The National Parks Autonomous Agency (OAPN) is an autonomous agency of the Spanish central government that manages the National Parks Network and the Spanish Biosphere Reserves Network, as well as mountains, farms and other patrimonial assets of its property. The agency was created on June 23, 1995 by the Agriculture Minister Luis María Atienza by merging two other agencies, the Institute for the Conservation of Nature (ICONA) and the National Institute for Agrarian Reform and Development (IRYDA).[1]
The OAPN is an agency of the Spanish Ecological Transition Department. The Minister, the Secretary of State for Environment and the Director-General for Biodiversity, Forests and Desertification act as President, First Vice President and Second Vice President of the agency, respectively, although the chief executive of the agency is the Director. The current director is Javier Pantoja Trigueros, appointed on April 1, 2022.[2]
Powers
The National Parks Autonomous Agency is responsible for:[3]
The formulation of the national policy regarding national parks.
The dissemination and promotion of the image, values, and conservation model of national parks abroad.
The planning and management of the natural spaces of state competence.
The management of the mountains, farms and other assets assigned or their ownership.
The support to the Ecological Transition Department's policies regarding biodiversity, conservation and sustainable use of natural resources, conservation of fauna, flora, habitat and natural ecosystems in the terrestrial and marine environment. In this sense, it has the same responsibilities in the Department's policies on education, information, awareness, training and public participation on environmental issues through the National Center for Environmental Education (CENEAM).
The cooperation with public and private entities, both national (state, regional and local) and international, for the development of the previous functions.
The first National Parks Act was passed on December 8, 1916. This law was one of the first in Europe dedicated to the protection of nature and it consisted in just three articles. The law, defined the national parks as "those exceptionally picturesque, forested or rugged sites or places of the national territory, which the State consecrates, declaring them such, with the sole purpose of favoring their access through adequate means of communication, and respecting and to ensure that the natural beauty of its landscapes, the richness of its fauna and its flora and the geological and hydrological participles that they enclose are respected, thus avoiding with the greatest efficiency any act of destruction, deterioration or disfigurement by the hand of the man".[4] The first two national parks to be created were the Covadonga Mountain National Park (current Picos de Europa National Park) and the Ordesa Valley National Park (currently named Ordesa y Monte Perdido National Park).[5]
In 1957, a new Forestry Act was passed and it replaced the old Forestry Act of 1863 and also the National Parks Act of 1916. This new legislation also marks a substantial change in the legislative approach to environmental protection, according to which ecological factors begin to be more important when declaring new parks; in front of the merely historical and landscape.[9] Years later, in 1969, Doñana is declared a National Park[10] and, in 1973, the Tablas of Daimiel.[11] A year later, a new national park is created in the Canary Islands, the Timanfaya National Park.[12]
Other important year for the protection of the Spanish parks is 1975. The Protected Natural Spaces Act is passed which creates three new classifications of protected spaces —Integral Reserves of Scientific Interest, Natural Parks and Natural Parks of National Interest—, in addition to national parks. This law also brings with it the reclassification of several parks, with the notorious expansion of Doñana and Ordesa y Monte Perdido.[13] In the beginning of the 80s, the Garajonay National Park is created, one of the best world representations of the laurel, relict vegetation of the Tertiary Era.[14]
The Natural Spaces and Wild Flora and Fauna Conservation Act of 1989 gave a decisive push to the National Parks Network. This law officially creates the Network and it contained a clause where it is detailed which parks are part of it and their ecosystems. Finally, the law also assumes the right of every person to environment. Following the principles established by this law, in 1991 the Cabrera Archipelago Maritime-Terrestrial National Park[15] is created and in 1995 the Covadonga National Park is extended integrating all the limestone landscape, creating the Picos de Europa National Park.[16] Months later, the Cabañeros National Park is created and integrated into the Network.[17]
During the following years after the approval of this law, there was discomfort among the regions because the law gave the exclusive power to the central government to manage the National Parks. Several regions —Andalusia, Aragón, Balearic Islands, Basque Country, Canary Islands, Cantabria, Castile and León and Catalonia— presented unconstitutionality appeals before the Constitutional Court against the law and other related regulations for this reason. In 1995, the Constitutional Court declared unconstitutional the fifth additional provision of the law[18] and in 1997 the Spanish Parliament reformed the 1989 Act to establish a shared system of managing between the central government and the regions. On June 23, 1995, because of the devolution of powers to the regions, the Minister of Agriculture Luis María Atienza approved a royal decree merging two other agencies, the Institute for the Conservation of Nature (ICONA) and the National Institute for Agrarian Reform and Development (IRYDA) to create the current OAPN.[1]
Another appeal of unconstitutionality is filed by the regions of Andalusia and Aragón against the 1998 Act. These two regions criticized the shared system. The Constitutional Court was forced to interpret the law and it established in 2004 that the shared system consisted on a day-to-day management by the regions (including the appointment of all the officials and the heads of the national parks) but this management must to be finance by the regional governments, and the superior supervision and coordination of the Network was granted to the central government by giving to it the authority to create or extend national parks and to establish the general guidelines of action.[21]
In March 2007 the Monfragüe National Park was created[22] and, a month later, the National Parks Network Act was passed. The National Parks Network Act of 2007 assumed the interpretation of the Constitutional Court and it granted the supervisory power to the Department of Environment, through its Autonomous Agency. The last national park to be created was the Sierra de Guadarrama National Park on June 25, 2013.[23]
On December 3, 2014 it was approved the current National Parks Act. This law reinforces, for its singularity, the protection of those parks and it establish an improved coordination and support system with the central government. In this sense, the law established an emergency system against environmental disasters and it forbids activities such as sport and recreational fishing, sport and commercial hunting, logging for commercial purposes, as well as urbanization and building.
