Lupukngna was a coastal Tongva village that was at least 3,000 years old located on the bluffs along the Santa Ana River in Huntington Beach near the Newland House Museum. [1] [2] Other nearby coastal villages included Genga, located in West Newport Beach, and Moyongna, located down the coast near Corona del Mar. [2] [3] The village has also been referred to as Lukup and Lukupa. [4] [1] The village has been chronicled in the history of Costa Mesa, California. [5]
As a coastal village, the usage of te'aats were likely important to the village's people. [6] In the late eighteenth century, padres from Mission San Juan Capistrano reportedly visited the village as part of a colonial project of Christian conversion at Spanish Missions in California. [7] [8]
The Diego Sepúlveda Adobe was built overlooking Lupukngna and Genga from between 1817-1823 [9] [10] as an outpost "to watch over cattle and Indians." In 1827, missionaries considered whether to move their entire operation to the location. [7]
In 1935, archaeologists found evidence of a village along the Santa Ana River near contemporary Adams Avenue. It was found that villagers primarily subsisted on acorns, seeds, berries, small game, fish and shellfish, similar to surrounding Tongva villages. Shell mounds were also found. [5] [11]
The Newland House Museum was identified as a likely site of the village. This is because the house was constructed on one of a few knolls in the area that rises above the Santa Ana River's floodplain. Numerous Tongva villages in the area were established on other similar knolls, making the location more probable. Additionally, several archaeological investigations have been done at the house since the 1930s, which have yielded various Tongva artifacts. [12] [13]
A small residential street in Costa Mesa near the Diego Sepúlveda Adobe is named Lukup Lane in reference to the village. [14]
Native American villages in Orange County, California:
Orange County is a county located in the Los Angeles metropolitan area in Southern California, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 3,186,989, making it the third-most-populous county in California, the sixth-most-populous in the United States, and more populous than 19 American states and Washington, D.C. Although largely suburban, it is the second-most-densely-populated county in the state behind San Francisco County. The county's three most-populous cities are Anaheim, Santa Ana, and Irvine, each of which has a population exceeding 300,000. Santa Ana is also the county seat. Six cities in Orange County are on the Pacific coast: Seal Beach, Huntington Beach, Newport Beach, Laguna Beach, Dana Point, and San Clemente.
The Irvine Company LLC is an American private company focused on real estate development. It is headquartered in Newport Beach, California, with a large portion of its operations centered in and around Irvine, California, a planned city of more than 300,000 people mainly designed by the Irvine Company. The company was founded by the Irvine family and is currently wholly owned by Donald Bren.
The Santa Ana River is the largest river entirely within Southern California in the United States. It rises in the San Bernardino Mountains and flows for most of its length through San Bernardino and Riverside counties, before cutting through the northern Santa Ana Mountains via Santa Ana Canyon and flowing southwest through urban Orange County to drain into the Pacific Ocean. The Santa Ana River is 96 miles (154 km) long, and its drainage basin is 2,650 square miles (6,900 km2) in size.
The Santa Ana Mountains are a short peninsular mountain range along the coast of Southern California in the United States. They extend for approximately 61 miles (98 km) southeast of the Los Angeles Basin largely along the border between Orange and Riverside counties.
Huntington State Beach is a protected beach in Southern California, located in the City of Huntington Beach in Orange County. It extends 2 miles (3.2 km) from Newport Beach north to Beach Boulevard, where the Huntington City Beach begins. The 121-acre (49 ha) park was established in 1942.
California's 47th congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of California.
The San Joaquin Hills are a low mountain range of the Peninsular Ranges System, located in coastal Orange County, California.
The Diego Sepúlveda Adobe, sometimes called the Costa Mesa Estancia or the Santa Ana Estancia, is an adobe structure in Costa Mesa, Orange County, California. It is the second-oldest building still standing in the county.
Rancho Santiago de Santa Ana was a 63,414-acre (256.63 km2) Spanish land concession in present-day Orange County, California, given by Spanish Alta California Governor José Joaquín de Arrillaga in 1810 to Jose Antonio Yorba and his nephew Pablo Peralta. The grant extended eastward from the Santa Ana River to the Santa Ana Mountains, with a length of more than 22 miles (35 km).
