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Mount Muria | |
---|---|
Moerjo, Moerija | |
Highest point | |
Elevation | 1,602 m (5,256 ft) [1] [2] |
Prominence | 1,595 m (5,233 ft) [3] |
Listing | Ribu |
Coordinates | 6°37′00″S110°53′00″E / 6.616667°S 110.883333°E [4] |
Geography | |
Location | |
Country | Indonesia |
Geology | |
Mountain type | Stratovolcano [4] |
Last eruption | 160 BCE [4] |
Mount Muria or Gunung Muria is a dormant stratovolcano [5] on the north coast of Central Java, Indonesia, about 66 km north of Semarang city. [6] It is located in three Regencies: Jepara on the west, Kudus on the south, and Pati on the east. [7] Some sources state the mountain has a height of 1602 m, [1] [2] some state 1625 m. [4] [8]
Mount Muria was once an island, separated from Java by the Muria Strait. [9] [10] The strait was one of the spice trade routes connecting the Middle East with Maluku and was probably traveled by Tomé Pires on his voyage to Java. [11] The strait closed around 1657. [12] : 111–113
In 1979, the northern side of the mountain was chosen by the National Nuclear Energy Agency (BATAN) [id] as a location for the construction of a nuclear power plant, with the understanding that the risk of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions was small compared to other parts of Java and Bali. [13] The plant's placement also took into consideration electricity consumption in Central Java. [13] Earthquakes that rocked Mount Muria in the 2010s put an end to the development plan.[ citation needed ]
The mountain last erupted in 160 BCE. [4]
Mount Muria is associated with the Miocene subduction zone, not an active subduction zone, [2] with the Benioff zone approximately 325 km deep. [14] There was, however, still magma activity in 2000, based on temperature maps of the Muria peninsula. [15]
Mount Muria is historically comparable to Mount Genuk [id], another volcano on the Muria peninsula, located in Donorojo [id]: both produce coherent lava, and have both lava plugs and domes as well as maars at the foot of each volcano and in the surrounding plains. [16] Volcanic breccias, lapilli and tuff can also be found around the mountain, with densities around 2.4g/cm3. [17]
From 1976 to 2015 there was a plan to build a nuclear power plant on Mount Muria. Construction was scheduled to begin in 1997 but halted due to the 1997 Asian financial crisis. In 2007, construction was scheduled to begin again but was halted by a sudden outbreak of anti-nuclear protests. After the protests continued for several months, the local branch of Nahdlatul Ulama denounced the project to build on the sacred mountain. They declared that the government's plan was haram because it would force Indonesia to import foreign uranium, hire foreign experts to manage the plant, and pay the costs to dismantle the plant and store the nuclear waste indefinitely. The national chairman of NU refused to support the local decision, but said that NU would not overrule a finding by a local branch about matters exclusively pertaining to the local branch. [18]
Following the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, the Indonesian government suspended the project. In 2015 the project was permanently halted after nearly 40 years of planning. Indonesia no longer has active nuclear projects. [19] [ page needed ]
Mount Galunggung is an active stratovolcano in West Java, Indonesia, around 80 km (50 mi) southeast of the West Java provincial capital, Bandung. Mount Galunggung is part of the Sunda Arc extending through Sumatra, Java and the Lesser Sunda Islands, which has resulted from the subduction of the Australian plate beneath the Eurasian plate.
The Indonesian island of Java is almost entirely of volcanic origin, and contains numerous volcanoes, 45 of which are considered active volcanoes. As is the case for many other Indonesian islands, volcanoes have played a vital role in the geological and human history of Java. Indeed, land is created on Java as a result of lava flows, ash deposits, and mud flows (lahars). Volcanoes are a major contributor to the immense fertility of Java, as natural erosion transports volcanic material as alluvium to the island's plains, forming thick layers of fertile sediment. The benefit is not just in the immediate vicinity of the volcano, with fine ash emitted from eruptions being dispersed over wide areas.
Mount Merapi is an active stratovolcano located on the border between the province of Central Java and the Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. It is the most active volcano in Indonesia and has erupted regularly since 1548. It is located approximately 28 km (17 mi) north of Yogyakarta city which has a population of 2.4 million, and thousands of people live on the flanks of the volcano, with villages as high as 1,700 m (5,577 ft) above sea level.
The Sunda Arc is a volcanic arc that produced the volcanoes that form the topographic spine of the islands of Sumatra, Nusa Tenggara, Java, the Sunda Strait, and the Lesser Sunda Islands. The Sunda Arc begins at Sumatra and ends at Flores, and is adjacent to the Banda Arc. The Sunda Arc is formed via the subduction of the Indo-Australian Plate beneath the Sunda and Burma plates at a velocity of 63–70 mm/year.
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The Semeru, or Mount Semeru is an active volcano located in East Java, Indonesia. It is located in a subduction zone, where the Indo-Australian plate subducts under the Eurasia plate. It is the highest mountain on the island of Java. The name "Semeru" is derived from Meru, the central world mountain in Hinduism, or Sumeru, the abode of gods. This stratovolcano is Mahameru, meaning "The Great Mountain" in Sanskrit. It is one of the more popular hiking destinations in Indonesia.
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Javanese Mennonite Church Indonesian injili di Tanah Jawa is one of three Mennonite-related church synods in Indonesia
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Mount Papandayan is a complex stratovolcano, located in Garut Regency, to the southeast of the city of Bandung in West Java, Indonesia. It is about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) to the southwest of the town of Garut. At the summit, there are four large craters which contain active fumarole fields. An eruption in 1772 caused the northeast flank to collapse producing a catastrophic debris avalanche that destroyed 40 villages and killed nearly 3,000 people. The eruption truncated the volcano into a broad shape with two peaks and a flat area 1.1 km wide with Alun-Alun crater in the middle, making the mountain appear as a twin volcano; one of the peaks is called Papandayan and the other Mount Puntang.
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Demak is a regency located in the Indonesian province of Central Java, on the northern coast of the island. It is bordered by Jepara Regency and the Java Sea to the north, Kudus and Grobogan Regencies to the east, Grobogan and Semarang Regencies to the south, while to the west are Semarang Regency and the city of Semarang, to which the districts of Mranggen and Sayung within Demak Regency are essentially suburban. The regency covers an area of 995.32 km2 (384.30 sq mi) and had a population of 1,055,579 at the 2010 Census and 1,203,956 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 1,240,510. It was originally the centre of the Demak Sultanate, once a dominant power in the region. Due to its strong relation with the spread of Islam in Java and the Wali Sanga, it is sometimes referred to with the nickname Kota Wali.
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Muria Strait was a strait that once existed and connected Java and Muria Island. This strait was once a bustling trading area, with trading cities such as Demak, Jepara, Pati, and Juwana [id]. In around 1657, river deposits that emptied into this strait were carried to sea and the strait got shallower and eventually disappeared, with Muria Island merging with Java.
Links relating to Sunan Muria (Raden Umar Said)
6°37′S110°53′E / 6.617°S 110.883°E