New Testament places associated with Jesus

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Part of the early Byzantine Madaba Map showing Bethabara (Bethabara) on the Jordan River Sapsaphas Madaba.jpg
Part of the early Byzantine Madaba Map showing Bethabara (Βέθαβαρά) on the Jordan River

The New Testament narrative of the life of Jesus refers to several locations in the Holy Land and a Flight into Egypt. In these accounts the principal locations for the ministry of Jesus were Galilee and Judea, with activities also taking place in surrounding areas such as Perea and Samaria. [1] Other places of interest to scholars include locations such as Caesarea Maritima where in 1961 the Pilate stone was discovered as the only archaeological item that mentions the Roman prefect Pontius Pilate, by whose order Jesus was crucified. [2] [3]

Contents

The narrative of the ministry of Jesus in the Gospels is usually separated into sections that have a geographical nature: his Galilean ministry follows his baptism and continues in Galilee and surrounding areas until the death of John the Baptist. [1] [4] This phase of activities in the Galilee area draws to an end approximately in Matthew 17 and Mark 9. After the death of John the Baptist and Jesus' proclamation as Christ by Peter, his ministry continues along his final journey towards Jerusalem through Perea and Judea. [5] [6] The journey ends with his triumphal entry into Jerusalem in Matthew 21 and Mark 11. The final part of Jesus' ministry then takes place during his last week in Jerusalem which ends in his crucifixion. [7]

Geography and ministry

Galilee, Perea and Judea at the time of Jesus First century Iudaea province.gif
Galilee, Perea and Judea at the time of Jesus

In the New Testament accounts, the principal locations for the ministry of Jesus were Galilee and Judea, with activities also taking place in surrounding areas such as Perea and Samaria. [1] [4] The gospel narrative of the ministry of Jesus is traditionally separated into sections that have a geographical nature.

Galilean ministry
Jesus' ministry begins when after his baptism, he returns to Galilee and preaches in the synagogue of Capernaum. [8] [9] The first disciples of Jesus encounter him near the Sea of Galilee, and his later Galilean ministry includes key episodes such as Sermon on the Mount (with the Beatitudes) which form the core of his moral teachings. [10] [11] Jesus' ministry in the Galilee area draws to an end with the death of John the Baptist. [12] [13]
Journey to Jerusalem
After the death of John the Baptist, about halfway through the Gospels (approximately Matthew 17 and Mark 9) two key events take place that change the nature of the narrative by beginning the gradual revelation of his identity to his disciples: his proclamation as Christ by Peter and his transfiguration. [5] [6] After these events, a good portion of the Gospel narratives deal with Jesus' final journey to Jerusalem through Perea and Judea. [5] [6] [14] [15] As Jesus travels towards Jerusalem through Perea he returns to the area where he was baptized. [16] [17] [18]
Final week in Jerusalem
The final part of Jesus' ministry begins (Matthew 21 and Mark 11) with his triumphal entry into Jerusalem after the raising of Lazarus which takes place in Bethany. The Gospels provide more details about the final portion than the other periods, devoting about one third of their text to the last week of the life of Jesus in Jerusalem which ends in his crucifixion. [7]
Post-Resurrection appearances
The New Testament accounts of the resurrection appearances of Jesus and his ascension place him both in the Judea and the Galilee area.

Locations

Galilee

Places mentioned in the canonical Gospels in relation to the ministry of Jesus The Ministry of Jesus.svg
Places mentioned in the canonical Gospels in relation to the ministry of Jesus

Decapolis and Perea

Samaria

Judea

Other places

Archaeology

An Augustus denarius, stating CAESAR AVGVSTVS; and on the reverse: DIVVSIVLIV(S), which the population at large took to mean Son of God S0484.4.jpg
An Augustus denarius, stating CAESAR AVGVSTVS; and on the reverse: DIVVSIVLIV(S), which the population at large took to mean Son of God

No documents written by Jesus exist, [64] and no specific archaeological remnants are directly attributed to him. The 21st century has witnessed an increase in scholarly interest in the integrated use of archaeology as an additional research component in arriving at a better understanding of the historical Jesus by illuminating the socio-economic and political background of his age. [65] [66] [67] [68] [69] [70]

