Michael Bay filmography

Last updated
Bay on the set of his film Transformers in 2006 Michael.bay.png
Bay on the set of his film Transformers in 2006

American director and producer Michael Bay started his career directing music videos and commercials. This included a commercial for the American Red Cross in 1992 which received a Clio Award, and music videos for Donny Osmond, Styx and Meat Loaf. Jerry Bruckheimer recognizing his achievements on commercials offered the chance to direct one of his productions as Bay's feature film debut. [1] Bay did so with Bruckheimer's action comedy Bad Boys starring Will Smith, and Martin Lawrence. In the same year he also received a Directors Guild of America Award for his work on commercials. [2] Bay followed this with action film The Rock starring Sean Connery, and Nicolas Cage. The film was a commercial success grossing over $335 million at the worldwide box office. [3] In 1998, he directed, and produced the science fiction disaster film Armageddon which was the highest-grossing film of the year, [4] and Bay received the Saturn Award for Best Director. [5] After the success of Armageddon he also became the youngest director to gross $1 billion at the worldwide box office. [6] [7]

Contents

Three years later he directed and produced the war film Pearl Harbor (2001) which was negatively received by critics [8] but grossed over $449 million at the box office. [9] Later in the same year, Bay founded his own production company Platinum Dunes with Brad Fuller, and Andrew Form. [10] In 2003, Bay directed the action comedy sequel Bad Boys II which saw Smith and Lawrence reprise their roles. [11] Two years later he directed science fiction action film The Island (2005), and produced the horror remake The Amityville Horror (2005). [12]

In 2007, Bay directed, and produced the first film in the live-action Transformers film series based on the toy line of the same name. It was a commercial success grossing over $709 million at the box office. [13] He followed this by directing its sequel Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen (2009). The film drew negative reception from critics [14] but grossed over $836 million at the box office. [15] The third instalment in the series Transformers: Dark of the Moon (2011) became the first of his films to gross over $1 billion at the box office. [16] Two years later Bay directed and produced crime comedy Pain & Gain (2013). From 2014-2017 he executive produced the popular pirate series Black Sails for STARZ which purported to be a prequel to Robert Louis Stevenson’s Treasure Island. In 2014, he directed, and produced a fourth Transformer film, Transformers: Age of Extinction , which grossed over $1 billion at the box office, and was the highest-grossing film at the worldwide box office that year. [17] Three years later, he directed the fifth entry in the Transformers film series, Transformers: The Last Knight which received generally negative reviews from critics and was the lowest-grossing worldwide in the franchise's history. [18] [19]

Film

Key
Denotes films that have not yet been released

Director

YearTitleCredited asRef(s)
DirectorProducer
1995 Bad Boys YesNo [20]
1996 The Rock YesNo [20]
1998 Armageddon YesYes [21]
2001 Pearl Harbor YesYes [22]
2003 Bad Boys II YesNo [20] [23]
2005 The Island YesYes [24]
2007 Transformers YesExecutive [24]
2009 Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen YesExecutive [24]
2011 Transformers: Dark of the Moon YesExecutive [24]
2013 Pain & Gain YesYes [25]
2014 Transformers: Age of Extinction YesExecutive [24]
2016 13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi YesYes [26]
2017 Transformers: The Last Knight YesExecutive [27]
2019 6 Underground YesYes [28]
2022 Ambulance YesYes [29]

