Trent.
Historicism is a method of interpretation in Christian eschatology which associates biblical prophecies with actual historical events and identifies symbolic beings with historical persons or societies; it has been applied to the Book of Revelation by many writers. The Historicist view follows a straight line of continuous fulfillment of prophecy which starts in Daniel's time and goes through John of Patmos' writing of the Book of Revelation all the way to the Second Coming of Jesus Christ.
Francis Xavier Morgan, C. O. was a Catholic priest of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri, who had Spanish and British dual citizenship. He served for most of his priesthood at the Birmingham Oratory in Edgbaston. Decades after his death, Morgan has become famous as the teacher, legal guardian, and father figure to the fantasy author and academic J. R. R. Tolkien.
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