List of presidents of Syria

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This is a list of presidents of Syria since 1922.

List of officeholders

Syria (1922–1958)

No.PortraitName
(Birth–Death)
ElectedTerm of officePolitical partyNote(s)
Took officeLeft officeTime in office
French mandate (1922–1930)
Syrian Federation (1922–1925)
Position not established (28 June 192229 June 1922)
1 Subhi barkat.jpg Subhi Bey Barakat
صبحي بك بركات
(1889–1939)
29 June 1922 [1] 1 January 19252 years, 185 days Independent
State of Syria (1925–1930)
(1) Subhi barkat.jpg Subhi Bey Barakat
صبحي بك بركات
(1889–1939)
1 January 192521 December 1925354 days Independent
Vacant (21 December 19259 February 1926)
Pierre Alype - NAC.jpg François Pierre-Alype
فرانسوا بيير أليب
(1886–1956)
9 February 192628 April 192678 days Independent Acting President as Envoy Extraordinary of the High Commissioner.
2 Ahmad nami (3x4 cropped).jpg Ahmad Nami
أحمد نامي
(1873–1962)
28 April 192615 February 19281 year, 293 days Independent
Taj al-Din al-Hasani (3x4 cropped).jpg Taj al-Din al-Hasani
تاج الدين الحسني
(1885–1943)
15 February 192814 May 19302 years, 88 days Independent
First Syrian Republic (1930–1950)
Mandatory Syrian Republic (1930–1946)
Taj al-Din al-Hasani (3x4 cropped).jpg Taj al-Din al-Hasani
تاج الدين الحسني
(1885–1943)
14 May 193019 November 19311 year, 189 days Independent
Léon Solomiac
ليون سولومياك
(1873–1960)
19 November 193111 June 1932205 days Independent Acting President as High Commissioner.
3 Muhammad Ali al-Abid.jpg Muhammad Ali Bey al-Abid
محمد علي بك العابد
(1867–1939)
193211 June 193221 December 19364 years, 193 days Independent
4 Hashim Al Atassi.jpg Hashim al-Atassi
هاشم الأتاسي
(1875–1960)
193621 December 19367 July 19392 years, 198 days National Bloc
5 Bahij al-Khatib.jpg Bahij al-Khatib
بهيج الخطيب
(1895–1981)
8 July 19394 April 19411 year, 270 days Independent
Khalid al-Azm.jpg Khalid al-Azm
خالد العظم
(1903–1965)
4 April 194116 September 1941165 days Independent
6 Taj al-Din al-Hasani (3x4 cropped).jpg Taj al-Din al-Hasani
تاج الدين الحسني
(1885–1943)
16 September 194117 January 19431 year, 123 days Independent Hasani died in office. [2]
Jamil al-Ulshi.jpg Jamil al-Ulshi
جميل الألشي
(1883–1951)
17 January 194325 March 194367 days Independent
7 Ata al-Ayyubi (3x4 cropped).jpg Ata Bey al-Ayyubi
عطا الأيوبي
(1877–1951)
25 March 194317 August 1943145 days Independent
8 Portrait of Shukri al-Quwatli in 1943 (3x4 cropped).jpeg Shukri al-Quwatli
شكري القوّتلي
(1891–1967)
194317 August 194317 April 19462 years, 68 days National Bloc
Independent First Syrian Republic (1946–1950)
(8) Portrait of Shukri al-Quwatli in 1943 (3x4 cropped).jpeg Shukri al-Quwatli
شكري القوّتلي
(1891–1967)
194817 April 194630 March 19493 years, 157 days National Bloc Quwatli was ousted from power in the March 1949 coup d'état by Husni al-Za'im, his chief of staff. [3]
National Party
Vacant (30 March 194926 June 1949)
9 Husni al-Zaiim (3x4 cropped).jpg Husni al-Za'im
حسني الزعيم
(1897–1949)
1949 (Jun.) 26 June 194914 August 194949 days Independent
(SSNP–affiliated)
Za'im was overthrown in the August 1949 coup d'état led by Adib Shishakli; Za'im was later executed on the orders of the new government. [4]
Sami al-Hinnawi.jpg Sami al-Hinnawi
سامي الحناوي
(1898–1950)
14 August 194915 August 19491 day Military
(SSNP)
Vacant (15 August 194919 December 1949)
(4) Hashim Al Atassi.jpg Hashim al-Atassi
هاشم الأتاسي
(1875–1960)
1949 (Dec.)19 December 19495 September 1950260 days People's Party Head of State. During this period, Hinnawi served as the country's de facto leader (as Chairman of the Supreme Council of War) until his overthrow in the December 1949 coup d'état, led by Shishakli, who then became de facto leader as head of the Council of Colonels (later the Supreme Military Council).
Second Syrian Republic (1950–1958)
(4) Hashim Al Atassi.jpg Hashim al-Atassi
هاشم الأتاسي
(1875–1960)
19505 September 19502 December 19511 year, 88 days People's Party Atassi resigned in the aftermath of the 1951 coup d'état.
Adib al-Shishakli.jpg Adib Shishakli
أديب الشيشكلي
(1909–1964)
2 December 19513 December 19511 day Syrian Social Nationalist Party Acting President as Chief of the General Staff and head of the Supreme Military Council.
10 Fawzi Selu (3x4 cropped).jpg Fawzi Selu
فوزي سلو
(1905–1972)
3 December 195111 July 19531 year, 220 days Military
(ALM–affiliated)
After the coup the Army Command Council announced that it was collectively assuming responsibility for government, entrusted Selu with all executive and legislative powers, and dissolved the parliament. Shishakli assumed supreme command in the country and took the office of deputy chief of staff.
11 Adib al-Shishakli.jpg Adib Shishakli
أديب الشيشكلي
(1909–1964)
1953 11 July 195325 February 1954229 days Arab Liberation Movement Shishakli resigned from office in the evening of 26 February 1954, amidst a coup d'état. [5] He fled the country, claiming that he did not want Syria to fall into a civil war. [5]
Maamun al-Kuzbari (1914-1998) portrait.png Maamun al-Kuzbari
مأمون الكزبري
(1914–1998)
25 February 195428 February 19543 days Arab Liberation Movement
(4) Hashim Al Atassi.jpg Hashim al-Atassi
هاشم الأتاسي
(1875–1960)
28 February 19546 September 19551 year, 190 days People's Party
(8) Portrait of Shukri al-Quwatli in 1943 (3x4 cropped).jpeg Shukri al-Quwatli
شكري القوّتلي
(1891–1967)
19556 September 195522 February 19582 years, 169 days National Party

