Mycocaliciaceae

Last updated

Mycocaliciaceae
Phaeocalicium polyporaeum-x.jpg
Phaeocalicium polyporaeum , member of the family Mycocaliciaceae
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Eurotiomycetes
Order: Mycocaliciales
Family: Mycocaliciaceae
A.F.W.Schmidt (1970)
Type genus
Mycocalicium
Vain. (1890)
Genera

Brunneocarpos
Chaenothecopsis
Mycocalicium
Phaeocalicium
Pyrgidium
Sphinctrina
Stenocybe

Contents

Synonyms [1]

The Mycocaliciaceae are a family of fungi in the order Mycocaliciales, comprising seven genera and approximately 90 species. Originally proposed in 1970 by Alexander Schmidt, the family is characterised by immersed thalli, stalked brown or black ascomata (fruiting bodies), and small cylindrical asci that release ascospores without forming a mazaedium . Molecular phylogenetic studies have placed Mycocaliciaceae within the class Eurotiomycetes and led to the inclusion of taxa formerly classified in the Sphinctrinaceae. The family has a fossil record dating back at least 50 million years, with several specimens discovered in Baltic and Bitterfeld amber. Mycocaliciaceae genera include Chaenothecopsis , Mycocalicium , and Phaeocalicium , which exhibit a range of ecological roles from saprobic to parasitic relationships with their substrates .

Taxonomy

Calicioid fungi are a heterogeneous assemblage of fungi sharing the presence of a mazaedium , a structure in which loose masses of ascospores accumulate and which then are passively disseminated. Before 1970, the presence of a mazaedium was considered to be the defining trait of the order Caliciales, historically considered to be a monophyletic group. [2] Mycocaliciaceae was circumscribed in 1970 by the lichenologist Alexander Schmidt. He showed that some of the genera that had been traditionally classified in the Caliciales had active spore dispersal rather than a mazaedium. He resurrected Chaenothecopsis, Mycocalicium and Strongyleuma, accepted Stenocybe and described the new genus Phaeocalicium. [3] The Mycocaliciaceae and the Sphinctrinaceae are the families in the order Mycocaliciales, which was created in 2000 by Leif Tibell and Mats Weden. [4] Mycocaliciaceae was shown in several studies to belong to the class Eurotiomycetes. [5] [6] [7]

In 2005, molecular phylogenetic analysis of internal transcribed spacer DNA sequences suggested that the Sphinctrinaceae nested in the Mycocaliciaceae, and further, that some of the morphological features traditionally used to classify Mycocaliciales genera were found to be homoplasious. [8] The 2022 "Outline of Fungi", a multi-authored compilation of fungal classification, places the Sphinctrinaceae in synonymy with the Mycocaliciaceae. [1]

Description

The thallus of Mycocaliciaceae species are immersed in the substrate, and often absent. Ascomata are stalked, brown or black, and topped by a head that is disc-like to somewhat spherical. Interascal tissue is absent in the hymenium. The asci are small, cylindrical, thick-walled at least in the apex, and not evanescent at an early stage. Ascospores are ellipsoidal to cylindrical in shape, pale to mid brown in colour, with walls that are smooth and thin. The ascospores are not released in a mazaedial mass. [9]

Genera

The list of the genera in the Mycocaliciaceae includes taxa formerly classified in the Sphinctrinaceae. Following the genus name is the taxonomic authority, year of publication, and the number of species: [1]

Fossil record

The first fossil record of a member of the Mycocaliciaceae was reported in 2000. The species, Chaenothecopsis bitterfeldensis , was described and illustrated from Bitterfeld amber dating back to at least 20 million years ago. The similarity in morphology to some extant East Asian species suggests that the genus had an ancient Laurasian distribution. [16] Since then, several new calicioid fossil specimens have been discovered from Baltic amber (50–35 million years ago). [17] [18] For example, in 2020, nine new fossils were reported. Of all reported calicioid fossils, six are assigned to Chaenothecopsis and one to Phaeocalicium . [19]

