Michael Strogoff

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Michael Strogoff
Jules Verne Michel Strogoff 1876 cover.jpg
First edition, 1876
Author Jules Verne
Original titleMichel Strogoff
TranslatorAgnes Kinloch Kingston (published under her husband's name: W. H. G. Kingston)
Illustrator Jules Férat
LanguageFrench
Series The Extraordinary Voyages #14
Genre Adventure novel
Publisher Pierre-Jules Hetzel
Publication date
1876
Publication placeFrance
Published in English
1876
Media typePrint (Hardback)
Preceded by The Survivors of the Chancellor  
Followed by Off on a Comet  

Michael Strogoff: The Courier of the Czar (French : Michel Strogoff) is a novel written by Jules Verne in 1876. Critic Leonard S. Davidow, [1] considers it one of Verne's best books. Davidow wrote, "Jules Verne has written no better book than this, in fact it is deservedly ranked as one of the most thrilling tales ever written." Unlike some of Verne's other novels, it is not science fiction, but its plot device is a scientific phenomenon (Leidenfrost effect). The book was later adapted to a play, by Verne himself and Adolphe d'Ennery. Incidental music to the play was written by Alexandre Artus in 1880 and by Franz von Suppé in 1893. [2] The book has been adapted several times for films, television and cartoon series.

Contents

Plot summary

'Michael Strogoff' by Jules Ferat 19.jpg
Journey across Siberia 'Michael Strogoff' by Jules Ferat 80.jpg
Journey across Siberia

Michael Strogoff, a 30-year-old native of Omsk, is a courier for Tsar Alexander II of Russia. The Tartar khan (prince), Feofar Khan, incites a rebellion and separates the Russian Far East from the mainland, severing telegraph lines. Rebels encircle Irkutsk, where the local governor, a brother of the Tsar, is making a last stand. Strogoff is sent to Irkutsk to warn the governor about the traitor Ivan Ogareff, a former colonel, who was once demoted and exiled by this brother of the Tsar. He now seeks revenge: he intends to gain the governor's trust and then betray him and Irkutsk to the Tartar hordes.

An illustration from the novel Michael Strogoff: The Courier of the Czar drawn by Jules Ferat. 'Michael Strogoff' by Jules Ferat 59.jpg
An illustration from the novel Michael Strogoff: The Courier of the Czar drawn by Jules Férat.

On his way to Irkutsk, Strogoff meets Nadia Fedor, daughter of an exiled political prisoner, Basil Fedor, who has been granted permission to join her father at his exile in Irkutsk; the English war correspondent Harry Blount of the Daily Telegraph ; and Alcide Jolivet, a Frenchman reporting for his "cousin Madeleine" (presumably, for some unnamed French paper). Blount and Jolivet tend to follow the same route as Michael, separating and meeting again all the way through Siberia. He is supposed to travel under a false identity, posing as the pacific merchant Nicolas Korpanoff, but he is discovered by the Tartars when he meets his mother in their home city of Omsk.

Michael, his mother and Nadia are eventually captured by the Tartar forces, along with thousands of other Russians, during the storming of a city in the Ob River basin. The Tartars do not know Strogoff by sight, but Ogareff is aware of the courier's mission and when he is told that Strogoff's mother spotted her son in the crowd and called his name, but received no reply, he understands that Strogoff is among the captured and devises a scheme to force the mother to indicate him. Strogoff is indeed caught and handed over to the Tartars, and Ogareff alleges that Michael is a spy, hoping to have him put to death in some cruel way. After opening the Koran at random, Feofar decides that Michael will be blinded as punishment in the Tartar fashion, with a glowing hot blade. For several chapters the reader is led to believe that Michael was indeed blinded, but it transpires in fact that he was saved from this fate (his tears at his mother evaporated and saved his corneas) and was only pretending.

Eventually, Michael and Nadia escape, and travel to Irkutsk with a friendly peasant, Nicolas Pigassof. They are recaptured by the Tartars; Nicolas witnesses Nadia cruelly insulted by a Tartar soldier and murders Nadia's assaulter. The Tartars then abandon Nadia and Michael and carry Nicolas away, reserving him for a greater punishment. Nadia and Michael later discover him buried up to his neck in the ground; after he dies they bury him hastily and continue onwards with great difficulty. However, they eventually reach Irkutsk, and warn the Tsar's brother in time of Ivan Ogareff. Nadia's father has been appointed commander of a suicide battalion of exiles, who are all pardoned; he joins Nadia and Michael; some days later they are married.

