Methyl violet

Last updated

Methyl violet is a family of organic compounds that are mainly used as dyes. Depending on the number of attached methyl groups, the color of the dye can be altered. Its main use is as a purple dye for textiles and to give deep violet colors in paint and ink. It is also used as a hydration indicator for silica gel. Methyl violet 10B is also known as crystal violet (and many other names) and has medical uses. [1]

Contents

Structure

The term methyl violet encompasses three compounds that differ in the number of methyl groups attached to the amine functional group. Methyl violets are mixtures of tetramethyl (2B), pentamethyl (6B) and hexamethyl (10B) pararosanilins. [2]

They are all soluble in water, ethanol, diethylene glycol and dipropylene glycol.

Name Methyl violet 2B Methyl violet 6B Methyl violet 10B (Crystal violet)
Structure
Methyl Violet 2B.svg
Methyl Violet 6B.svg
Methyl violet 10B Kristallviolett.svg
Methyl violet 10B
Formula (salt)C23H26ClN3C24H28ClN3C25H30ClN3
CAS no 84215-49-68004-87-3548-62-9
C.I. 425364253542555
ChemSpider ID 21164086 170606 10588
PubChem ID 91997555 164877 11057
Formula (cation)C23H26N3+C24H28N3+C25H30N3+
ChemSpider ID 2006225 3349, 9080056, 10354393
PubChem ID 2724053 3468

Methyl violet 2B

Methyl violet 2B (IUPAC name: '4,4'-((4-Iminocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methylene)bis(N,N-dimethylaniline) monohydrochloride) is a green powder which is soluble in water and ethanol but not in xylene. It appears yellow in solution of low pH (~0.15) and changes to violet with pH increasing toward 3.2. [3]

Methyl violet 10B

Methyl violet 10B has six methyl groups. It is known in medicine as Gentian violet (or crystal violet or pyoctanin(e) [1] ) and is the active ingredient in a Gram stain, used to classify bacteria. It is used as a pH indicator, with a range between 0 and 1.6. The protonated form (found in acidic conditions) is yellow, turning blue-violet above pH levels of 1.6. [4]

Methyl violet 10B inhibits the growth of many Gram positive bacteria, except streptococci.[ citation needed ] When used in conjunction with nalidixic acid (which destroys gram-negative bacteria), it can be used to isolate the streptococci bacteria for the diagnosis of an infection.[ citation needed ]

Degradation

Methyl violet is a mutagen and mitotic poison, therefore concerns exist regarding the ecological impact of the release of methyl violet into the environment. Methyl violet has been used in vast quantities for textile and paper dyeing, and 15% of such dyes produced worldwide are released to environment in wastewater. Numerous methods have been developed to treat methyl violet pollution. The three most prominent are chemical bleaching, biodegradation, and photodegradation.

Chemical bleaching

Chemical bleaching is achieved by oxidation or reduction. Oxidation can destroy the dye completely, e.g. through the use of sodium hypochlorite (NaClO, common bleach) or hydrogen peroxide. [5] [6] Reduction of methyl violet occurs in microorganisms but can be attained chemically using sodium dithionite.

Biodegradation

Biodegradation has been well investigated because of its relevance to sewage plants with specialized microorganisms. Two microorganisms that have been studied in depth are the white rot fungus and the bacterium Nocardia Corallina . [7] [8]

Photodegradation

Light alone does not rapidly degrade methyl violet, [9] but the process is accelerated upon the addition of large band-gap semiconductors, TiO2 or ZnO. [10] [11]

Other methods

Many other methods have been developed to treat the contamination of dyes in a solution, including electrochemical degradation, [12] ion exchange, [13] laser degradation, and absorption onto various solids such as activated charcoal.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Biodegradation</span> Decomposition by living organisms

Biodegradation is the breakdown of organic matter by microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi. It is generally assumed to be a natural process, which differentiates it from composting. Composting is a human-driven process in which biodegradation occurs under a specific set of circumstances.

A xenobiotic is a chemical substance found within an organism that is not naturally produced or expected to be present within the organism. It can also cover substances that are present in much higher concentrations than are usual. Natural compounds can also become xenobiotics if they are taken up by another organism, such as the uptake of natural human hormones by fish found downstream of sewage treatment plant outfalls, or the chemical defenses produced by some organisms as protection against predators. The term "xenobiotic" is also used to refer to organs transplanted from one species to another.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bioremediation</span> Process used to treat contaminated media such as water and soil

Bioremediation broadly refers to any process wherein a biological system, living or dead, is employed for removing environmental pollutants from air, water, soil, flue gasses, industrial effluents etc., in natural or artificial settings. The natural ability of organisms to adsorb, accumulate, and degrade common and emerging pollutants has attracted the use of biological resources in treatment of contaminated environment. In comparison to conventional physicochemical treatment methods bioremediation may offer advantages as it aims to be sustainable, eco-friendly, cheap, and scalable.