Related Research Articles

<i>Chaenotheca</i> Genus of lichens in the family Coniocybaceae

Chaenotheca is a genus of lichenized fungi within the family Coniocybaceae. The sexual reproduction structures are a mass of loose ascospores that are enclosed by a cup shaped exciple sitting on top of a tiny stalk, having the appearance of a dressmaker's pin, hence the common name pin lichen. Genus members are also commonly called needle lichens. Photobiont partners for Chaenotheca include members of the algae genera Symbiochloris, Trebouxia, Trentepohlia, and Tritostichococcus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Parmeliaceae</span> Family of lichens

The Parmeliaceae is a large and diverse family of Lecanoromycetes. With over 2700 species in 71 genera, it is the largest family of lichen-forming fungi. The most speciose genera in the family are the well-known groups: Xanthoparmelia, Usnea, Parmotrema, and Hypotrachyna.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arthoniales</span> Order of fungi

The Arthoniales is the second largest order of mainly crustose lichens, but fruticose lichens are present as well. The order contains around 1500 species, while the largest order with lichenized fungi, the Lecanorales, contains more than 14000 species.

<i>Nadvornikia</i> Genus of lichen-forming fungi

Nadvornikia is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Graphidaceae. Species in the genus are corticolous (bark-dwelling) and crustose.

<i>Calicium</i> Genus of lichen-forming fungi

Calicium is a genus of leprose lichens. It is in the family Caliciaceae, and has 40 species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coniocybaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Coniocybaceae are the sole family of lichen-forming fungi in the Coniocybales, which itself is the only order in the class Coniocybomycetes. The family was circumscribed by Heinrich Gottlieb Ludwig Reichenbach in 1837. Both the order and the class were proposed by Maria Prieto and Mats Wedin in 2013 after molecular phylogenetics analysis of various calicioid lichens showed that the Coniocybaceae represented an early diverging lineage in the inoperculate ascomycetes.

<i>Chaenothecopsis</i> Genus of lichen-forming fungi

Chaenothecopsis is a genus of about 40 species of pin lichens in the family Mycocaliciaceae.

<i>Mycocalicium</i> Genus of fungi

Mycocalicium is a genus of fungi in the family Mycocaliciaceae. The genus was circumscribed by Finnish lichenologist Edvard August Vainio in 1890.

<i>Phaeocalicium</i> Genus of fungi

Phaeocalicium is a genus of fungi in the family Mycocaliciaceae. The genus was circumscribed in 1970 by German lichenologist Alexander Schmidt, with Phaeocalicium praecedens assigned as the type species.

<i>Stenocybe</i> Genus of fungi

Stenocybe is a genus of fungi in the family Mycocaliciaceae. It has 14 species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Caliciaceae</span> Family of lichen-forming fungi

The Caliciaceae are a family of mostly lichen-forming fungi belonging to the class Lecanoromycetes in the division Ascomycota. Although the family has had its classification changed several times throughout its taxonomic history, the use of modern molecular phylogenetic methods have helped to establish its current placement in the order Caliciales. Caliciaceae contains 39 genera and about 670 species. The largest genus is Buellia, with around 300 species; there are more than a dozen genera that contain only a single species.

Leif Tibell is a Swedish lichenologist and Emeritus Professor at the University of Uppsala. He is known for his expertise on calicioid lichens. He was awarded the Acharius Medal in 2012 for lifetime achievements in lichenology.

<i>Allocalicium</i> Single-species lichen genus

Allocalicium is a single-species fungal genus in the family Caliciaceae. It is monotypic, containing the single pin lichen species Allocalicium adaequatum. This lichen occurs in North America, South America, Europe, and the Russian Far East, where it grows on branches and twigs of deciduous trees and shrubs, typically those of alder and poplar. The species was originally described in 1869 as a member of Calicium, but molecular phylogenetics analysis demonstrated it was not a member of that genus and so Allocalicium was created to contain it.