James Charlesworth states that few modern scholars now want to overlook the archaeological discoveries that clarify the nature of life in Galilee and Judea during the time of Jesus. [68] Jonathan Reed states that chief contribution of archaeology to the study of the historical Jesus is the reconstruction of his social world. [71] An example archaeological item that Reed mentions is the 1961 discovery of the Pilate stone, which mentions the Roman prefect Pontius Pilate, by whose order Jesus was crucified. [71] [72] [73]

Reed also states that archaeological finding related to coinage can shed light on historical critical analysis. As an example, he refers to coins with the ""Divi filius" inscription. [65] Although Roman Emperor Augustus called himself "Divi filius", and not "Dei filius" (Son of God), the line between being god and god-like was at times less than clear to the population at large, and the Roman court seems to have been aware of the necessity of keeping the ambiguity. [62] [63] Later, Tiberius who was emperor at the time of Jesus came to be accepted as the son of divus Augustus. [62] Reed discusses this coinage in the context of Mark 12:13–17 in which Jesus asks his disciples to look at a coin: "Whose portrait is this? And whose inscription?" and then advises them to "Render unto Caesar the things which are Caesar's, and unto God the things that are God's." Reed states that "the answer becomes much more subversive when one knows that Roman coinage proclaimed Caesar to be God". [65]

David Gowler states that an interdisciplinary scholarly study of archeology, textual analysis and historical context can shed light on Jesus and his teachings. [69] An example is the archeological studies at Capernaum. Despite the frequent references to Capernaum in the New Testament, little is said about it there. [74] However, recent archeological evidence show that unlike earlier assumptions, Capernaum was poor and small, without even a forum or agora. [69] [75] This archaeological discovery thus resonates well with the scholarly view that Jesus advocated reciprocal sharing among the destitute in that area of Galilee. [69] Other archeological findings support the wealth of the ruling priests in Judea at the beginning of the first century. [67] [76]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gospel of Mark</span> Book of the New Testament

The Gospel of Mark is the second of the four canonical gospels and one of the three synoptic Gospels. It tells of the ministry of Jesus from his baptism by John the Baptist to his death, the burial of his body, and the discovery of his empty tomb. It portrays Jesus as a teacher, an exorcist, a healer, and a miracle worker, though it does not mention a miraculous birth or divine pre-existence. He refers to himself as the Son of Man. He is called the Son of God but keeps his messianic nature secret; even his disciples fail to understand him. All this is in keeping with the Christian interpretation of prophecy, which is believed to foretell the fate of the messiah as suffering servant.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Capernaum</span> Village at Lake Tiberias in historical Judea

Capernaum was a fishing village established during the time of the Hasmoneans, located on the northern shore of the Sea of Galilee. It had a population of about 1,500 in the 1st century AD. Archaeological excavations have revealed two ancient synagogues built one over the other. A house turned into a church by the Byzantines is held by Christian tradition to have been the home of Saint Peter.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Herod Antipas</span> 1st century AD tetrarch of Galilee and Perea (r. 1–39)

Herod Antipas was a 1st-century ruler of Galilee and Perea. He bore the title of tetrarch and is referred to as both "Herod the Tetrarch" and "King Herod" in the New Testament. He was a son of Herod the Great and a grandson of Antipater the Idumaean. He is widely known today for accounts in the New Testament of his role in events that led to the executions of John the Baptist and Jesus of Nazareth. His father, Herod the Great, was described in the account as ordering the Massacre of the Innocents, marking the earliest Biblical account of the concerns of the government in Jerusalem regarding Jesus' existence.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jesus in Christianity</span> Jesus as seen in the Christian tradition

In Christianity, Jesus is the Son of God as chronicled in the Bible's New Testament, and in most Christian denominations He is held to be God the Son, a prosopon (Person) of the Trinity of God.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jesus</span> Central figure of Christianity

Jesus, also referred to as Jesus Christ, Jesus of Nazareth, and many other names and titles, was a first-century Jewish preacher and religious leader. He is the central figure of Christianity, the world's largest religion. Most Christians believe Jesus to be the incarnation of God the Son and the awaited messiah, or Christ, a descendant from the Davidic line that is prophesied in the Old Testament.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Life of Jesus</span> Life of Jesus as told in the New Testament