Producer

YearTitleDirectorRef(s)
2003 The Texas Chainsaw Massacre Marcus Nispel [24]
2005 The Amityville Horror Andrew Douglas [24]
2006 The Texas Chainsaw Massacre: The Beginning Jonathan Liebesman [24]
2007 The Hitcher Dave Meyers [30]
2009 The Unborn David S. Goyer [31]
Friday the 13th Marcus Nispel [32]
Horsemen Jonas Åkerlund [33]
2010 A Nightmare on Elm Street Samuel Bayer [24]
2011 I Am Number Four D. J. Caruso [34]
2013 The Purge James DeMonaco [35]
2014 The Purge: Anarchy [36]
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Jonathan Liebesman [37]
Ouija Stiles White [38]
2015 Project Almanac Dean Israelite [39]
2016 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows Dave Green [40]
The Purge: Election Year James DeMonaco [41]
Ouija: Origin of Evil Mike Flanagan [42]
2018 A Quiet Place John Krasinski [43]
The First Purge Gerard McMurray [44]
Bumblebee Travis Knight [45]
2020 Songbird Adam Mason [46]
2021 A Quiet Place Part II John Krasinski [47]
The Forever Purge Everardo Gout [48]
2023 Transformers: Rise of the Beasts Steven Caple Jr. [49]
2024 A Quiet Place: Day One Michael Sarnoski [50]
Transformers One Josh Cooley [51]
Apartment 7A Natalie Erika James [52]
2025 Drop Christopher Landon [53]

Actor

YearTitleRoleRef(s)
1998 Armageddon NASA extra [54]
1999 Mystery Men Frat Boy [55]
2000 Coyote Ugly Photographer [56]
2001 Double Down Extra [57]
2003 Bad Boys II Crappy Car Driver [23]
2020 Bad Boys for Life Wedding MC [58]
2024 Bad Boys: Ride or Die Porsche Driver [59]

Other

YearTitleRoleRef(s)
2020 Songbird Director of action sequences [60]

Television

Executive producer

YearTitleNetworkNotesRef(s)
2014–2017 Black Sails Starz [61] [62]
2014–2018 The Last Ship TNT [61] [62]
2016 Billion Dollar Wreck History [63]
2018–2023 Jack Ryan Amazon Video [64] [65]
2018–2019 The Purge USA Network [66] [67]
2024Born Evil: The Serial Killer and the Savior Investigation Discovery Also directed all 5 episodes [68]

Actor

YearTitleRoleNetworkNotesRef(s)
1986 Miami Vice Goon #3 NBC Episode "Free Verse" [57]
Vengeance: The Story of Tony CimoSLED agent CBS Television film [69]
2013 The Neighbors Himself ABC Episode "Mother Clubbers" [70]
2022Victoria's Secret: Angels and Demons Hulu Episode "Part Two: The Secret Friend";
Documentary series
[71]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Michael Bay</span> American filmmaker (born 1965)

Michael Benjamin Bay is an American film director and producer. He is best known for making big-budget high-concept action films with fast cutting, stylistic cinematography and visuals, and extensive use of special effects, including frequent depictions of explosions. The films he has directed include Bad Boys (1995) and its sequel Bad Boys II (2003), The Rock (1996), Armageddon (1998), Pearl Harbor (2001), the first five films in the Transformers film series, 13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi (2016), 6 Underground (2019), and Ambulance (2022). His films have grossed over US$7.8 billion worldwide, making him one of the most commercially successful directors in history.

Nickelodeon Movies Inc. is an American film production company based in Los Angeles, California and owned by Paramount Global. Originally founded in 1995, it serves as both the film production arm of the American children's network Nickelodeon and the family film distribution label of Paramount Pictures, operating under its Paramount Players division.

Transformers is a series of science fiction action films based on the Transformers franchise. Michael Bay directed the first five live action films: Transformers (2007), Revenge of the Fallen (2009), Dark of the Moon (2011), Age of Extinction (2014), and The Last Knight (2017), and has served as a producer for subsequent films. A sixth film Bumblebee, directed by Travis Knight, was released in 2018, while a seventh film, Rise of the Beasts, directed by Steven Caple Jr. was released in 2023.

