Obdurodon

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Obdurodon
Temporal range: Late Oligocene-Late Miocene
~28–5  Ma
AMNH 128880 Obdurodon skull.jpg
Obdurodon dicksoni skull at the American Museum of Natural History
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Monotremata
Family: Ornithorhynchidae
Genus:† Obdurodon
Woodburne & Tedford 1975 [1]
Type species
Obdurodon insignis
Species

Obdurodon is a genus of extinct platypus-like Australian monotreme which lived from the Late Oligocene to the Late Miocene. Three species have been described in the genus, the type species Obdurodon insignis, plus Obdurodon dicksoni and Obdurodon tharalkooschild. The species appeared much like their modern day relative the platypus, except adults retained their molar teeth, and unlike the platypus, which forages on the lakebed, they may have foraged in the water column or surface.

Contents

Taxonomy

The Obdurodon insignis holotype specimen, SAM P18087, a tooth, was uncovered in 1971 from the Etadunna Formation in the Tirari Desert of South Australia. [1] [2] The second specimen discovered there, AMNH 97228, is an upper right molar. [1] In total, 4 specimens are reported, dating from the Oligocene to the Pliocene. [3]

The holotype tooth was placed into the newly erected genus Obdurodon upon description in 1975 by American palaeontologists Michael O. Woodburne and Richard H. Tedford. They named the genus from the Latin obduro "persist" and the Greek ὀδών (odṓn) "tooth", in reference to the permanency of the molars, [1] a feature which is lost in the modern platypus. [4] The species name insignis "remarkable" refers to the importance of the new taxon's "distinguishing mark" in the fossil record. [1]

The genus is one of several to have been placed with the family Ornithorhynchidae, whose only living member is the platypus. [5]

The second species named, Obdurodon dicksoni, occasionally called the Riversleigh Platypus, [6] was described by Archer et al (1992) who detailed a skull and several teeth found in lower-middle Miocene deposits from the Riversleigh Ringtail Site. The type specimen, an exceptionally well preserved skull, is one of the most intact fossil skulls to be excavated from Riversleigh. The type locality is referred to as the Ringtail Site. Other than the skull and teeth, no other fossilized material of O. dicksoni has been identified. [6]

The third known species, Obdurodon tharalkooschild is the second species described from the Riversleigh sites, and the largest species. [7] [8] The holotype tooth was discovered in 2012 at the "Two Trees Site", [5] part of Riversleigh's Gag Plateau sequence, and dated to the Miocene 4.4  million years ago though dates as young as the Pliocene have been suggested. [9] The species was described the following year by a team from the University of New South Wales including Rebecca Pian, Mike Archer, and Suzanne Hand, who published the article in the Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology . [10] [11]

The specific name was chosen in honour of an indigenous Australian creation story for the platypus, where a duck named Tharalkoo gives birth to a chimeric creature after being ravished by a rakali. [11]

Description

Obdurodon differed from the modern platypus in that they had more permanent dentition in the spoon-shaped bill, [12] retaining molars and incisors. [1] The species may have foraged in the water column or surface. [13]

Obdurodon insignis

O. insignis is thought to have had a similar build to the modern platypus. The holotype is the front molar of the upper right jaw, corresponding to the M2 molar, with the unusual character of six roots. [1] Fragments of jawbone have also been assigned to the species, along with a single piece of post-cranial material, a pelvis.[ citation needed ]O. insignis had one more canine tooth (NC1) than its ancestor Steropodon galmani . [1]

Obdurodon dicksoni

Obdurodon dicksoni was part of the Riversleigh fauna that inhabited pools and streams of freshwater of the Riversleigh rainforest environment. Unlike the modern species, O. dicksoni was a large animal that retained its molars into adulthood and had a spoon-shaped bill. The skull's profile is comparatively flatter than similar species, and as with crocodilians, this may indicate more foraging or feeding at the surface of the water. The diet is likely to have been crustaceans, the water-borne larvae of insects, or perhaps small vertebrates like fish and frogs. The only known area of its distribution, the Riversleigh site, was closed forest at the freshwater bodies it inhabited, surrounded by more open woodlands over the region's limestone karst terrain. [6]