The life of Jesus is primarily outlined in the four canonical gospels, which includes his genealogy and nativity, public ministry, passion, prophecy, resurrection and ascension. Other parts of the New Testament – such as the Pauline epistles which were likely written within 20 to 30 years of each other, and which include references to key episodes in the life of Jesus, such as the Last Supper, and the Acts of the Apostles, which includes more references to the Ascension episode than the canonical gospels also expound upon the life of Jesus. In addition to these biblical texts, there are extra-biblical texts that make reference to certain events in the life of Jesus, such as Josephus on Jesus and Tacitus on Christ.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Baptism of Jesus</span> Event in the life of Jesus

The baptism of Jesus, the ritual purification of Jesus with water by John the Baptist, was a major event described in the three synoptic Gospels of the New Testament. It is considered to have taken place at Al-Maghtas, today located in Jordan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">John 2</span> Chapter of the New Testament

John 2 is the second chapter of the Gospel of John in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It contains the famous stories of the miracle of Jesus turning water into wine and Jesus expelling the money changers from the Temple. The author of the book containing this chapter is anonymous, but early Christian tradition uniformly affirmed that John composed this gospel.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Luke 4</span> Chapter of the New Testament

Luke 4 is the fourth chapter of the Gospel of Luke in the New Testament of the Christian Bible, traditionally attributed to Luke the Evangelist, a companion of Paul the Apostle on his missionary journeys. This chapter details Jesus' three temptations, the start of his "Galilean Ministry", and his rejection at Nazareth, which Luke contrasts with his acclaim in nearby Capernaum.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mark 15</span> Chapter of the New Testament

Mark 15 is the fifteenth chapter of the Gospel of Mark in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. This chapter records the narrative of Jesus' passion, including his trial before Pontius Pilate and then his crucifixion, death and entombment. Jesus' trial before Pilate and his crucifixion, death, and burial are also recorded in Matthew 27, Luke 23, and John 18:28–19:42.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ministry of Jesus</span>

The ministry of Jesus, in the canonical gospels, begins with his baptism near the River Jordan by John the Baptist, and ends in Jerusalem in Judea, following the Last Supper with his disciples. The Gospel of Luke states that Jesus was "about 30 years of age" at the start of his ministry. A chronology of Jesus typically sets the date of the start of his ministry at around AD 27–29 and the end in the range AD 30–36.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Matthew 9</span> Chapter of the New Testament

Matthew 9 is the ninth chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament. It continues the narrative about Jesus' ministry in Galilee as he ministers to the public, working miracles, and going through all the cities and towns of the area, preaching the gospel, and healing every disease. This chapter opens with Jesus back in "his own town", i.e. Capernaum. This chapter reflects "the crucial role of faith" in relation to healing.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Matthew 17</span> Chapter of the New Testament

Matthew 17 is the seventeenth chapter in the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament section of the Christian Bible. Jesus continues his final journey to Jerusalem ministering through Galilee. William Robertson Nicoll identifies "three impressive tableaux" in this chapter: the transfiguration, the epileptic boy and the temple tribute.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Matthew 19</span> Chapter of the New Testament

Matthew 19 is the nineteenth chapter in the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament section of the Christian Bible. The book containing this chapter is anonymous, but early Christian tradition uniformly affirmed that Matthew composed this Gospel. Jesus commences his final journey to Jerusalem in this chapter, ministering through Perea. It can be seen as the starting point for the passion narrative.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Luke 9</span> Chapter of the New Testament

Luke 9 is the ninth chapter of the Gospel of Luke in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It records the sending of the twelve disciples, several great miracles performed by Jesus, the story of his transfiguration, Peter's confession and the final departure from Galilee towards Jerusalem. Scottish minister William Robertson Nicoll describes this chapter as unfolding "sundry particulars which together form the closing scenes of the Galilean ministry". The book containing this chapter is anonymous, but early Christian tradition uniformly affirmed that Luke the Evangelist composed this Gospel as well as the Acts of the Apostles.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Luke 23</span> Chapter of the New Testament

Luke 23 is the twenty-third chapter of the Gospel of Luke in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. The book containing this chapter is anonymous, but early Christian tradition uniformly affirmed that Luke the Evangelist composed this Gospel as well as the Acts of the Apostles. This chapter records the trial of Jesus Christ before Pontius Pilate, Jesus' meeting with Herod Antipas, and his crucifixion, death and burial.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anointing of Jesus</span> Gospels event