<i>Transformers: Dark of the Moon</i> 2011 film by Michael Bay

Transformers: Dark of the Moon is a 2011 American science fiction action film based on Hasbro's Transformers toy line. The film is the third installment in the Transformers film series and the sequel to Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen (2009). The film is directed by Michael Bay and written by Ehren Kruger. It stars Shia LaBeouf, Josh Duhamel, John Turturro, Tyrese Gibson, Rosie Huntington-Whiteley, Patrick Dempsey, Kevin Dunn, Julie White, John Malkovich, and Frances McDormand. Optimus Prime, Bumblebee, and Sam Witwicky must lead the Autobots against Megatron and the Decepticons as they battle to possess powerful technology abandoned on the Moon, in order to restore Cybertron.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brad Fuller (producer)</span> American film producer

Bradley Fuller is an American film and television producer. He co-owns Platinum Dunes, partnering with both Michael Bay and Andrew Form.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Allspark</span> American production and distribution company

Allspark, formerly known as Hasbro Studios, LLC, was an American production and distribution company owned by toy and multimedia company Hasbro and based in Burbank, California that was in operation from 2009 to 2019. Originally just a television division, many of its shows were based on Hasbro properties and were broadcast on multiple media platforms, including Hasbro's joint venture Discovery Family.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Paramount Animation</span> Animated media production division of Paramount Pictures

Paramount Animation is an American animation studio, serving as the animation division and label of Paramount Pictures, a subsidiary of Paramount Global. The division was founded on July 6, 2011, following the box office success of Paramount's own Rango and the end of their distribution deal with DreamWorks Animation in 2012.

<i>Transformers: Age of Extinction</i> 2014 film by Michael Bay

Transformers: Age of Extinction is a 2014 American science fiction action film based on Hasbro's Transformers toy line. It is the sequel to Transformers: Dark of the Moon (2011) and the fourth installment in the Transformers film series. Like its predecessor, the film is directed by Michael Bay and written by Ehren Kruger. It stars Mark Wahlberg and Stanley Tucci, with supporting roles done by Kelsey Grammer, Nicola Peltz, Jack Reynor, Sophia Myles, Bingbing Li, Titus Welliver, and T.J. Miller. It does not feature the original human cast from the previous three films, and instead introduces a new human cast and many new Transformers, including the Dinobots. A struggling inventor and single-father discovers a damaged truck, which turns out to be a Transformer in disguise.

<i>Dawn of the Planet of the Apes</i> 2014 American film by Matt Reeves

Dawn of the Planet of the Apes is a 2014 American science fiction action film directed by Matt Reeves and written by Mark Bomback and the writing team of Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver. The sequel to Rise of the Planet of the Apes (2011), it is the second installment in the Planet of the Apes reboot film series and the eighth film overall. It stars Andy Serkis as Caesar, alongside Jason Clarke, Gary Oldman, Keri Russell, Toby Kebbell, and Kodi Smit-McPhee. The film takes place 10 years after the events of Rise and follows a group of human survivors as they battle to stay alive in the wake of a deadly pandemic, while Caesar tries to maintain control over his expanding ape community which could lead to an all-out war between apes and humans.

<i>The Purge: Election Year</i> 2016 film directed by James DeMonaco

The Purge: Election Year is a 2016 American dystopian political action horror film written and directed by James DeMonaco and starring Frank Grillo, Elizabeth Mitchell, and Mykelti Williamson. It is the sequel to The Purge: Anarchy and is the third installment in the Purge franchise. Jason Blum and Michael Bay are among the film's producers.

<i>Transformers: The Last Knight</i> 2017 film by Michael Bay

Transformers: The Last Knight is a 2017 science fiction action film based on Hasbro's Transformers toy line. It is the sequel to Transformers: Age of Extinction (2014) and the fifth installment in the Transformers film series. The film is directed by Michael Bay from a screenplay by Art Marcum, Matt Holloway, and Ken Nolan. It stars Mark Wahlberg reprising his role from Age of Extinction, while Josh Duhamel reprises his role from the first three films, and Stanley Tucci and Anthony Hopkins join the cast. Inventor Cade Yeager is gifted a Talisman by a dying Transformer knight, and is soon recruited by an eccentric British professor to save the world from the impending threat of Unicron.