<i>Calicium trabinellum</i> Species of lichen

Calicium trabinellum, commonly known as the yellow-collar stubble lichen, is a widespread species of pin lichen in the family Caliciaceae. It was first described by Swedish lichenologist Erik Acharius in 1803 as Calicium xylonellum ß trabinellum. He made the new combination Calicium trabinellum in a later chapter of the same publication.

Calicium carolinianum is a species of lichen in the family Caliciaceae. It is endemic to the Gulf Coastal Plain region of the United States. The lichen contains norstictic acid, and has ascospores that measure 13–17 by 8–9 μm.

Bruceomycetaceae is a small family of fungi in the order Lecanorales. It contains two genera, each of which contains a single species.

<i>Calicium pinicola</i> Species of lichen

Calicium pinicola is a species of lignicolous (wood-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Caliciaceae. It is widely distributed in Europe, and also occurs in the United States.

<i>Cryptocalicium</i> Species of ascomycete fungus

Cryptocalicium is a single-species fungal genus of the order Eurotiomycetes that was circumscribed in 2021. It contains the species Cryptocalicium blascoi. Cryptocalicium is the only genus in the monotypic family Cryptocaliciaceae, the order Cryptocaliciales and the subclass Cryptocaliciomycetidae.

<i>Calicium corynellum</i> Species of lichen

Calicium corynellum is a species of pin lichen in the family Caliciaceae. It is found scattered across parts of Europe, North America, and Asia, where it grows on rock surfaces in shaded and humid locations.