Santiago Creek is a major watercourse in Orange County in the U.S. state of California. About 34 miles (55 km) long, it drains most of the northern Santa Ana Mountains and is a tributary to the Santa Ana River. It is one of the longest watercourses entirely within the county. The creek shares its name with Santiago Peak, at 5,687 ft (1,733 m) the highest point in Orange County, on whose slopes its headwaters rise.
Pasinogna is a former Tongva-Gabrieleño Native American settlement in San Bernardino County, California.
Newland House is an 1898 farmhouse in a midwestern adaptation of a Queen Anne architectural style in Huntington Beach, California, United States. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places, it is one of 123 historic places and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Orange County, California. The Newland House is listed as the ninth historic place to receive a historical plaque from the Orange County Historical Commission in cooperation with the Orange County Board of Supervisors. The house has been identified as the site of the Tongva village of Lupukngna.
Puhú was a major residential village in the Santa Ana Mountains shared by the Tongva, Acjachemen, Payómkawichum, and Serrano near Santiago Peak. The village resided approximately 600m above sea level in the upper areas of the Black Star Canyon. The village was at its height from the years 1220–1770. The village retained its multi-seasonal occupancy and economic and political systems up until its destruction and a communal massacre in 1832.
Genga, alternative spelling Gengaa and Kengaa, was a Tongva and Acjachemen village located on Newport Mesa overlooking the Santa Ana River in the Newport Beach and Costa Mesa, California area which included an open site now referred to as Banning Ranch. Archaeological evidence dates the village at over 9,000 years old. Villagers were recorded as Gebit in Spanish Mission records. The village may have been occupied as late as 1829 or 1830.
Hutuknga was a large Tongva village located in the foothills along the present channel of the Santa Ana River in what is now Yorba Linda, California. People from the village were recorded in mission records as Jutucabit. Hutuknga was part of a series of villages along the Santa Ana River, which included Lupukngna, Genga, Pajbenga, and Totpavit. The Turnball Canyon area is sometimes falsely associated with Hutuknga.
Pajbenga, alternative spelling Pagbigna and Pasbengna, was a Tongva village located at Santa Ana, California, near the El Refugio Adobe, which was the home of José Sepulveda. It was one of the main villages along the Santa Ana River, including Lupukngna, Genga, Totpavit, and Hutuknga. People from the village were recorded in mission records as Pajebet,Pajbet, Pajbebet, and Pajbepet.
Totpavit, alternative spellings Totabit and possibly Totavet, was a Tongva village located in what is now Olive, California. The village was located between the Santa Ana River and Santiago Creek. It was part of a series of villages along the Santa Ana River, including Genga, Pajbenga, and Hutuknga.
Moyongna, alternatively spelled Moyonga, was a coastal Tongva village or landmark site located near the entrance of Newport Bay in Newport Beach, California near Corona del Mar. As a coastal village, the usage of te'aats was likely important to the village's people. Nearby coastal villages included Genga, located on Newport Mesa, and Lupukngna, located near the mouth of the Santa Ana River.
Alume was a large Acjachemen village located at the foot of Santiago Peak, upstream from the village of Putiidhem ,within what is now O'Neill Regional Park near the Trabuco Adobe, which was built in 1810 as an outpost of Mission San Juan Capistrano. The village was also recorded as Alaugna and as El Trabuco in San Juan Capistrano mission records, and is also referred to as Alauna, Aluna, and Alona. The village was also acknowledged by the Payómkawichum.
The Santa Ana Branch is a Union Pacific railroad line in California, running between Los Angeles County and Orange County. The freight railroad connects the industrial areas of the Gateway Cities to the Surf Line and Alameda Corridor while facilitating further links to Huntington Beach and Costa Mesa. Union Pacific operates the line as several segments. The route is designated as the Patata Industrial Lead between the connection with the Alameda Corridor at Firestone and the junction with the Los Nietos Subdivision at Studebaker. The modern Santa Ana Industrial Branch continues southeast from Studebaker to the connection with the Surf Line near Anaheim Stadium. An additional segment south of Santa Ana runs along the Santa Ana and Newport Railway right of way as far as Dyer, where the tracks turn west to run along the former Pacific Electric Santa Ana–Huntington Beach Line into Costa Mesa.
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