References

  1. Heuring, David (June 28, 2011). "Bay tuned into tuners". Variety . Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved April 3, 2015.
  2. "Honoring Outstanding Directorial Achievement for 1994". Directors Guild of America. Archived from the original on February 4, 2015. Retrieved April 11, 2015.
  3. "The Rock (1996)". Box Office Mojo. Amazon.com. Archived from the original on April 7, 2019. Retrieved April 11, 2015.
  4. "1998 Worldwide Grosses". Box Office Mojo. Amazon.com. Archived from the original on April 4, 2015. Retrieved April 11, 2015.
  5. Chang, Kay (June 15, 1999). "Sci-fi acad sends pix into orbit with Saturns". Variety . Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved April 13, 2015.
  6. Laskas, Jeanne Marie (April 26, 2013). "Bay". Esquire . Archived from the original on April 16, 2015. Retrieved April 7, 2015.
  7. Higgins, Bill (June 19, 2014). "Michael Bay Scored With 'Pearl Harbor' in 2001". The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 18, 2015. Retrieved April 11, 2015.
  8. "US critics take aim at Pearl Harbor". BBC News. May 25, 2001. Retrieved April 7, 2015.
  9. "Pearl Harbor (2001)". Box Office Mojo. Amazon.com. Archived from the original on October 6, 2018. Retrieved April 7, 2015.
  10. Harris, Dana (March 3, 2002). "O'seas distribs rev up 'Chainsaw' redo". Variety . Archived from the original on December 27, 2014. Retrieved April 13, 2015.
  11. Gettell, Oliver (August 14, 2014). "'Bad Boys 3': 'It's real,' says Martin Lawrence". Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on June 12, 2015. Retrieved April 13, 2015.
  12. Arendt, Paul (April 14, 2005). "The Amityville Horror (2005)". BBC News. Archived from the original on September 25, 2015. Retrieved April 1, 2015.
  13. "Transformers (2007)". Box Office Mojo. Amazon.com. Archived from the original on February 1, 2009. Retrieved April 13, 2015.
  14. Ebert, Roger (June 23, 2009). "Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen". Roger Ebert. Archived from the original on April 9, 2015. Retrieved April 12, 2015.
  15. "Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen". Box Office Mojo. Amazon.com. Archived from the original on October 30, 2018. Retrieved April 13, 2015.
  16. "Michael Bay Movie Box Office Results". Box Office Mojo. Amazon.com. Archived from the original on April 6, 2015. Retrieved April 12, 2015.
  17. "2014 Worldwide Grosses". Box Office Mojo. Amazon.com. Archived from the original on September 14, 2017. Retrieved April 7, 2015.
  18. Stolworthy, Jacob (21 June 2017). "Transformers 5: Reviews round-up as The Last Knight hits cinemas". The Independent. Archived from the original on 12 December 2017. Retrieved 9 December 2017.
  19. "Transformers Movies at the Box Office". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on July 7, 2012. Retrieved October 24, 2017.
  20. 1 2 3 Collin, Robbie (July 9, 2014). "Why Michael Bay is the most important director in Hollywood". The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on April 15, 2015. Retrieved April 7, 2015.
  21. "Armageddon (1998)". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times . 2016. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved April 7, 2015.
  22. "Pearl Harbor (2001)". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times . 2014. Archived from the original on December 26, 2014. Retrieved April 11, 2015.
  23. 1 2 "Bad Boys II (2003)". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times . 2016. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved April 11, 2015.
  24. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Michael Bay — Filmography". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times . 2015. Archived from the original on November 8, 2015. Retrieved April 11, 2015.
  25. Foundas, Scott (April 22, 2013). "Film Review: 'Pain & Gain'". Variety . Archived from the original on September 9, 2015. Retrieved April 11, 2015.
