Melo language

Last updated
Melo
Native to Ethiopia
Region Gamo Gofa Zone
Native speakers
(20,000 cited 1994 census) [1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3 mfx
Glottolog melo1242
ELP Malo

Melo (also known as Malo) is an Afro-Asiatic language spoken in the Gamo Gofa Zone of the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region in Ethiopia. [1]

Contents

Case

There are eight cases in Malo[ clarification needed ].

  1. Nominative
  2. Accusative
  3. Dative
  4. Genitive
  5. Instrumental
  6. Commutative
  7. Ablative

Nominative case

Nominative case has <i> and <a> for masculine and feminine markers respectively.

However, if there is a vowel at the end of the noun, the masculine came marker<i> will change to <y>.

Examples,

Nominative NounNominative Case MarkerVerbPerfectAffirmative

Marker

dura-ygup-e-z
sheepjumped
The sheep jumped.
Nominative NounNominative Case MarkerVerbPerfectAffirmative

Marker

gemata-yye?-e-z
oxcame
The ox came.

Nominative feminine case takes the marker <a> with definite marker <t>.

Examples,

Nominative NounDefinite MarkerNominative Case MarkerVerbPerfectAffirmative

Marker

kapa-t-apri-e-z
birdfly
The bird fly

Proper nouns also take the nominative case marker <i> and <a>.

Examples,

Proper NounNominative Case MarkerVerbPerfectAffirmative

Marker

Dayda-ymiiz-e-z
Dayda(Name)laughed
Dayda laughed

Accusative case

The marker <-a> is for masculine nouns.

Example,

Nominative NounNominative Case MarkerAccusative NounAccusative Case Marker MasculineVerbPerfectAffirmative Marker
as-igamata-a?ad-e-z
manoxhit
The man hit the ox.

The maker <-o> is for feminine nouns. It is attached to the definite marker ‘t’.

Example,

Nominative NounNominative

Case Marker

Accusative NounDefinitive MarkerAccusative

Feminine Marker

VerbPerfectAffirmative marker
gadara-ymaha-t-obe?ez
Hyenatigersaw
The hyena saw the tiger.

*Proper nouns are not inflected for the accusative case marker.

Similarities Between Nominative and Accusative

Masculine Nominative and Accusative Case Markers stay the same for the plural nouns which are <i> and <a> respectively.

Nominative and Accusative Case Marker is always to be definite. Indefinite nouns do not take Nominative and Accusative Case.

Dative case

Dative Case Markers are <s> and <as>.

Examples,

NominativeNominative Case MarkerAccusative NounAccusative Cace MarkerDative NounDative Case MarkerVerbPresent PerfetAffirmative case marker
tan-igamata-aBa?uno-s?ing-e-z
IoxBa?unogave
I gave the ox to Ba?uno.

Genitive case

Genitive Case uses two different ways to express.

1.      Possessive Pronoun before Possessed Noun.

2.      Third person possessive pronoun marker ‘pa’

1.      Possessive pronoun:

Possessive PronounsGlossPossessed NounaGloss
tamyta-ketsmy house
nuournu-ketsour house
neyournu-ketsyour house 2nd mas/fem
yiyouryi-ketsyour house 2nd
ehise-ketshis house
iheri-ketsher house
utheiru-ketstheir house

Examples,

Deka afila – Deka’s cloth

Ta afila – my cloth

E afila – his cloth

2.      Here ‘pa’ refers to ownership. In third person possessive pronouns are replaced with pa.

ehise-ketshis house
iheri-ketsher house
utheiru-ketstheir house

Examples,

Nominative Noun (As Pronoun)Nominative Case MarkerAdding ‘pa’Possessed NounDefinitive MarkerAccusative MarkerVerbPerfectiveAffirmative
i-apainda-t-okad-e-z
sheher motherloved
She loved her mother

iz-a pa inda-t-o kad-e-z – She loved her mother.

Instrumental case

Instrumental case markers are <r> and <ar>.

Examples,

Nominal NounNominal Case MarkerPronoun (As Accusative Case)Accusative MarkerInstrumental NounInstrumental Case MarkerVerbPerfectiveAffirmative
na?-yez-asucc-ar?ad-e-z
childhestonehit
The child hit him with a stone.
asa-ygamma-akawe-rwood-e-z
manliongunkilled
The man killed the lion with a gun.

Commutative case

Commutative case markers are <r> and -<ar> with ‘wola’.

Here, the word ‘wola’ means together.

Examples,

Nominative NounGenitive /Nominative Case MarkerCommutative NounCommutative Case MarkerWolaVerbPerfectiveAffirmative
izapaazin-arwolawoy-e-z
shehis husbandtogetherslept
She slept with her husband together.
nuise-rwolam-e-z
brothertogetherate
We ate with our brother together.

Ablative case

Ablative case markers are <p> and <ap>.

It depicts the place of departure and a source the noun comes from.

Examples,

Nominative NounDefinitive MarkerNominative Case MarkerAblative CaseAblative Case MarkerVerbPerfectiveAffirmative
kassa-yawasa-pye?-e-z
Kassafrom Awasacame
Kassa came from Awasa.
dees-t-adere-pye-e-z
goatfrom mountaincame
The goat came from the mounta

Notes

  1. 1 2 Melo at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed Access logo transparent.svg