Biological augmentation is the addition of archaea or bacterial cultures required to speed up the rate of degradation of a contaminant. Organisms that originate from contaminated areas may already be able to break down waste, but perhaps inefficiently and slowly.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">MCPA</span> Organic compound used as an herbicide

MCPA is a widely used phenoxy herbicide introduced in 1945. It selectively controls broad-leaf weeds in pasture and cereal crops. The mode of action of MCPA is as an auxin, which are growth hormones that naturally exist in plants.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Crystal violet</span> Triarylmethane dye used as a histological stain and in Grams method of classifying bacteria

Crystal violet or gentian violet, also known as methyl violet 10B or hexamethyl pararosaniline chloride, is a triarylmethane dye used as a histological stain and in Gram's method of classifying bacteria. Crystal violet has antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic (vermicide) properties and was formerly important as a topical antiseptic. The medical use of the dye has been largely superseded by more modern drugs, although it is still listed by the World Health Organization.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Photocatalysis</span> Acceleration of a photoreaction in the presence of a catalyst

In chemistry, photocatalysis is the acceleration of a photoreaction in the presence of a photocatalyst, the excited state of which "repeatedly interacts with the reaction partners forming reaction intermediates and regenerates itself after each cycle of such interactions." In many cases, the catalyst is a solid that upon irradiation with UV- or visible light generates electron–hole pairs that generate free radicals. Photocatalysts belong to three main groups; heterogeneous, homogeneous, and plasmonic antenna-reactor catalysts. The use of each catalysts depends on the preferred application and required catalysis reaction.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mycoremediation</span> Process of using fungi to degrade or sequester contaminants in the environment

Mycoremediation is a form of bioremediation in which fungi-based remediation methods are used to decontaminate the environment. Fungi have been proven to be a cheap, effective and environmentally sound way for removing a wide array of contaminants from damaged environments or wastewater. These contaminants include heavy metals, organic pollutants, textile dyes, leather tanning chemicals and wastewater, petroleum fuels, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pharmaceuticals and personal care products, pesticides and herbicides in land, fresh water, and marine environments.

Cometabolism is defined as the simultaneous degradation of two compounds, in which the degradation of the second compound depends on the presence of the first compound. This is in contrast to simultaneous catabolism, where each substrate is catabolized concomitantly by different enzymes. Cometabolism occurs when an enzyme produced by an organism to catalyze the degradation of its growth-substrate to derive energy and carbon from it is also capable of degrading additional compounds. The fortuitous degradation of these additional compounds does not support the growth of the bacteria, and some of these compounds can even be toxic in certain concentrations to the bacteria.

Silver molybdate (Ag2MoO4), a chemical compound, is a yellow, cubic crystalline substance often used in glass. Its crystals present two types of electronic structure, depending on the pressure conditions to which the crystal is subjected. At room temperature, Ag2MoO4 exhibits a spinel-type cubic structure, known as β-Ag2MoO4, which is more stable in nature. However, when exposed to high hydrostatic pressure, the tetragonal α-Ag2MoO4 forms as a metastable phase.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sulfacetamide</span> Sulfonamide antibiotic

Sulfacetamide is a sulfonamide antibiotic.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2,6-Lutidine</span> Chemical compound

2,6-Lutidine is a natural heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the formula (CH3)2C5H3N. It is one of several dimethyl-substituted derivative of pyridine, all of which are referred to as lutidines. It is a colorless liquid with mildly basic properties and a pungent, noxious odor.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Diethyl phthalate</span> Chemical compound

Diethyl phthalate (DEP) is a phthalate ester. It occurs as a colourless liquid without significant odour but has a bitter, disagreeable taste. It is more dense than water and insoluble in water; hence, it sinks in water.

Biodegradable additives are additives that enhance the biodegradation of polymers by allowing microorganisms to utilize the carbon within the polymer chain as a source of energy. Biodegradable additives attract microorganisms to the polymer through quorum sensing after biofilm creation on the plastic product. Additives are generally in masterbatch formation that use carrier resins such as polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS) or polyethylene terephthalate (PET).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Plastisphere</span> Plastic debris suspended in water and organisms which live in it

The plastisphere consists of ecosystems that have evolved to live in human-made plastic environments. All plastic accumulated in marine ecosystems serves as a habitat for various types of microorganisms, with the most notable contaminant being microplastics. There are an estimate of about 51 trillion microplastics floating in the oceans. Relating to the plastisphere, over 1,000 different species of microbes are able to inhabit just one of these 5mm pieces of plastic.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Industrial dye degradation</span>

Industrial dye degradation is any of a number of processed by which dyes are broken down, ideally into innocuous products. Many dyes, specifically in the textile industry such as methylene blue or methyl red, are released into ecosystems through water waste. Many of these dyes can be carcinogenic. In paper recycling dyes can be removed from fibres during a deinking stage prior to degradation.

