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The National Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party was the ruling organ of the party between sessions of the National Congress, and was headed by a Secretary General. [1] Between National Congresses, the National Command was held accountable by the National Consultative Council (Arabic: al-majlis al-istishari al-quami). [2] The National Consultative Council was a forum made up of representatives from the party's regional branches. [2] However, the number of National Consultative Council members were decided by the size of the regional branch. [2] The National Congress elected the National Command, National Tribunal, the party's discipline body, and the Secretary General, the party leader. [2] The congress delegates determined the party's policies and procedures. [2]
The National Command had sweeping authority. [3] The National Congress was the only body which could hold a vote of confidence against the National Command. [3] It had the authority to establish party organizations, to direct the affairs of subordinate party organs which, according to the party's Internal Rules, could not "for any reason direct themselves", the authority to elect and dissolve a Regional Command, to approve party-to-party cooperation, to approve of the party's participation in government and legislative assemblies, to publish works in the party's name, to direct party policy on international affairs and decide on all matters regarding party policy. [3] Because of these responsibilities several National Command organs were established, such as the Secretariat and the National Liaisons Office for instance. [3]
Before 1954, the party was ruled by the Executive Committee, but this organ, along with others too, were replaced at the 2nd National Congress (for more, see "Structure" section). [1] In Ba'athist jargon "Nation" means the Arab Nation, because of that, the National Command formed the highest policy-making and coordinating council for the Ba'ath movement throughout the Arab world. [1] The National Command had several bureaus, similar to those of the Regional Command. [2] National Command sessions were held monthly. [2] Of these, the National Liaisons Office was responsible for maintaining contact with the party's Regional Branches. [4]
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Name | Took office | Left office | Representing (Regional Branch) | Term(s) | Duration | Note |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Michel Aflaq | 6 April 1947 | 23 February 1966 | Syria | 8 | 18 years, 323 days | Served as the party's Secretary General from 1947 to 1965. |
Salah al-Din al-Bitar | 6 April 1947 | 1 September 1959 | Syria | 2 | 12 years, 148 days | — |
Jalil al-Sayyide | 6 April 1947 | June 1954 | — | 1 | 7 years, 56 days | — |
Wahib al-Ghanim | 6 April 1947 | 1952 | Syria | 1 | 4 years, 270 days | — |
Midhat al-Bitar | 1949 | 1952 | — | 1 | 3 years, 0 days | — |
Fuysal ar-Rikte | 1949 | 1952 | — | 1 | 3 years, 0 days | — |
Abdul Rahman Mandhur | 1949 | 1952 | — | 1 | 3 years, 0 days | — |
Akram al-Hawrani | 1952 | 1 September 1959 | Syria | 1 | 7 years, 243 days | The former leader of the Arab Socialist Party. |
Attun Mandisi | 1952 | June 1954 | — | 1 | 2 years, 151 days | A politician from the Arab Socialist Party. |
Fuad al-Rikabi | June 1954 | August 1960 | Iraq | 2 | 6 years, 61 days | Served as the Regional Secretary of the Iraqi Regional Branch. |
Ali Jabir | June 1954 | 23 October 1964 | Lebanon | 4 | 9 years, 144 days | Served as the Regional Secretary of the Lebanese Regional Branch. |
Abdullah Rimawi | June 1954 | 1 September 1959 | Jordan | 1 | 5 years, 92 days | Served as the Regional Secretary of the Jordanese Regional Branch. |
Abdallah Na'was | June 1954 | 1 September 1959 | Jordan | 1 | 5 years, 92 days | — |
Abd al-Wahhab Shumitli | 1 September 1959 | May 1962 | Lebanon | 2 | 2 years, 242 days | — |
Ghassan Shararah | 1 September 1959 | May 1962 | Lebanon | 2 | 2 years, 242 days | — |
Talib El-Shibib | 1 September 1959 | May 1962 | Iraq | 2 | 2 years, 242 days | Served as the Regional Secretary of the Iraqi Regional Branch. |
Sa'dun Hammadi | 1 September 1959 | May 1962 | Iraq | 2 | 2 years, 242 days | — |
Khaled Yashruti | 1 September 1959 | 23 October 1963 | Palestine | 3 | 4 years, 52 days | Was elected to the National Command at the 3rd National Congress as a Lebanese Regional Branch representative. |
Munif al-Razzaz | 1 September 1959 | 23 February 1966 | Jordan | 5 | 6 years, 175 days | Served as the party's Secretary General from 1965 to 1966. |
Amin Shuqayr | 1 September 1959 | August 1960 | Jordan | 1 | 335 days | — |
May 1962 | 23 October 1963 | Jordan | 1 | 1 year, 175 days | ||
Faysal Habib Khayzaran | August 1960 | May 1962 | Iraq | 1 | 1 year, 273 days | — |
Khalid Ali Salih Dulaymi | August 1960 | May 1962 | Iraq | 1 | 1 year, 273 days | — |
Ghalib Yaghi | August 1960 | May 1962 | Lebanon | 1 | 1 year, 273 days | — |