The septomaxilla (a part of the upper jawbone) of O. dicksoni is bigger than for the platypus, which supposes a hypertrophied beak. The coronoid and angulary processes of O. dicksoni have quite disappeared in the platypus, leaving the platypus's skull flat on the sides. This indicates the mastication technique of O. dicksoni was different from that of the platypus, using the muscles anchored to these processes. The beak of O. dicksoni has an oval hole surrounded by bones in the center, whereas the platypus' beak has a V-shape and no longer surrounded by bones. O. dicksoni retained molar teeth into adulthood, whereas in the modern platypus, the adults only have keratinized pads (juveniles lose their molar teeth upon adulthood). The shape of its beak suggests that O. dicksoni sought prey by digging in the sides of rivers, whereas the modern platypus digs in the bottom of the river. O. dicksoni had (like the platypus) shearing crests instead of incisor and canine teeth. It bore two premolars and three molars on each side of the lower jaw. The M1 had six roots, the M2 had five, and the M3 only one. The upper jaw bore two premolars and two molars on each side. The M1 had six roots, the M2 four. The premolars had only one root and a very different shape from the molars. They were separated from the shearing crests by an area without dentition. The roots of the molars were barely a third as high as the crown. Molars had only been found apart from skulls, implying that they were not well-anchored. [14]

Obdurodon tharalkooschild

Obdurodon tharalkooschild is assumed to be very similar in form to a modern platypus, but larger, exceeding Monotrematum in size and length. [11] and lived in the middle to late Miocene ( 15 to 5 million years ago). The wear patterns on the tooth are suggestive of crushing, perhaps by consuming hard-shelled animals such as turtles, rather than using a shearing action. O. tharalkooschild is thought to have inhabited fresh water and hunted for a variety of animal prey in the forests that dominated the Riversleigh site at the time of deposition. The species diet is assumed to have included crustacea like those consumed by the modern platypus, although larger species were available due to its greater size. The potential prey of the Riversleigh fauna also included frog, turtle, fish and the lungfish, species that are present in the deposition at the Two Tree Site of the Riversleigh formations. [11] The ornithorhynchid species were unknown in the later fossil record at the time of discovery, and it defied the assumptions of a single lineage of a platypus-like animal that progressively lost its teeth and became smaller in size. [11]

Cultural references

The name given to O. tharalkooschild was first discussed in a 1990 paper by Mike Archer, an Australian mammalogist, detailing a creation story with an Ugly Duckling motif in the context of palaeontology. [15] [4] A philosophical examination of historical sciences such as palaeontology, published in 2018, uses the tooth of this platypus as an example of the results obtainable by multiple methods of research into traces of evidence; the author refers to the species by the vernacular "platyzilla". [16] An illustration of O. dicksoni by Jeanette Muirhead, depicted on a rock in a stream within a rainforest, was published by the magazine Natural History (AMNH) in 1994. [2]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Platypus</span> Species of mammal

The platypus, sometimes referred to as the duck-billed platypus, is a semiaquatic, egg-laying mammal endemic to eastern Australia, including Tasmania. The platypus is the sole living representative or monotypic taxon of its family Ornithorhynchidae and genus Ornithorhynchus, though a number of related species appear in the fossil record.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Peramelemorphia</span> Order of mammals

The order Peramelemorphia includes the bandicoots and bilbies. All members of the order are endemic to Australia-New Guinea and most have the characteristic bandicoot shape: a plump, arch-backed body with a long, delicately tapering snout, very large upright ears, relatively long, thin legs, and a thin tail. Their size varies from about 140 grams up to 4 kilograms, but most species are about one kilogram.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ornithorhynchidae</span> Family of monotremes

The Ornithorhynchidae are one of the two extant families in the order Monotremata, and contain the platypus and its extinct relatives. The other family is the Tachyglossidae, or echidnas.

<i>Kollikodon</i> Extinct genus of mammals

Kollikodon is an extinct species of mammal, considered to be an early monotreme. It is known only from an opalised dentary fragment, with one premolar and two molars in situ, as well as a referred maxillary fragment containing the last premolar and all four molars. The fossils were found in the Griman Creek Formation at Lightning Ridge, New South Wales, Australia. Kollikodon lived in the Late Cretaceous period, during the Cenomanian age. Several other monotremes are known from the Griman Creek Formation, including Dharragarra, Opalios, Parvopalus, Steropodon, and Stirtodon.