Gordonia sp. nov. Q8 is a bacterium in the phylum of Actinomycetota. It was discovered in 2017 as one of eighteen new species isolated from the Jiangsu Wei5 oilfield in East China with the potential for bioremediation. Strain Q8 is rod-shaped and gram-positive with dimensions 1.0–4.0 μm × 0.5–1.2 μm and an optimal growth temperature of 40 °C. Phylogenetically, it is most closely related to Gordonia paraffinivorans and Gordonia alkaliphila, both of which are known bioremediators. Q8 was assigned as a novel species based on a <70% ratio of DNA homology with other Gordonia bacteria.

Hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria are a heterogeneous group of prokaryotes which can degrade and utilize hydrocarbon compounds as source of carbon and energy. Despite being present in most of environments around the world, several of these specialized bacteria live in the sea and have been isolated from polluted seawater.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Methyl violet 6B</span> Chemical compound

Methyl violet 6B is a violet triarylmethane dye from the group of cationic dyes and an essential component of C.I. Basic Violet 1. The compound is sometimes equated with methyl violet in the literature.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Methyl violet 2B</span> Chemical compound

Methyl violet 2B is a violet triarylmethane dye from the group of cationic dyes and an essential component of C.I. Basic Violet 1. Methyl violets are mixtures of tetramethyl (2B), pentamethyl (6B) and hexamethyl (10B) pararosanilins.

References

  1. 1 2 Gorgas, Ferdinand J. S. (1901). "Pyoctanin – Methyl-Violet – Pyoctanine". chestofbooks.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-08. Retrieved 2011-03-15.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  2. C. Bouasla, M. E. H. Samar, F, Ismail: Degradation of methyl violet 6B dye by the Fenton process. In: Desalination. 254.1–3, 2010, S. 35–41, doi:10.1016/j.desal.2009.12.017.
  3. R. W. Sabnis (29 March 2010). Handbook of Biological Dyes and Stains: Synthesis and Industrial Applications. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 309–. ISBN   978-0-470-40753-0 . Retrieved 27 June 2011.
  4. Kristallviolett – ein pH-Indikator Archived June 9, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  5. Pizzolato, T (2002). "Colour removal with NaClO of dye wastewater from an agate-processing plant in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil". International Journal of Mineral Processing. 65 (3–4): 203–211. Bibcode:2002IJMP...65..203P. doi:10.1016/S0301-7516(01)00082-5.
  6. XP-Chloro Degradation Malachite green U.S. patent 2,755,202
  7. Bumpus, JA; Brock, BJ (1988). "Biodegradation of crystal violet by the white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 54 (5): 1143–50. Bibcode:1988ApEnM..54.1143B. doi:10.1128/AEM.54.5.1143-1150.1988. PMC   202618 . PMID   3389809.
  8. Yatome, Chizuko; Yamada, Shigeyuki; Ogawa, Toshihiko; Matsui, Masaki (1993). "Degradation of Crystal violet by Nocardia corallina". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 38 (4). doi:10.1007/BF00242956. S2CID   43686541.
  9. Bhasikuttan, A; Sapre, A.V.; Shastri, L.V. (1995). "Oxidation of crystal violet and malachite green in aqueous solutions — a kinetic spectrophotometric study". Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry. 90 (2–3): 177–182. Bibcode:2018JPPA..364...59D. doi:10.1016/1010-6030(95)04094-V.
  10. Senthilkumaar, S; Porkodi, K (2005). "Heterogeneous photocatalytic decomposition of Crystal Violet in UV-illuminated sol-gel derived nanocrystalline TiO2 suspensions". Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 288 (1): 184–9. Bibcode:2005JCIS..288..184S. doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2005.02.066. PMID   15927578.
  11. Sahoo, C; Gupta, A; Pal, A (2005). "Photocatalytic degradation of Crystal Violet (C.I. Basic Violet 3) on silver ion doped TiO". Dyes and Pigments. 66 (3): 189–196. doi:10.1016/j.dyepig.2004.09.003.
  12. Sanroman, M; Pazos, M; Ricart, M; Cameselle, C (2004). "Electrochemical decolourisation of structurally different dyes". Chemosphere. 57 (3): 233–9. Bibcode:2004Chmsp..57..233S. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.06.019. PMID   15312740.
  13. Wu, J; Liu, C; Chu, K; Suen, S (2008). "Removal of cationic dye methyl violet 2B from water by cation exchange membranes". Journal of Membrane Science. 309 (1–2): 239–245. doi:10.1016/j.memsci.2007.10.035.