Ali Salih al-Sadi | May 1962 | 18 February 1964 | Iraq | 2 | 1 year, 293 days | Served as the Regional Secretary of the Iraqi Regional Branch. |
Hamid Abd al-Majid | May 1962 | 18 February 1964 | Iraq | 2 | 1 year, 293 days | Served as the Regional Secretary of the Iraqi Regional Branch. |
Jibran Majdalani | May 1962 | 23 February 1966 | Lebanon | 4 | 3 years, 298 days | — |
Abd al-Majid Rafi | May 1962 | 23 October 1963 | Lebanon | 1 | 1 year, 175 days | Served as the Regional Secretary of the Lebanese Regional Branch. |
18 February 1964 | April 1965 | Lebanon | 1 | 1 year, 42 days | ||
Khalid al-Ali | May 1962 | April 1965 | Lebanon | 3 | 2 years, 335 days | — |
Amin al-Hafiz | 23 October 1963 | 23 February 1966 | Syria | 3 | 2 years, 123 days | Served as the Regional Secretary of the Syrian Regional Branch. |
Salah Jadid | 23 October 1963 | 23 February 1966 | Syria | 3 | 2 years, 123 days | Served as the Assistant Regional Secretary of the Syrian Regional Branch. |
Hammud al-Shufi | 23 October 1963 | 18 February 1964 | Syria | 1 | 118 days | Served as the Regional Secretary of the Syrian Regional Branch. |
Muhsin Shaykh Radi | 23 October 1963 | 18 February 1964 | Iraq | 1 | 118 days | — |
Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr | 23 October 1963 | 23 February 1966 | Iraq | 3 | 2 years, 123 days | Served as the Regional Secretary of the Iraqi Regional Branch. |
Salih Mahdi Ammash | 23 October 1963 | 18 February 1964 | Iraq | 1 | 118 days | — |
Abd al-Muhsin Abu Mayzar | 23 October 1963 | 18 February 1964 | Jordan | 1 | 118 days | — |
Muhammad Umran | 18 February 1964 | May 1965 | Syria | 1 | 1 year, 73 days | — |
Mansur al-Atrash | 18 February 1964 | 23 February 1966 | Syria | 1 | 2 years, 5 days | — |
Shibli al-Aysami | 18 February 1964 | 23 February 1966 | Syria | 1 | 2 years, 5 days | — |
Ali Khalil | 18 February 1964 | 23 February 1966 | Lebanon | 2 | 2 years, 5 days | — |
Ali Ghannam | 18 February 1964 | 23 February 1966 | Saudi Arabia | 2 | 2 years, 5 days | — |
Hafez al-Assad | May 1965 | 23 February 1966 | Syria | 1 | 328 days | — |
Brahim Makhous | May 1965 | 23 February 1966 | Syria | 1 | 328 days | — |
Hafez al-Assad was a Syrian politician who served as the President of Syria from 1971 to 2000. He was also the Prime Minister of Syria from 1970 to 1971, as well as regional secretary of the regional command of the Syrian regional branch of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party and secretary general of the National Command of the Ba'ath Party from 1970 to 2000.
The Arab Socialist Baʽath Party was a political party founded in Syria by Michel Aflaq, Salah al-Din al-Bitar, and associates of Zaki al-Arsuzi. The party espoused Baʽathism, which is an ideology mixing Arab nationalist, pan-Arabism, Arab socialist, and anti-imperialist interests. Baʽathism calls for unification of the Arab world into a single state. Its motto, "Unity, Liberty, Socialism", refers to Arab unity, and freedom from non-Arab control and interference.
Michel Aflaq was a Syrian philosopher, sociologist and Arab nationalist. His ideas played a significant role in the development of Ba'athism and its political movement; he is considered by several Ba'athists to be the principal founder of Ba'athist thought. He published various books during his lifetime, the most notable being The Battle for One Destiny (1958) and The Struggle Against Distorting the Movement of Arab Revolution (1975).
Zakī al-Arsūzī was a Syrian philosopher, philologist, sociologist, historian, and Arab nationalist. His ideas played a significant role in the development of Ba'athism and its political movement. He published several books during his lifetime, most notably The Genius of Arabic in its Tongue (1943).
Salah al-Din al-Bitar was a Syrian politician who co-founded the Arab Ba'ath Party with Michel Aflaq in the early 1940s. As students in Paris in the early 1930s, the two formulated a doctrine that combined aspects of nationalism and socialism. Bitar later served as prime minister in several early Ba'athist governments in Syria but became alienated from the party as it grew more radical. In 1966 he fled the country, lived mostly in Europe and remained politically active until he was assassinated in 1980.
The 1966 Syrian coup d'état refers to events between 21 and 23 February during which the government of the Syrian Arab Republic was overthrown and replaced. The ruling National Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party were removed from power by a union of the party's Military Committee and the Regional Command, under the leadership of Salah Jadid.
The 1963 Syrian coup d'état, referred to by the Syrian government as the 8 March Revolution, was the successful seizure of power in Syria by the military committee of the Syrian Regional Branch of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party. The planning and the unfolding conspiracy was inspired by the Iraqi Regional Branch's successful military coup.
The Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party, also referred to as the pro-Iraqi Ba'ath movement, is a Ba'athist political party which was headquartered in Baghdad, Iraq until 2003. It is one of two parties which emerged from the 1966 split of the original Ba'ath Party.
The Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party, also referred to as the pro-Syrian Ba'ath movement, is a neo-Ba'athist political party with branches across the Arab world. The party emerged from a split in the Ba'ath Party in February 1966 and leads the government in Syria. From 1970 until 2000, the party was led by the Syrian president Hafez al-Assad. As of 2000, leadership has been shared between his son Bashar al-Assad and Abdullah al-Ahmar. The Syrian branch of the party is the largest organisation within the Syrian-led Ba'ath Party.
The Socialist Arab Lebanon Vanguard Party is a political party in Lebanon. The party was led by Abd al-Majid al-Rafei until his death in July 2017. It is the Lebanese regional branch of the Iraqi-led Ba'ath Party. The party held its second congress in October 2011. Founders of the party included Dr. Abd al-Majid al-Rafei, Jihad George Karam, Rafiq Nasib Alfaqiya, Karam Mohamed Assahli, Hani Mohamed Shoiab, Ammar Mohamed Shabli, Hassan Khalil Gharib and Asaf Habin Alharakat.
The Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region, officially the Iraqi Regional Branch, is an Iraqi Ba'athist political party founded in 1951 by Fuad al-Rikabi. It was the Iraqi regional branch of the original Ba'ath Party before changing its allegiance to the Iraqi-dominated Ba'ath movement following the 1966 split within the original party. The party was officially banned following the American invasion of Iraq, but despite this it still continues to function.
Fuad al-Rikabi was an Iraqi politician and a founder of the Iraqi Regional Branch of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party. Al-Rikabi became the Secretary of Iraqi Regional Command of the Ba'ath Party in 1954 and held the post until 1959. Throughout his term of leadership, the Iraqi Regional Branch expanded its membership and became a leading party in Iraq's political landscape. Following the 14 July Revolution of 1958 which toppled the monarchy, al-Rikabi was appointed Minister of Development in Abd al-Karim Qasim's unity government.
The Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region, officially the Syrian Regional Branch, is a neo-Ba'athist organisation founded on 7 April 1947 by Michel Aflaq, Salah al-Din al-Bitar and followers of Zaki al-Arsuzi. It was first the regional branch of the original Ba'ath Party (1947–1966) before it changed its allegiance to the Syrian-dominated Ba'ath movement (1966–present) following the 1966 split within the original Ba'ath Party. The party has ruled Syria continuously since the 1963 Syrian coup d'état which brought the Ba'athists to power.
Munif al-Razzaz was a Jordanian-Syrian physician and politician who was the second, and last, Secretary General of the National Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party, having been elected to the post at the 8th National Congress held in April 1965.
Mansur al-Atrash was a Syrian politician and journalist. Together with fellow university students, Atrash became a founding member of the Ba'ath Party and its Syrian regional branch in 1947. During the presidency of Adib Shishakli (1951–54), he became an anti-government activist and was imprisoned twice, only to be released in an unsuccessful attempt by Shishakli to gain the support of Atrash's father, Sultan. In the year Shishakli was overthrown, Atrash was elected to parliament and turned down an offer to serve in Said al-Ghazzi's government. During the period of the United Arab Republic (1958–61), Atrash became a strong supporter of Egyptian president and pan-Arab leader Gamal Abdel Nasser. He opposed Syria's secession from the UAR and turned down offers to serve in successive separatist governments in protest.
The Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region, officially the Regional Command of the Syrian Regional Branch of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party, is the ruling organ of the Ba'ath Party organization in Syria. The term Regional Command stems from Ba'athist ideology, where region literally means an Arab state. According to the Syrian Constitution, the Regional Command has the power to nominate a candidate for president. While the constitution does not state that the Regional Secretary of the Regional Command is the President of Syria, the charter of the National Progressive Front (NPF), of which the Ba'ath Party is a member, states that the President and the Regional Secretary is the NPF President, but this is not stated in any legal document. The 1st Extraordinary Regional Congress held in 1964 decided that the Regional Secretary of the Regional Command would also be head of state. Amin al-Hafiz, the sitting Regional Secretary, became head of state and retained his post as Prime Minister.
Hammud al-Shufi was a Syrian politician, and is mostly known for his short stint as Regional Secretary of the Regional Command of the Syrian Regional Branch of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party in the early-to-mid 1960s.
Salim Hatum was an officer in the Syrian Army who played a significant role in Syrian politics in the 1960s. A member of the Syrian Regional Branch of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party, he was instrumental in the 1966 Syrian coup d'état that toppled the government of Amin al-Hafiz, also a Ba'athist. That same year he launched an insurrection from his home region of Jabal al-Druze against his colleagues who formed the new government but sidelined him from any major position. He fled Syria amid a warrant for his arrest, but returned in 1967 and was subsequently jailed and executed.
This article details the history of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party from its founding in 1947 to its dissolution in the 1960s.
This article details the history of the Syrian Regional Branch of the Ba'ath Party.