The National Parks Network (RPN) is a system established to protect and manage some Spanish Natural Heritage with the category of national park. The RPN is integrated by 16 national parks and all the staff and administrations that are part of it. The network encompasses approximately 1 million acres (4,450km2). The largest national park is the Sierra Nevada National Park with 212,222 acres (858,8km2) and it is surrounded by the Sierra Nevada Natural Park, that is approx. 200,000 acres.[25] The smallest park is the Tablas de Daimiel National Park at 7,487 acres (30,3km2).[26]
In addition to the national parks, that are directly managed by the Spanish regional administrations, the National Parks Autonomous Agency (OAPN) administers other properties. The OAPN administers 18 properties that encompasses 247,105.40 acres (1,000km2 approx.). All these properties have in common the fact of being representative of some of the most emblematic landscapes and Iberian ecosystems. Most of these properties are owned by a public entity, although some of them are private (the Encomienda de Mudela is 99,97% private, La Graciosa is 7% private, New Place of Serradilla is 1,8% private).
The national parks have, in general, all the necessary and sufficient provision of means for their proper functioning and development. In addition to the equipment and infrastructures for public use, all the national parks of the National Parks Network have at least one administrative office and a basic resource for their maintenance, surveillance and own monitoring (vehicles, forestry machinery, technical material, etc.).
The data about the material resources are very scarce and outdated, since the last official report dates from 2013. As of 2013, the 15 national parks had 32 visitors centers, 58 information centers, 121 parkings, 157 lookouts and 67 entertainment areas.[32] Also, the vehicles fleet of the Network was 392 in 2013.[32]
Staff
Between 1918 and 1997, the staff in charge of the national parks was part of the General State Administration. The Constitution of 1978 established a decentralized system and in 1997 most of the regions assumed the managements of the active national parks within its territories. As of 2015, the National Parks Network staff was integrated by 1,908 people.[33] From those, 502 were firefighters and 426 surveillance and security.[33]
World Heritage Sites have enough universally recognized natural and cultural features that they are considered to merit the protection of all the peoples in the world. Spain is currently the third country with more World Heritage Sites, and the OAPN administers four of them:
The OAPN also administers the Spanish Network of Biosphere Reserves (REBR). The REBR is integrated by the 52 Spanish biosphere reserves designated as such by the UNESCO.[34]Spain has many more biosphere reserves, but this are specially protected and all of them coordinated and supported by an independent agency, the National Parks Autonomous Agency.
Committees
The agency has two committees for a better coordination of the National Parks Network and to advise the agency.
National Parks Collaboration and Coordination Committee
Integrated in the General State Administration there is a National Parks Collaboration and Coordination Committee. This committee aims to deepen collaboration and coordination mechanisms, study possible common effects, reconcile the implementation of programs and actions in national parks, exchange information and experiences, and facilitate the dissemination of knowledge between the national parks administrations.[35] The committee is chaired by the Director of the National Parks Agency and it is integrated by the administrators of the national parks, twelve representatives of the agency and the administrators of the centers and other properties of the agency. The Deputy Director of the agency is also a member of the committee and it is the deputy chair of it.[36]
National Parks Scientific Committee
The Scientific Committee is the body of the OAPN in charge of scientifically advising on any question that may be raised from the Office of the Director of the Autonomous Agency, at the initiative of this or at the request of the national parks administrations.[35] The Director and Deputy Director who are the chair and deputy chair, respectively, are part of the committee. In addition to these, the committee is also integrated by twenty members appointed by the director for a four-year term.[36]
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