<i>Steropodon</i> Extinct genus of monotremes

Steropodon is a genus of prehistoric platypus-like monotreme, or egg-laying mammal. It contains a single species, Steropodon galmani, that lived about 100.2–96.6 million years ago during the Cretaceous period, from early to middle Cenomanian. It is one of the oldest monotremes discovered, and is one of the oldest Australian mammal discoveries. Several other monotremes are known from the Griman Creek Formation, including Dharragarra, Kollikodon, Opalios, Parvopalus, and Stirtodon.

Teinolophos is a prehistoric species of monotreme, or egg-laying mammal, from the Teinolophidae. It is known from four specimens, each consisting of a partial lower jawbone collected from the Wonthaggi Formation at Flat Rocks, Victoria, Australia. It lived during the late Barremian age of the Lower Cretaceous.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Riversleigh World Heritage Area</span> UNESCO World Heritage Site in Queensland, Australia

Riversleigh World Heritage Area is Australia's most famous fossil location, recognised for the series of well preserved fossils deposited from the Late Oligocene to more recent geological periods. The fossiliferous limestone system is located near the Gregory River in the north-west of Queensland, an environment that was once a very wet rainforest that became more arid as the Gondwanan land masses separated and the Australian continent moved north. The approximately 100 square kilometres (39 sq mi) area has fossil remains of ancient mammals, birds, and reptiles of the Oligocene and Miocene ages, many of which were discovered and are only known from the Riversleigh area; the species that have occurred there are known as the Riversleigh fauna.

<i>Mekosuchus</i> Extinct genus of reptiles

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<i>Wakaleo</i> Extinct genus of marsupials

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Australosphenida</span> Subclass of mammals

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<i>Nimbacinus</i>

The genus Nimbacinus contains two species of carnivorous, quadrupedal marsupials in Australia both of which are extinct:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Monotreme</span> Order of egg-laying mammals

Monotremes are mammals of the order Monotremata. They are the only known group of living mammals that lay eggs, rather than bearing live young. The extant monotreme species are the platypus and the four species of echidnas. Monotremes are typified by structural differences in their brains, jaws, digestive tract, reproductive tract, and other body parts, compared to the more common mammalian types. Although they are different from almost all mammals in that they lay eggs, like all mammals, the female monotremes nurse their young with milk.

Wabulacinus ridei lived during the early Miocene in Riversleigh. It is named after David Ride, who made the first revision of thylacinid fossils. The material was found in system C of the Camel Spurtum assembledge.

Several mammals are known from the Mesozoic of Madagascar. The Bathonian Ambondro, known from a piece of jaw with three teeth, is the earliest known mammal with molars showing the modern, tribosphenic pattern that is characteristic of marsupial and placental mammals. Interpretations of its affinities have differed; one proposal places it in a group known as Australosphenida with other Mesozoic tribosphenic mammals from the southern continents (Gondwana) as well as the monotremes, while others favor closer affinities with northern (Laurasian) tribosphenic mammals or specifically with placentals. At least five species are known from the Maastrichtian, including a yet undescribed species known from a nearly complete skeleton that may represent a completely new group of mammals. The gondwanathere Lavanify, known from two teeth, is most closely related to other gondwanatheres found in India and Argentina. Two other teeth may represent another gondwanathere or a different kind of mammal. One molar fragment is one of the few known remains of a multituberculate mammal from Gondwana and another has been interpreted as either a marsupial or a placental.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yinotheria</span> Subclass of mammals

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<i>Microleo</i> Extinct genus of marsupials

Microleo attenboroughi is a very small species of the Thylacoleonidae family of marsupials from the Early Miocene of Australia, living in the wet forest that dominated Riversleigh about 18 million years ago. The genus Microleo is currently known from a broken palate and two pieces of jaw, containing some teeth and roots that correspond to those found in other species of thylacoleonids. The shape and structure of the blade-like P3 tooth, a premolar, distinguished the species as a new genus. It was found in Early Miocene-aged deposits of the Riversleigh fossil site in Queensland, regarded as one of the most significant palaeontological sites yet discovered, and named for the naturalist David Attenborough in appreciation of his support for its heritage listing. The anatomy of Microleo suggests the genus is basal to all the known thylacoleonids, known as the marsupial lions, although its relative size prompted one discoverer to describe it as the "feisty" kitten of the family.

