The genus Massilia belongs to the family Oxalobacteriaceae, and describes a group of gram-negative, motile, rod-shaped cells. They may contain either peritrichous or polar flagella. [2] [3] [4] This genus was first described in 1998, after the type species, Massilia timonae , was isolated from the blood of an immunocompromised patient. [4] The genus was named after the old Greek and Roman name for the city of Marseille, France, where the organism was first isolated. [4] The Massilia genus is a diverse group that resides in many different environments, has many heterotrophic means of gathering energy, and is commonly found in association with plants.
Isolation of Massilia sp. commonly occurs on Reasoner's 2A (R2A) agar. [3] [5] Colonies are often shades of white, yellow, or orange, [6] [3] but may be blue-purple if producing the compound violacein. [5] As of 2022, 16S rRNA-based phylogenetic trees place the Massilia genus within a polyphyletic group of the Oxalobacteriaceae, alongside other genera including Duganella, Pseudoduganella, Janthinobacterium, and Rugamonas. [6]
Massilia sp. are environmental organisms that are commonly associated with plants. They have been isolated from the soil, [2] flowers, [6] seeds, [7] and roots of many species of plants. [3] They are generally psychrophilic or mesophilic, preferring cool to moderate temperatures, [5] and they are generally either strict aerobes or microaerophiles. [6] [5] Massilia are proficient at surface colonization, including the seed coat, emerging radicles, roots, and even the hyphae of Pythium. [8]
Massilia have been isolated from other, sometimes extreme, environments as well, including the Sahara Desert, [9] freshwater, [5] glaciers, rocks, and air samples. [5] Manganese-oxidizing Massilia have been isolated. [10] In rare cases, some Massilia sp. have caused infections in humans. [11] However, doctors presume that these infections were likely opportunistic, as Massilia sp. are generally considered environmental organisms, rather than animal-associated. [11]
Some Massilia sp. are able to degrade cellulose [12] or chitin, [13] two naturally occurring carbohydrate polymers, using cellulase and endochitinase enzymes, respectively. Many Massilia produce extracellular proteases, which can degrade proteins, producing carbon and nitrogen for the organism to consume, [14] Massilia have also been reported to hydrolyse gelatin, casein, starch, DNA, tyrosine, and more. [15] Massilia may play a crucial role in carbon cycling due to their broad range of degradative enzymes, [5]
Massilia also have the potential to degrade many pollutants present in the environment. Massilia sp. WF1 was able to degrade the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon phenanthrene, each when alone and when in co-culture with the fungal species Phanerochaete chrysosporium. [16]
Some Massilia sp. are capable of phosphorus solubilization in the soil. [14] Phosphorus solubilization allows plants to take in more phosphorus, potentially promoting plant growth. Analysis of Massilia genomes has identified genes for producing auxins, plant hormones, which can promote or alter plant growth. [15] [17] [18] Their hydrolysis of extracellular compounds, such as proteins or DNA, can also release nutrients for the plant or other bacteria to utilize.
Antibiotic production is found in a few Massilia isolates, though many of these antibiotic compounds have not been identified. Massilia rhizosphaerae has antibacterial activity against the plant pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum. [3] Massilia antibiotica has antibacterial activity against the pathogens Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. [15]
Some Massilia sp. are known to produce violacein, a pigment also prouduced by Chromobacterium violaceum. [19] [5] This produces blue-purple pigmented colonies. Violacein production is regulated by quorum-sensing. [20] a mechanism by which bacteria alter their gene expression in response to the population density.
Acidobacteriota is a phylum of Gram-negative bacteria. Its members are physiologically diverse and ubiquitous, especially in soils, but are under-represented in culture.
Delftia is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria that was first isolated from soil in Delft, Netherlands. The species is named after both the city, and in honor of pioneering research in the field of bacteriology that occurred in Delft. Cells in the genus Delftia are rod shaped and straight or slightly curved. Cells occur singly or in pairs, are 0.4–0.8ɥM wide and 2.5–4.1 μm long. Delftia soecies are motile by flagella, nonsporulating, and chemo-organotrophic.
Collimonas is a genus of bacteria in the family Oxalobacteraceae. Culturable representatives of this genus have the ability to lyse chitin, to use fungal hyphae as a source of food, to produce antifungal molecules and to be effective at weathering.
Desulfosporosinus is a genus of strictly anaerobic, sulfate-reducing bacteria, often found in soil.
Chitinimonas is a genus of Gram-negative, chitinolytic, rod-shaped bacteria which have flagella from the family of Burkholderiaceae which belongs to the class Betaproteobacteria. All species of Chitinimonas have been found in regions of Asia. Species of this genus are found to be both aerobic and anaerobic. Chitinimonas is optimally grown and cultured at 25 °C to 37 °C, with very little concentrations of NaCl.
Massilia putida is a Gram-negative and motile bacterium from the genus Massilia with a single polar flagellum, which has been isolated from a wolfram mine in Dayu County in the Jiangxi Province in China. Massilia putida has the ability to produce dimethyl disulfide.