The anointings of Jesus’s head or feet are events recorded in the four gospels. The account in Matthew 26, Mark 14, takes place on Holy Wednesday, while the account in John 12 takes place 6 days before Passover in Bethany, a village in Judaea on the southeastern slope of the Mount of Olives, where Lazarus lived. In Matthew and Mark, he is anointed by an unnamed woman. In John, the woman is identified as Mary of Bethany, the sister of Martha and Lazarus of Bethany. The event in Luke features an unnamed sinful woman, and is in the northern region, as Luke 7 indicates Jesus was ministering in the northern regions of Nain and Capernaum. The honorific anointing with perfume is an action frequently mentioned in other literature from the time; however, using long hair to dry Jesus's feet, as in John and Luke, is not recorded elsewhere, and should be regarded as an exceptional gesture. Considerable debate has discussed the identity of the woman, the location, timing, and the message.

The historical reliability of the Gospels is evaluated by experts who have not reached complete consensus. While all four canonical gospels contain some sayings and events that may meet at least one of the five criteria for historical reliability used in biblical studies, the assessment and evaluation of these elements is a matter of ongoing debate.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Return of Jesus to Galilee</span> Episode in the life of Jesus

The Return of Jesus to Galilee is an episode in the life of Jesus which appears in three of the Canonical Gospels: Matthew 4:12, Mark 1:14 and John 4:1–3, 4:43–45. It relates the return of Jesus to Galilee upon the imprisonment of John the Baptist.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pilate's court</span> Trial of Jesus in praetorium before Pontius Pilate