United Arab Republic (1958–1961)

No.PortraitName
(Birth–Death)
ElectedTerm of officePolitical party
Took officeLeft officeTime in office
12 Nasser 1961.jpg Gamal Abdel Nasser
جمال عبد الناصر
(1918–1970)
1958 22 February 195829 September 19613 years, 219 days National Union

Syria (1961–present)

No.PortraitName
(Birth–Death)
ElectedTerm of officePolitical partyNote(s)
Took officeLeft officeTime in office
Syrian Arab Republic (1961–present)
Second Syrian Republic (1961–1963)
Vacant (29 September 196114 December 1961)
13 Nazim al-Kudsi (3x4 cropped).jpg Nazim al-Qudsi
ناظم القدسي
(1906–1998)
196114 December 19618 March 19631 year, 84 days People's Party The 1963 coup d'état, an event known as the March 8 Revolution, toppled Qudsi and brought the National Council for the Revolutionary Command (NCRC) to government, although real power lay with the Ba'athist Military Committee, which organized the coup. [6]
Ba'athist Syria (1963–2024)
Vacant (8 March 19639 March 1963)
14 Luai al-Atassi.jpg Lu'ay al-Atassi
لؤي الأتاسي
(1926–2003)
9 March 196327 July 1963140 days Independent Atassi was appointed president by the NCRC because he posed no threat to the Military Committee's power. [7] He resigned after high-ranking non-Ba'athist officers were purged. [8] [a]
15 Amin al-Hafez 1965.jpg Amin al-Hafiz
أمين الحافظ
(1921–2009)
27 July 196323 February 19662 years, 211 days Ba'ath Party
(Syria Region)
Hafiz was overthrown by the Military Committee because of his support for Michel Aflaq and the Ba'athist National Command. [9] [b]
Vacant (23 February 196625 February 1966)
16 Nureddin Atassi (3x4 cropped).jpg Nureddin al-Atassi
نور الدين الأتاسي
(1929–1992)
25 February 196618 November 19704 years, 266 days Syrian Ba'ath Party
(Syria Region)
Atassi was overthrown when a falling out occurred between Salah Jadid, the country's de facto leader from 1966 to 1970 as Assistant Regional Secretary of the Regional Command, and Hafez al-Assad, the Minister of Defense. [10] Assad initiated a coup in 1970, known as the Corrective Movement. [11]
Ahmad al-Khatib, the interim head of state who ruled Syria for four months from November 1970 to March 1971.png Ahmad al-Khatib
أحمد الخطيب
(1933–1982)
18 November 197012 March 1971114 days Syrian Ba'ath Party
(Syria Region)
Assad served as the country's de facto leader during this period, as head of the Temporary Regional Command and as Regional Secretary of the Regional Command.
17 Hafez al-Assad official portrait.jpg Hafez al-Assad
حافظ الأسد
(1930–2000)
1971
1978
1985
1991
1999
12 March 197110 June 200029 years, 90 days Syrian Ba'ath Party
(Syria Region)
In late 1983, due to deteriorating health, Assad transferred his powers during his absence and recovery to a committee consisting of members from his close circle. [c] [12] [13] Assad recovered and died in office seventeen years later. [14]
President Jimmy Carter and Abdul Halim Khaddam (cropped).jpg Abdul Halim Khaddam
عبدالحليم خدام
(1932–2020)
10 June 200017 July 200037 days Syrian Ba'ath Party
(Syria Region)
Khaddam constitutionally succeeded from the vice presidency, and served on an acting basis until the new confirmative referendum.
18 Bashar al-Assad (2018-05-17) 02 (cropped).jpg Bashar al-Assad
بَشَّارُ ٱلْأَسَدِ
(born 1965)
2000
2007
2014
2021
17 July 20008 December 202424 years, 144 days Syrian Ba'ath Party
(Syria Region)
Assad was overthrown during the fall of Damascus in the Syrian civil war, and fled the country to Russia. [15]
Transitional period (2024–present)
Ahmed al-Sharaa served as the de facto Leader of Syria (8 December 202429 January 2025) [d]
19 Ahmed al-Sharaa in July 2025 (cropped).jpg Ahmed al-Sharaa
أحمد الشرع
(born 1982)
29 January 2025Incumbent218 days Independent Al-Sharaa was appointment as president by the Syrian General Command during the transitional period at the Syrian Revolution Victory Conference. [18]