Azospirillum is a Gram-negative, microaerophilic, non-fermentative and nitrogen-fixing bacterial genus from the family of Rhodospirillaceae. Azospirillum bacteria can promote plant growth.
Paraburkholderia is a genus of Pseudomonadota that are gram negative, slightly curved rods that are motile by means of flagella. They have been reported to colonize endophytic tissues of hybrid spruce and lodgepole pine with a strong potential to perform biological nitrogen fixation and plant growth promotion. Unlike Burkholderia species, Paraburkholderia members are not commonly associated with human infection. Paraburkholderia members form a monophyletic clade within the Burkholderiaceae family, which is what prompted their distinction as a genus independent from Burkholderia species, in combination with the finding of robust conserved signature indels which are unique to Paraburkholderia species, and are lacking in members of the genus Burkholderia. These CSIs distinguish the genus from all other bacteria. Additionally, the CSIs that were found to be shared by Burkholderia species are absent in Paraburkholderia, providing evidence of separate lineages.
Acidipila is a bacterial genus from the family of Acidobacteriaceae. All reported examples have been isolated from acidic substrates and are capable of growth on sugars
Olivibacter is a genus from the family of Sphingobacteriaceae.
Geobacter daltonii is a Gram-negative, Fe(III)- and Uranium(IV)-reducing and non-spore-forming bacterium from the genus of Geobacter. It was isolated from sediments from the Oak Ridge Field Research Center in Oak Ridge, Tennessee in the United States. The specific epithet "daltonii" was refers to Dava Dalton, who performed the initial isolation of the strain, but passed away shortly thereafter.
Mangrovibacter is a genus in the order Enterobacterales. Members of the genus are Gram-stain-negative, facultatively anaerobic, nitrogen-fixing, and rod shaped. The name Mangrovibacter derives from:
Neo-Latin noun mangrovum, mangrove; Neo-Latin masculine gender noun, a rod; bacter, nominally meaning "a rod", but in effect meaning a bacterium, rod; Neo-Latin masculine gender noun Mangrovibacter, mangrove rod.
Aestuariicella is a rod-shaped, Gram-negative, and strictly aerobic genus of bacteria from the order Alteromonadales with one known species. Aestuariicella hydrocarbonica was first isolated in 2015 from oil spill contaminated tidal flat sediments from the Dangjin bay in Korea. Due to the recent nature of its discovery, its taxonomic classification has not yet been accepted. Future research into its evolutionary history and genome may change the naming of this organism.
Ann Patricia Wood is a retired British biochemist and bacteriologist who specialized in the ecology, taxonomy and physiology of sulfur-oxidizing chemolithoautotrophic bacteria and how methylotrophic bacteria play a role in the degradation of odour causing compounds in the human mouth, vagina and skin. The bacterial genus Annwoodia was named to honor her contributions to microbial research in 2017.
Cytophagales is an order of non-spore forming, rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacteria that move through a gliding or flexing motion. These chemoorganotrophs are important remineralizers of organic materials into micronutrients. They are widely dispersed in the environment, found in ecosystems including soil, freshwater, seawater and sea ice. Cytophagales is included in the Bacteroidota phylum.
Alkalihalobacillus is a genus of gram-positive or gram-variable rod-shaped bacteria in the family Bacillaceae from the order Bacillales. The type species of this genus is Alkalihalobacillus alcalophilus.
Bacillus albus is a gram positive, rod shaped species of bacteria. S.I. Paul et al. (2021) isolated and characterized Bacillus albus from marine sponge of the Saint Martin's Island of the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh. Type strain of Bacillus albus sp. nov. is N35-10-2T
Oceanobacillus pacificus is a gram positive, rod shaped, halophilic bacteria of the family Bacillaceae. Oceanobacillus pacificus species was isolated from deep-sea sediment core of the South Pacific Gyre and from marine sponge of Saint Martin's island of the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh. The type strain is XH204T.
Paraburkholderia elongata is a Gram-negative bacterium belonging to the genus Paraburkholderia. The type strain is P. elongata 5NT, which was isolated from the Arnot research forest, near Van Etten, New York, using agar medium supplemented with soil-extracted, solubilized organic matter. The same isolation effort and methodology led to the isolation of P. solitsugae 1NT. P. elongata was named after its tendency to form elongated, filamentous cells when grown in concentrated growth media. Phosphate concentration was found to regulate the conditional filamentation of P. elongata, resulting from the accumulation of intracellular polyphosphate.
Paraburkholderia solitsugae is a Gram-negative bacterium belonging to the genus Paraburkholderia. The type strain, P. solitsugae 1NT, was isolated from the Arnot research forest at the same time as Paraburkholderia elongata, using agar medium supplemented with soil-extracted, solubilized organic matter. P. solitsugae was named after the 'soil of hemlock trees' from which it was isolated. According to the aforementioned studies, P. solitsugae is a fast-growing, metabolically-versatile bacteria and possesses the capability to degrade aromatic acids.