  26. Chang, Justin (January 13, 2016). "Film Review: '13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi'". Variety. Archived from the original on May 14, 2016. Retrieved May 15, 2016.
  27. "Transformers: The Last Knight". Metacritic. Archived from the original on 1 April 2017. Retrieved 4 June 2016.
  28. Kroll, Justin (March 7, 2018). "Michael Bay Sets '6 Underground,' 'Robopocalypse' as Next Two Films (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Archived from the original on September 25, 2018. Retrieved March 9, 2018.
  29. Jackson, Angelique (January 21, 2021). "Universal Sets New Release Dates for Bob Odenkirk's 'Nobody,' Edgar Wright's 'Last Night in Soho'". Variety . Archived from the original on January 22, 2021. Retrieved January 22, 2021.
  30. Schager, Nick (January 19, 2007). "The Hitcher". Slant Magazine. Archived from the original on April 16, 2015. Retrieved April 16, 2015.
  31. "The Unborn (2009)". Box Office Mojo. Amazon.com. Archived from the original on April 17, 2015. Retrieved April 11, 2015.
  32. "Friday the 13th (2009)". Box Office Mojo. Amazon.com. Archived from the original on April 25, 2015. Retrieved April 11, 2015.
  33. "The Horsemen (2009)". Box Office Mojo. Amazon.com. Archived from the original on April 30, 2015. Retrieved April 11, 2015.
  34. Gronvall, Andrea. "I Am Number Four". Chicago Reader . Wrapports LLC. Archived from the original on September 23, 2015. Retrieved April 7, 2015.
  35. Felperin, Leslie (June 3, 2013). "Film Review: 'The Purge'". Variety . Archived from the original on December 24, 2014. Retrieved April 11, 2015.
  36. Lodge, Guy (July 17, 2014). "Film Review: 'The Purge: Anarchy'". Variety . Archived from the original on April 23, 2015. Retrieved April 7, 2015.
  37. "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2014)". Box Office Mojo. Amazon.com. Archived from the original on December 25, 2015. Retrieved April 11, 2015.
  38. "Ouija (2014)". Box Office Mojo. Amazon.com. Archived from the original on February 1, 2018. Retrieved April 11, 2015.
  39. Hall, Sandra (March 1, 2015). "Project Almanac review: Michael Bay-produced film is an irritating waste of time". The Sydney Morning Herald . Fairfax Media. Archived from the original on April 11, 2015. Retrieved April 11, 2015.
  40. Fermino, Jennifer (March 20, 2015). "'Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2' to film in New York City and Buffalo, bringing an estimated $70 million in spending". nydailynews.com. Archived from the original on March 21, 2015. Retrieved March 21, 2015.
  41. Stone, Natalie (January 8, 2015). "'The Purge 3' Gets 2016 Release Date". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved September 18, 2015.
  42. Kroll, Justin (September 12, 2015). "'Ouija 2' Lands Director Mike Flanagan, Actress Annalise Basso". Variety. Archived from the original on August 15, 2015. Retrieved August 16, 2015.
  43. Kit, Borys (March 15, 2017). "Emily Blunt, John Krasinski Team for Supernatural Thriller 'A Quiet Place'". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on September 20, 2017. Retrieved October 24, 2017.
  44. Kit, Borys (February 17, 2017). "New 'Purge' Movie Gets Summer 2018 Release Date". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on May 30, 2017. Retrieved September 26, 2017.
  45. Fleming, Mike Jr. (November 11, 2016). "Paramount Buzzing Over Christina Hodson 'Bumblebee' Transformers Spinoff Script". Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on November 12, 2016. Retrieved August 31, 2021.
  46. Fleming, Mike Jr. (19 May 2019). "Adam Goodman & Michael Bay Team On Pandemic-Themed Thriller 'Songbird;' Production Starts In Five Weeks". Deadline. Retrieved 21 May 2019.
  47. D'Alessandro, Anthony (24 May 2019). "'A Quiet Place 2' Going Earlier In 2020, 'Playing With Fire' Takes Over November Spot: Paramount Release Date". Deadline. Archived from the original on 27 May 2019. Retrieved 27 May 2019.
  48. Welk, Brian (July 8, 2020). "Universal Shifts Blumhouse's 'Halloween' Sequel and 'The Forever Purge' to 2021". TheWrap . Retrieved July 8, 2020.