Timeline

Ahmed al-SharaaBashar al-AssadAbdul Halim KhaddamHafez al-AssadAhmad al-KhatibNureddin al-AtassiAmin al-HafizLu'ay al-AtassiNazim al-KudsiGamal Abdel NasserMaamun al-KuzbariFawzi SeluAdib ShishakliSami al-HinnawiHusni al-Za'imShukri al-QuwatliAta Bey al-AyyubiJamil al-UlshiKhalid al-AzmBahij al-KhatibHashim al-AtassiMuhammad Ali al-AbidLéon SolomiacTaj al-Din al-HasaniAhmad NamiFrançois Pierre-AlypeSubhi Bey BarakatList of presidents of Syria

See also

Notes

  1. During Atassi's tenure, the office of head of state was entitled President of the National Council for the Revolutionary Command.
  2. During Hafiz's tenure, the office of head of state was entitled President of the National Council for the Revolutionary Command, and later as President of the Presidential Council.
  3. The committee consisted of Rifaat al-Assad (younger brother of Assad), Abdul Halim Khaddam (Minister of Foreign Affairs), Mustafa Tlass (Minister of Defense), Hikmat al-Shihabi (Chief of the General Staff), Ali Duba (Director of the Military Intelligence Directorate), Abdullah al-Ahmar (National Ba'ath Party official), Zuhair Masharqa (Regional Ba'ath Party official) and Abdul Rauf al-Kasm (Prime Minister).
  4. Following the fall of the Assad regime, al-Sharaa served as Syria's de facto leader [16] as the emir of the Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham, general commander and head of the new Syrian administration until 29 January 2025, when he was appointed President of Syria by the Syrian General Command. [17] [18] [19]

References

Citations

  1. Arrêtés Nos. 1, 2 & 3, Bulletin hebdomadaire des actes administratifs du Haut-Commissariat (8 October 1922), p. 268; .
  2. Moubayed 2006, p. 345.
  3. Moubayed 2006, p. 311.
  4. Moubayed 2006, p. 610.
  5. 1 2 Moubayed 2006, p. 339.
  6. Moubayed 2006, p. 133.
  7. Moubayed 2006, p. 175.
  8. Rabinovich 1972, p. 72.
  9. Seale 1990, pp. 99–101.
  10. Seale 1990, pp. 142–144.
  11. Seale 1990, pp. 162–163.
  12. "Major Illness Said To Incapacitate Syrian President". The Washington Post. 6 December 1983. Retrieved 7 April 2025.
  13. Seale, Patrick (8 February 1989). "Chapter 24: Brothers's war". Asad: The Struggle for the Middle East. University of California Press. p. 427. ISBN 978-0520069763.
  14. Moubayed 2006, pp. 154–155.
  15. "Syrian rebels topple President Assad, prime minister calls for free elections". Reuters. 8 December 2024.
  16. "Ahmed al-Sharaa named Syria's transitional president". www.bbc.com. 31 January 2025. Retrieved 22 March 2025. Ahmed al-Sharaa has been Syria's de facto leader since leading the overthrow of Bashar al-Assad
  17. 1 2 "General Command appoints Ahmed al-Sharaa as President of Syria". Enab Baladi . 29 January 2025. Retrieved 15 February 2025.
  18. "Leader of Syria's new administration congratulates Trump". www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved 20 July 2025. The leader of the new Syrian administration, Ahmed al-Sharaa, congratulated US President Donald Trump on his inauguration

Bibliography