Sources of information

Exact sources of Verne's quite accurate knowledge of contemporary Eastern Siberia remain disputed. One popular version connects it to the novelist's meetings with anarchist Peter Kropotkin; however, Kropotkin arrived in France after Strogoff was published. [3] Another, more likely source, could have been Siberian businessman Mikhail Sidorov. Sidorov presented his collection of natural resources, including samples of oil and oil shales from Ukhta area, together with photographs of Ukhta oil wells, at the 1873 World Exhibition in Vienna, where he could have met Verne. [3] Real-world oil deposits in Lake Baikal region do exist, first discovered in 1902 in Barguzin Bay and Selenge River delta, [4] but they are nowhere near the commercial size depicted by Verne. [5]

Verne's publisher Pierre-Jules Hetzel sent the manuscript of the novel to the Russian writer Ivan Turgenev in August 1875 asking him for his comments on the accuracy of the conditions described in the book. [6]

While the physical description of Siberia is accurate, the Tartar rebellion described was not a rebellion and the strength as well as the geographical reach of the Tartars is highly exaggerated, although there had been one sizeable insurrection under Isatay Taymanuly in 1836–38 and a major uprising against Russia led by Kenesary Kasymuly between 1837 and 1847. After the Khanates had been gradually pushed back further South earlier in the 19th century, between 1865 and 1868 Russia had conquered the weakened Central Asian Uzbek Khanates of Kokand and Bukhara, both located much further South than the cities through which Strogoff travelled in the novel. While there thus had been war between Russia and "Tartars" a few years before Jules Verne wrote Michael Strogoff, no Tartar khan at the time was in a position to act as Feofar is described as doing; depicting late 19th-century Tartars as able to face Russians on anything resembling equal terms is an anachronism.

Musical adaptations

Screen adaptations

TitleYearCountryDirectorStrogoffNotesRefs
Michael Strogoff1910US J. Searle Dawley Charles Ogle silent one-reeler produced by Edison Studios, The Bronx, New York [7]
Michael Strogoff1914US Lloyd B. Carleton Jacob P. Adler silent; the master negatives and initial prints for this screen production burned in the 1914 Lubin vault fire
Michel Strogoff 1926France / Germany Victor Tourjansky Ivan Mosjoukine silent [8]
Michel Strogoff 1936France Jacques de Baroncelli,
Richard Eichberg
Anton Walbrook [9]
The Czar's Courier 1936GermanyRichard EichbergAnton Walbrook [10]
The Soldier and the Lady 1937US George Nicholls, Jr. Anton Walbrooklater released as Michael Strogoff [11]
Miguel Strogoff 1943MexicoMiguel M DelgadoJulián Soler [12]
Michel Strogoff 1956France, Italy, Yugoslavia Carmine Gallone Curd Jürgens [13]
The Triumph of Michael Strogoff 1961France, ItalyVictor TourjanskyCurd Jürgens [14]
Strogoff 1970Bulgaria, France, Italy Eriprando Visconti John Phillip Law Released in Germany as Der Kurier des Zaren and in France as Michel Strogoff [15]
Michel Strogoff 1975Austria, France, Germany, Switzerland, Hungary Jean-Pierre Decourt Raimund Harmstorf 4-part TV drama [16]
Michele Strogoff, il corriere dello zar1999Germany, France, Italy Fabrizio Costa Paolo Seganti [17]
Les Aventures extraordinaires de Michel Strogoff2004FranceBruno-René Huchez,
Alexandre Huchez
Anthony Delon
Michael Strogoff2013Italyepisode of TV series "JV: The Extraordinary Adventures of Jules Verne"; totally divergent plot [18]

The town of Marfa, Texas was named after the character Marfa Strogoff in this novel. [19]

Boardgame

In 2017 a board game was published by Devir Games, designed by Alberto Corral and developed and illustrated by Pedro Soto. Similar to the book, in the game players are couriers racing across Russia to thwart the assassination plot by Count Ivan Ogareff. Players will race one another but will also race the Count, who moves across Russia on a separate track. Along the way, players must face and overcome troubles such as bears and bad weather, avoid the spy Sangarra who tries to delay their progress, and avoid capture by the Tartar forces who conspire with Count Ogareff. Players must balance the racing element of the game, resting enough to preserve health, and dealing with the troubles they face along the way before crisis ensues. The game usually ends when a player confronts Ogareff in Irkusk and a showdown ensues. The game is highly thematic and true to the novel, with artwork that draws on traditional Russian carving techniques from the era. [20]

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<i>The Soldier and the Lady</i> 1937 film directed by George Nicholls, Jr.

The Soldier and the Lady is the 1937 American adventure film version of the oft-produced 1876 Jules Verne novel, Michel Strogoff. Produced by Pandro S. Berman, he hired as his associate producer, Joseph Ermolieff. Ermolieff had produced two earlier versions of the film, Michel Strogoff in France, and The Czar's Courier in Germany, both released in 1936. Both the earlier films had starred the German actor Adolf Wohlbrück. Berman also imported Wohlbrück, changing his name to Anton Walbrook to have him star in the American version. Other stars of the film were Elizabeth Allan, Margot Grahame, Akim Tamiroff, Fay Bainter and Eric Blore. RKO Radio Pictures had purchased the rights to the French version of the movie, and used footage from that film in the American production. The film was released on April 9, 1937.