In the canonical gospels, Pilate's court refers to the trial of Jesus in praetorium before Pontius Pilate, preceded by the Sanhedrin Trial. In the Gospel of Luke, Pilate finds that Jesus, being from Galilee, belonged to Herod Antipas' jurisdiction, and so he decides to send Jesus to Herod. After questioning Jesus and receiving very few replies, Herod sees Jesus as no threat and returns him to Pilate.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Christianity: an introduction by Alister E. McGrath 2006, ISBN   978-1-4051-0901-7, pp. 16–22.
  2. 1 2 Historical Dictionary of Jesus by Daniel J. Harrington 2010 ISBN   0810876671 page 32
  3. 1 2 Archaeology and the Galilean Jesus: a re-examination of the evidence by Jonathan L. Reed, 2002, ISBN   1563383942, p. 18.
  4. 1 2 The Life and Ministry of Jesus: The Gospels by Douglas Redford 2007 ISBN   0-7847-1900-4 pages 117-130
  5. 1 2 3 The Christology of Mark's Gospel by Jack Dean Kingsbury 1983 ISBN   0-8006-2337-1 pages 91-95
  6. 1 2 3 The Cambridge companion to the Gospels by Stephen C. Barton ISBN   0-521-00261-3 pages 132-133
  7. 1 2 Matthew by David L. Turner, 2008, ISBN   0-8010-2684-9, p. 613.
  8. 1 2 Jesus in the Synagogue of Capernaum: The Pericope and its Programmatic Character for the Gospel of Mark by John Chijioke Iwe 1991 ISBN   9788876528460 page 7
  9. ↑ The Gospel according to Matthew by Leon Morris ISBN   0-85111-338-9 page 71
  10. ↑ The Sermon on the mount: a theological investigation by Carl G. Vaught 2001 ISBN   978-0-918954-76-3 pages xi-xiv
  11. ↑ The Synoptics: Matthew, Mark, Luke by Ján Majerník, Joseph Ponessa, Laurie Watson Manhardt, 2005, ISBN   1-931018-31-6, pages 63–68
  12. ↑ Steven L. Cox, Kendell H Easley, 2008 Harmony of the Gospels ISBN   0-8054-9444-8 pages 97-110
  13. ↑ The Life and Ministry of Jesus: The Gospels by Douglas Redford 2007 ISBN   0-7847-1900-4 pages 165-180
  14. ↑ Steven L. Cox, Kendell H Easley, 2007 Harmony of the Gospels ISBN   0-8054-9444-8 pages 121-135
  15. ↑ The Life and Ministry of Jesus: The Gospels by Douglas Redford 2007 ISBN   0-7847-1900-4 pages 189-207
  16. ↑ Steven L. Cox, Kendell H Easley, 2007 Harmony of the Gospels ISBN   0-8054-9444-8 page 137
  17. ↑ The Life and Ministry of Jesus: The Gospels by Douglas Redford 2007 ISBN   0-7847-1900-4 pages 211-229
  18. ↑ Mercer dictionary of the Bible by Watson E. Mills, Roger Aubrey Bullard 1998 ISBN   0-86554-373-9 page 929
  19. ↑ The Miracles of Jesus by Craig Blomberg, David Wenham 2003 ISBN   1592442854 page 419
  20. ↑ H. Van der Loos, 1965 The Miracles of Jesus, E.J. Brill Press, Netherlands page 599
  21. ↑ Dmitri Royster 1999 The miracles of Christ ISBN   0881411930 page 71
  22. ↑ The Miracles of Jesus by Craig Blomberg, David Wenham 2003 ISBN   1592442854 page 440
  23. ↑ Lamar Williamson 1983 Mark ISBN   0804231214 pages 129-130
  24. ↑ B. Meistermann, "Transfiguration", The Catholic Encyclopedia, XV, New York: Robert Appleton Company
  25. ↑ Luke by Fred Craddock 2009 ISBN   0664234356 page 98
  26. ↑ The Bible Knowledge Commentary: New Testament edition by John F. Walvoord, Roy B. Zuck 1983 ISBN   0882078127 page 210
  27. ↑ The Gospel according to Matthew by Leon Morris 1992 ISBN   0851113389 pages 83
  28. ↑ Luke by Fred B. Craddock 1991 ISBN   0804231230 page 69
  29. ↑ J.W. Wenham, The Elements of New Testament Greek, Cambridge University Press, 1965, p. 75.
  30. ↑ Boyce W. Blackwelder, Light from the Greek New Testament, Baker Book House, 1976, p. 120, ISBN   0801006627
  31. 1 2 Big Picture of the Bible - New Testament by Lorna Daniels Nichols 2009 ISBN   1-57921-928-4 page 12
  32. 1 2 John by Gerard Stephen Sloyan 1987 ISBN   0-8042-3125-7 page 11
  33. ↑ Lamar Williamson 1983 Mark ISBN   0804231214 pages 138-140
  34. ↑ The Life and Ministry of Jesus: The Gospels by Douglas Redford 2007 ISBN   0-7847-1900-4 page 168
  35. ↑ Studying the historical Jesus: evaluations of the state of current research by Bruce Chilton, Craig A. Evans 1998 ISBN   9004111425 page 465
  36. ↑ The Gospel of John by Joseph Ponessa, Laurie Watson Manhardt 2005 ISBN   1931018251 page 39
  37. ↑ The Gospel According to St. John: An Introduction With Commentary and Notes by C. K. Barrett 1955 ISBN   0664221807 page 12
  38. ↑ Francis J. Moloney, Daniel J. Harrington, 1998 The Gospel of John Liturgical Press ISBN   0814658067 page 325
  39. ↑ The Miracles of Jesus by Craig Blomberg, David Wenham 2003 ISBN   1592442854 page 462
  40. ↑ Mills, Watson E.; Bullard, Roger Aubrey (1998). Mercer dictionary of the Bible. Macon, GA: Mercer University Press. p. 556. ISBN   978-0-86554-373-7