  49. Hayner, Chris E. (June 23, 2021). "Transformers Rise Of The Beasts: Everything We Know About The Next Transformers Movie". GameSpot . Retrieved June 26, 2021.
  50. Kroll, Justin (November 1, 2022). "'A Quiet Place: Day One' At Paramount Taps Lupita Nyong'o To Star". Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 4, 2023.
  51. Rubin, Rebecca (2023-04-27). "Transformers Animated Prequel Sets Chris Hemsworth, Scarlett Johansson and More Voice Cast". Variety. Archived from the original on 2023-05-03. Retrieved 2023-04-27.
  52. Kroll, Justin (March 14, 2022). "Dianne Wiest Joins Julia Garner In Paramount Thriller 'Apartment 7A'". Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 20, 2022.
  53. D'Alessandro, Anthony (May 13, 2024). "Platinum Dunes & Blumhouse Set Ed Weeks For Christopher Landon's Thriller 'Drop'". Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 7, 2024.
  54. "Armageddon (1998)". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times . 2016. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved April 7, 2015.
  55. Caro, Jason. "Mystery Men". Radio Times . Archived from the original on April 16, 2015. Retrieved April 11, 2015.
  56. Olsen, Mark. "Coyote Ugly". British Film Institute. Archived from the original on April 8, 2017. Retrieved April 7, 2015.
  57. 1 2 Sciretta, Peter (March 12, 2015). "Watch Director Michael Bay Act in Five Movies and Two TV Shows". /Film. Archived from the original on April 16, 2015. Retrieved April 12, 2015.
  58. Kenny, Glenn (January 16, 2020). "'Bad Boys for Life' Review: In a Minivan, but Still Riding". The New York Times . Archived from the original on January 16, 2020. Retrieved January 16, 2020.
  59. Hammond, Pete (May 23, 2024). "'Bad Boys: Ride Or Die' Review: Will Smith And Martin Lawrence In Over The Top But Fun 4th Time Around As Miami's Memorable Cop Duo". Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 4, 2024. Retrieved June 4, 2024.
  60. Chand, Neeraj (December 12, 2020). "Michael Bay Directed Action Scenes for Pandemic Thriller Songbird". MovieWeb . Retrieved December 12, 2020.
  61. 1 2 "Michael Bay Credits". TV Guide . CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on April 16, 2015. Retrieved April 7, 2015.
  62. 1 2 "Michael Bay". Variety . Archived from the original on March 30, 2015. Retrieved April 7, 2015.
  63. Ritchie, Kevin (February 2, 2016). "History to air treasure hunt series "Billion Dollar Wreck"". Realscreen . Retrieved August 28, 2020.
  64. Heil, Emily (May 10, 2017). "John Krasinski is filming a Jack Ryan TV show in Washington". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on October 14, 2017. Retrieved October 8, 2017.
  65. Kaltenbach, Chris; Williams, John-John (May 11, 2017). "Amazon's 'Jack Ryan' series starring John Krasinski filming at Sandy Point". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on March 1, 2018. Retrieved March 13, 2018.
  66. ""The Purge" TV Series Has Begun Filming and Will Premiere in the Fall". Bloody Disgusting. May 9, 2018. Archived from the original on November 19, 2018. Retrieved December 2, 2018.
  67. Petski, Denise (June 28, 2018). "'The Purge': USA/Syfy Series Gets Premiere Date & First Trailer". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on June 28, 2018. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
  68. Schneider, Michael (August 7, 2024). "Michael Bay's First Docuseries, About a Murderer Who Thought His Cellmate Was Jesus, Gets Release Date on ID (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety . Retrieved November 19, 2024.
  69. "Vengeance: The Story of Tony Cimo (1986)". Turner Classic Movies. Archived from the original on April 19, 2015. Retrieved April 12, 2015.
  70. "The Neighbors Season 1 Episode 16". TV Guide . CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on April 16, 2015. Retrieved April 11, 2015.
  71. Fry, Naomi (July 14, 2022). "How Victoria's Secret Created the American Fantasy Woman". The New Yorker. Retrieved July 14, 2022.