<i>Michel Strogoff</i> (1956 film) 1956 film

Michel Strogoff is a 1956 historical adventure film directed by Carmine Gallone and starring Curd Jürgens. It is based on 1876 novel of the same title by Jules Verne. Made as a co-production between several European nations, it was shot at the Kosutnjak Studios in Belgrade using CinemaScope.. The film's sets were designed by the art directors Léon Barsacq and Vlastimir Gavrik. Jürgens also appeared in a 1961 follow-up The Triumph of Michael Strogoff.

<i>Michel Strogoff</i> (1926 film) 1926 film by Victor Tourjansky

Michel Strogoff is a 1926 French silent historical adventure film directed by Viktor Tourjansky and starring Ivan Mozzhukhin, Nathalie Kovanko, and Acho Chakatouny. It is an adaptation of Jules Verne's 1876 novel Michael Strogoff. In 1961 Tourjanski directed a sequel titled Le Triomphe de Michel Strogoff.

Michel Strogoff is a 1975 French / Italian / German miniseries directed by Jean-Pierre Decourt. It is based on the novel of the same name by Jules Verne.

<i>Michael Strogoff</i> (1944 film) 1944 film by Miguel M. Delgado

Michael Strogoff is a 1944 Mexican historical drama film directed by Miguel M. Delgado and starring Julián Soler, Lupita Tovar and Julio Villarreal. It is based on the 1876 Jules Verne novel Michael Strogoff. Numerous adaptations have been made of the story. The film's sets were designed by the art director Manuel Fontanals.

<i>Michel Strogoff</i> (1936 film) 1936 film directed by Jacques de Baroncelli & Richard Eichberg

Michel Strogoff is a 1936 French historical adventure film directed by Jacques de Baroncelli and Richard Eichberg and starring Anton Walbrook, Colette Darfeuil and Armand Bernard. It is an adaptation of the 1876 novel Michael Strogoff by Jules Verne. A separate German version The Czar's Courier was also made.

<i>The Czars Courier</i> 1936 film

The Czar's Courier is a 1936 German historical drama film directed by Richard Eichberg and starring Anton Walbrook, Lucie Höflich, and Maria Andergast. It is an adaptation of Jules Verne's 1876 novel Michael Strogoff.

<i>The Triumph of Michael Strogoff</i> 1961 film

The Triumph of Michael Strogoff is a 1961 French-Italian historical adventure film directed by Viktor Tourjansky and starring Curd Jürgens, Capucine and Claude Titre. It is inspired by the 1876 novel Michael Strogoff by Jules Verne. Jürgens had previously played the role in the 1956 film Michel Strogoff.

References

  1. Verne, Classic Romances of Literature: Michel Strogoff, Forward
  2. "Theaterzettel: Der Courier des Czaren". www.theatermuseum.at (in German). Retrieved 2021-01-28.
  3. 1 2 Fuks, Matveychuk, pp. 371-373
  4. Fuks, Matveychuk, pp. 374-375
  5. Fuks, Matveychuk, p. 372
  6. I. S. Turgenev, Polnoe sobranie sochineniy i pisem v 30 tomakh: Pis'ma, vol. 14 (1875) (Moscow, 2003), p. 136.
  7. "Edison Feature Film for Next Week, Michael Strogoff", The Billboard , 2 April 1910, p. 31. Internet Archive (IA), San Francisco, California. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
  8. "Michel Strogoff" British Film Institute, retrieved 9 February 2014
  9. "Michel Strogoff", British Film Institute, retrieved 9 February 2014
  10. "Der Kurier des Zaren", British Film Institute, retrieved 9 February 2014
  11. "Michael Strogoff", IMDb, retrieved 9 February 2014
  12. "Miguel Strogoff", IMDb, retrieved 9 February 2014
  13. "Michel Strogoff", British Film Institute, retrieved 9 February 2014
  14. "Le triomphe de Michel Strogoff", British Film Institute, retrieved 9 February 2014
  15. "Strogoff", British Film Institute, retrieved 9 February 2014
  16. " Michel Strogoff", British Film Institute, retrieved 9 February 2014
  17. "Michele Strogoff, il corriere dello zar", British Film Institute, retrieved 9 February 2014
  18. "Les aventures extraordinaires de Michel Strogoff ", British Film Institute, retrieved 9 February 2014
  19. "Marfa". The Southwestern Historical Quarterly. 48: 295. 1944. ISSN   0038-478X. LCCN   12-20299. OCLC   1766223 . Retrieved 2013-05-05.
  20. Michael Strogoff on BoardGameGeek

Sources