  41. ↑ Marsh, Clive; Moyise, Steve (2006). Jesus and the Gospels. New York: Clark International. p. 37. ISBN   978-0-567-04073-2.
  42. ↑ The Holy Land: An Oxford Archaeological Guide from Earliest Times to 1700 by Jerome Murphy-O'Connor 2008 ISBN   0199236666 page 150
  43. 1 2 Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land by Avraham Negev 2005 ISBN   0826485715 page 80
  44. ↑ Encountering John: The Gospel in Historical, Literary, and Theological Perspective by Andreas J. Köstenberger 2002 ISBN   0801026032 page 181
  45. ↑ Luke by Fred Craddock 1991 ISBN   0-8042-3123-0 page 284
  46. ↑ Exploring the Gospel of Luke: an expository commentary by John Phillips 2005 ISBN   0-8254-3377-0 pages 297-230
  47. 1 2 Historical Dictionary of Jesus by Daniel J. Harrington 2010 ISBN   0810876671 page 62
  48. ↑ Jesus and archaeology edited by James H. Charlesworth 2006 ISBN   080284880X pages 34 and 573
  49. ↑ Jesus and archaeology edited by James H. Charlesworth 2006 ISBN   080284880X pages 34
  50. ↑ Bible Exposition Commentary, Vol. 1: New Testament by Warren W. Wiersbe 1992 ISBN   1564760308 pages 268-269
  51. ↑ Mary Ann Tolbert, Sowing the Gospel: Mark's World in Literary-Historical Perspective 1996, Fortress Press. p189
  52. ↑ The people's New Testament commentary by M. Eugene Boring, Fred B. Craddock 2004 ISBN   0-664-22754-6 pages 256-258
  53. ↑ The Bible knowledge background commentary by Craig A. Evans 2005 ISBN   0-7814-4228-1 page 49
  54. ↑ Steven L. Cox, Kendell H Easley, 2007 Harmony of the Gospels ISBN   0-8054-9444-8 pages 30-37
  55. ↑ Who's Who in the New Testament by Ronald Brownrigg, Canon Brownrigg 2001 ISBN   0-415-26036-1 pages 96-100
  56. ↑ The Birth of Jesus According to the Gospels by Joseph F. Kelly 2008 ISBN pages 41-49
  57. ↑ The Gospel according to Mark: meaning and message by George Martin 2005 ISBN   0829419705 pages 200-202
  58. ↑ The Gospel of Mark, Volume 2 by John R. Donahue, Daniel J. Harrington 2002 ISBN   0-8146-5965-9 page 336
  59. ↑ The Collegeville Bible Commentary: New Testament by Robert J. Karris 1992 ISBN   0-8146-2211-9 pages 885-886
  60. ↑ Bromiley, Geoffrey William (1979). International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: A-D ISBN   0-8028-3781-6 page 689
  61. ↑ Barnett, Paul (2002) Jesus, the Rise of Early Christianity InterVarsity Press ISBN   0-8308-2699-8 page 21
  62. 1 2 3 Early Christian literature by Helen Rhee 2005 ISBN   0-415-35488-9 pages 159-161
  63. 1 2 Experiencing Rome: culture, identity and power in the Roman Empire by Janet Huskinson 1999 ISBN   978-0-415-21284-7 page 81
  64. ↑ Christology: A Biblical, Historical, and Systematic Study of Jesus by Gerald O'Collins 2009 ISBN   0-19-955787-X pages 1-3 "As regards the 'things which Jesus did', let me note that he left no letters or other personal documents."—page 2
  65. 1 2 3 Jonathan L. Reed, "Archaeological contributions to the study of Jesus and the Gospels" in The Historical Jesus in Context edited by Amy-Jill Levine et al. Princeton Univ Press 2006 ISBN   978-0-691-00992-6 pages 40-47
  66. ↑ Archaeology and the Galilean Jesus: a re-examination of the evidence by Jonathan L. Reed 2002 ISBN   1-56338-394-2 pages xi-xii
  67. 1 2 Craig A. Evans (Mar 26, 2012). The Archaeological Evidence For Jesus.{{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  68. 1 2 "Jesus Research and Archaeology: A New Perspective" by James H. Charlesworth in Jesus and archaeology edited by James H. Charlesworth 2006 ISBN   0-8028-4880-X pages 11-15
  69. 1 2 3 4 What are they saying about the historical Jesus? by David B. Gowler 2007 ISBN   0-8091-4445-X page 102
  70. ↑ Craig A. Evans (Mar 16, 2012). Jesus and His World: The Archaeological Evidence. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN   978-0-664-23413-3.
  71. 1 2 Archaeology and the Galilean Jesus: a re-examination of the evidence by Jonathan L. Reed 2002 ISBN   1-56338-394-2 page 18
  72. ↑ Historical Dictionary of Jesus by Daniel J. Harrington 2010 ISBN   0-8108-7667-1 page 32
  73. ↑ Studying the historical Jesus: evaluations of the state of current research by Bruce Chilton, Craig A. Evans 1998 ISBN   90-04-11142-5 page 465
  74. ↑ "Jesus and Capernaum: Archeological and Gospel Stratigraohy" in Archaeology and the Galilean Jesus: a re-examination of the evidence by Jonathan L. Reed 2002 ISBN   1-56338-394-2 page 139-156
  75. ↑ Jesus and archaeology edited by James H. Charlesworth 2006 ISBN   0-8028-4880-X page 127
  76. ↑ Who Was Jesus? by Paul Copan and Craig A. Evans 2001 ISBN   0-664-22462-8 page 187
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