Brevipalatus mcculloughi is a species of bat that existed in the early Miocene. It was discovered at a fossil deposit of the Riversleigh World Heritage Area.

Liyamayi dayi is a mammal species of the Thylacomyidae family known from fossils located at the Riversleigh World Heritage Area in northeast Australia. The discovery of the specimens was identified as deposited around fifteen million years ago, revising the earliest record of this peramelemorphian lineage from those of species that existed around ten million years later.

Teinolophidae is an extinct family of small mammals that are among the earliest known monotremes and were endemic to what would become Australia. Two genera have been described as belonging to this family: Teinolophos, and Stirtodon.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Woodburne, Michael O.; Tedford, Richard H. (1975). "The first Tertiary monotreme from Australia". American Museum Novitates (2588). hdl:2246/2005.
  2. 1 2 Archer, M. (1994). "Mammals Eggstraordinaire". Natural History. 103 (Jan–Jun). American Museum of Natural History: 48–49 (illustrated).
  3. ↑ "Fossilworks: Obdurodon insignis". fossilworks.org. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
  4. 1 2 Crowther, Mathew (November 5, 2013). "Fossil of giant platypus unearthed in Riversleigh". The Conversation.
  5. 1 2 Rebecca Pian, Michael Archer & Suzanne J. Hand (2013). "A new, giant platypus, Obdurodon tharalkooschild, sp. nov. (Monotremata, Ornithorhynchidae), from the Riversleigh World Heritage Area, Australia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology . 33 (6): 1255–1259. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.782876.
  6. 1 2 3 Musser, A. "Obdurodon dicksoni". The Australian Museum.
  7. ↑ Dell'Amore, Christine (November 4, 2013). "Giant Platypus Found, Shakes Up Evolutionary Tree". National Geographic. Archived from the original on November 5, 2013.
  8. ↑ AFP (2013-11-05). "Extinct 'Godzilla' platypus found in Australia - Yahoo News UK" . Retrieved 5 November 2013.
  9. ↑ Scanlon, J. D.; Lee, M. S. Y.; Archer, M. (2003). "Mid-Tertiary elapid snakes (Squamata, Colubroidea) from Riversleigh, northern Australia: early steps in a continent-wide adaptive radiation". Geobios. 36 (5): 573–601. doi:10.1016/S0016-6995(03)00056-1.
  10. ↑ Pian, R.; Archer, M.; Hand, S. J. (2013). "A New, Giant Platypus, Obdurodon tharalkooschild, sp. nov. (Monotremata, Ornithorhynchidae), from the Riversleigh World Heritage Area, Australia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 33 (6): 1255–1259. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.782876. S2CID   85776473.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 "Giant extinct toothed platypus discovered". UNSW Newsroom. 5 November 2013.
  12. ↑ Musser, A.M.; Archer, M. (29 July 1998). "New information about the skull and dentary of the Miocene platypus Obdurodon dicksoni, and a discussion of ornithorhynchid relationships". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences. 353 (1372): 1063–1079. doi:10.1098/rstb.1998.0266. PMC   1692307 . PMID   9720105.
  13. ↑ Masakazu Asahara; Masahiro Koizumi; Thomas E. Macrini; Suzanne J. Hand; Michael Archer (2016). "Comparative cranial morphology in living and extinct platypuses: Feeding behavior, electroreception, and loss of teeth". Science Advances. 2 (10): e1601329. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1601329.
  14. ↑ Archer, M.; Jenkins, F. A.; Hand, S. J.; Murray, P.; Godthelp, H. (1992). "Description of the skull and non-vestigial dentition of a Miocene platypus (Obdurodon dicksoni n. sp.) from Riversleigh, Australia, and the problem of monotreme origins". In Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, Sydney. (ed.). Platypus and Echidnas. Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, Sydney. pp. 15–27.
  15. ↑ Archer, Michael (1990). "Tharalkoo's child: an ugly duckling story. -Aboriginal dreamtime legend, and palaeontology of the platypus". Australian Natural History. 23 (7): 574–575.
  16. ↑ Currie, Adrian (2018). "The Tooth of the Platypus". Rock, Bone, and Ruin: An Optimist's Guide to the Historical Sciences. MIT Press. pp. 1–30. ISBN   9780262037266.
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