<i>Chaenothecopsis kilimanjaroensis</i> Species of lichen

Chaenothecopsis kilimanjaroensis is a species of lichenicolous (lichen-dwelling) pin lichen in the family Mycocaliciaceae. Found in the cloud forests of Tanzania, it was described as a new species in 2019. These tiny lichens have a short stalk, which can be either single or formed in aggregates on the same thallus. The stalks are medium brown at the base and become translucent in water. This species has unique spores, which contain a single septum, are arranged in a single row in the ascus, and have a surface ornamented with elongated, blister-like structures.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Wijayawardene, N.N.; Hyde, K.D.; Dai, D.Q.; Sánchez-García, M.; Goto, B.T.; Saxena, R.K.; et al. (2022). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa – 2021". Mycosphere. 13 (1): 53–453 [142]. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/13/1/2. hdl: 10481/76378 .
  2. ↑ Prieto, Maria; Baloch, Elisabeth; Tehler, Anders; Wedin, Mats (2013). "Mazaedium evolution in the Ascomycota (Fungi) and the classification of mazaediate groups of formerly unclear relationship". Cladistics. 29 (3): 296–308. doi: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2012.00429.x . PMID   34818827.
  3. 1 2 Schmidt, A. (1970). "Anatomisch-taxonomische Untersuchungen a europaischen Arten der Flechtenfamilie Caliciaceae" [Anatomical-taxonomic studies of a European species of the lichen family Caliciaceae](PDF). Mitteilungen aus den Botanischen Staatsinstituten in Hamburg (in German). 13: 111–166.
  4. ↑ Tibell, Leif; Wedin, Mats (2000). "Mycocaliciales, a new order for nonlichenized calicioid fungi". Mycologia. 92 (3): 577–581. doi:10.2307/3761518. JSTOR   3761518.
  5. ↑ Gargas, A.; DePriest, P.; Grube, M.; Tehler, A. (1995). "Multiple origins of lichen symbioses in fungi suggested by SSU rDNA phylogeny". Science. 268 (5216): 1492–1495. Bibcode:1995Sci...268.1492G. doi:10.1126/science.7770775. PMID   7770775.
  6. ↑ Wedin, Mats; Tibell, Leif (1997). "Phytogeny and evolution of Caliciaceae, Mycocaliciaceae, and Sphinctrinaceae (Ascomycota), with notes on the evolution of the prototunicate ascus". Canadian Journal of Botany. 75 (8): 1236–1242. doi:10.1139/b97-837.
  7. ↑ Wedin, Mats; Wiklund, Elisabeth; Crewe, Anna; Döring, Heidi; Ekman, Stefan; Nyberg, Åsa; Schmitt, Imke; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2005). "Phylogenetic relationships of Lecanoromycetes (Ascomycota) as revealed by analyses of mtSSU and nLSU rDNA sequence data". Mycological Research. 109 (2): 159–172. doi:10.1017/S0953756204002102. PMID   15839100.
  8. ↑ Tibell, Leif; Vinuesa, Maria (2005). "Chaenothecopsis in a molecular phylogeny based on nuclear rDNA ITS and LSU sequences". Taxon. 54 (2): 427–442. doi:10.2307/25065370. JSTOR   25065370.
  9. ↑ Cannon, P.F.; Kirk, P.M. (2007). Fungal Families of the World. CAB International. pp. 227–228. ISBN   978-0851998275.
  10. ↑ Crous, P.W.; Wingfield, M.J.; Richardson, D.M.; Leroux, J.J.; Strasberg, D.; Edwards, J.; et al. (2016). "Fungal Planet description sheets: 400–468". Persoonia - Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi. 36 (1): 316–458. doi:10.3767/003158516X692185. PMC   4988374 . PMID   27616795.
  11. ↑ Vainio, Edvard A. (1927). "Lichenographia Fennica III". Acta Societatis Pro Fauna et Flora Fennica. 57 (1): 1–138 (see p. 70).
  12. ↑ Vainio, Edvard A. (1890). "Étude sur la classification naturelle et la morphologie des Lichens du Brésil. Pars prima". Acta Societatis Pro Fauna et Flora Fennica. 7 (1): 1–247.
  13. ↑ Nylander, W. (1867). "Lichenes Kurziani e Calcutta". Nylander Nylander (in Latin). 50: 3–9.
  14. ↑ Fries, E.M. (1825). Systema Orbis Vegetabilis (in Latin). Vol. 1. Lundin: Typographia Academica. p. 120.
  15. ↑ Körber, G.W. (1855). Systema lichenum Germaniae (in Latin). p. 306.
  16. ↑ Rikkinen, Jouko; Poinar, George (2000). "A new species of resinicolous Chaenothecopsis (Mycocaliciaceae, Ascomycota) from 20 million year old Bitterfeld amber, with remarks on the biology of resinicolous fungi". Mycological Research. 104 (1): 7–15. doi:10.1017/S0953756299001884.
  17. ↑ Tuovila, Hanna; Schmidt, Alexander R.; Beimforde, Christina; Dörfelt, Heinrich; Grabenhorst, Heinrich; Rikkinen, Jouko (2012). "Stuck in time – a new Chaenothecopsis species with proliferating ascomata from Cunninghamia resin and its fossil ancestors in European amber". Fungal Diversity. 58 (1): 199–213. doi: 10.1007/s13225-012-0210-9 .
  18. ↑ Kettunen, Elina; Sadowski, Eva-Maria; Seyfullah, Leyla J.; Dörfelt, Heinrich; Rikkinen, Jouko; Schmidt, Alexander R.; Lomax, Barry (2019). "Caspary's fungi from Baltic amber: historic specimens and new evidence". Papers in Palaeontology. 5 (3): 365–389. Bibcode:2019PPal....5..365K. doi:10.1002/spp2.1238. hdl: 10138/309518 .
  19. ↑ Rikkinen, Jouko; Meinke, S. Kristin L.; Grabenhorst, Heinrich; Gröhn, Carsten; Kobbert, Max; Wunderlich, Jörg; Schmidt, Alexander R. (2018). "Calicioid lichens and fungi in amber – Tracing extant lineages back to the Paleogene". Geobios. 51 (5): 469–479. Bibcode:2018Geobi..51..469R. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2018.08.009. hdl: 10138/308761 .
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.