Omics

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Diagram illustrating genomics Genome-en.svg
Diagram illustrating genomics

The branches of science known informally as omics are various disciplines in biology whose names end in the suffix -omics , such as genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, metagenomics, phenomics and transcriptomics. Omics aims at the collective characterization and quantification of pools of biological molecules that translate into the structure, function, and dynamics of an organism or organisms. [1]

Contents

The related suffix -ome is used to address the objects of study of such fields, such as the genome, proteome or metabolome respectively. The suffix -ome as used in molecular biology refers to a totality of some sort; it is an example of a "neo-suffix" formed by abstraction from various Greek terms in -ωμα, a sequence that does not form an identifiable suffix in Greek.

Functional genomics aims at identifying the functions of as many genes as possible of a given organism. It combines different -omics techniques such as transcriptomics and proteomics with saturated mutant collections. [2]

Origin

"Omicum": Building of the Estonian Biocentre which houses the Estonian Genome Centre and Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology at the University of Tartu in Tartu, Estonia. Omicum.jpg
"Omicum": Building of the Estonian Biocentre which houses the Estonian Genome Centre and Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology at the University of Tartu in Tartu, Estonia.

The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) distinguishes three different fields of application for the -ome suffix:

  1. in medicine, forming nouns with the sense "swelling, tumour"
  2. in botany or zoology, forming nouns in the sense "a part of an animal or plant with a specified structure"
  3. in cellular and molecular biology, forming nouns with the sense "all constituents considered collectively"

The -ome suffix originated as a variant of -oma, and became productive in the last quarter of the 19th century. It originally appeared in terms like sclerome [3] or rhizome . [4] All of these terms derive from Greek words in -ωμα, [5] a sequence that is not a single suffix, but analyzable as -ω-μα, the -ω- belonging to the word stem (usually a verb) and the -μα being a genuine Greek suffix forming abstract nouns.

The OED suggests that its third definition originated as a back-formation from mitome , [6] Early attestations include biome (1916) [7] and genome (first coined as German Genom in 1920 [8] ). [9]

The association with chromosome in molecular biology is by false etymology. The word chromosome derives from the Greek stems χρωμ(ατ)- "colour" and σωμ(ατ)- "body". [9] While σωμα "body" genuinely contains the -μα suffix, the preceding -ω- is not a stem-forming suffix but part of the word's root. Because genome refers to the complete genetic makeup of an organism, a neo-suffix -ome suggested itself as referring to "wholeness" or "completion". [10]

Bioinformaticians and molecular biologists figured amongst the first scientists to apply the "-ome" suffix widely.[ citation needed ] Early advocates included bioinformaticians in Cambridge, UK, where there were many early bioinformatics labs such as the MRC centre, Sanger centre, and EBI (European Bioinformatics Institute); for example, the MRC centre carried out the first genome and proteome projects. [11]

Current usage

Many "omes" beyond the original "genome" have become useful and have been widely adopted by research scientists. "Proteomics" has become well-established as a term for studying proteins at a large scale. "Omes" can provide an easy shorthand to encapsulate a field; for example, an interactomics study is clearly recognisable as relating to large-scale analyses of gene-gene, protein-protein, or protein-ligand interactions. Researchers are rapidly taking up omes and omics, as shown by the explosion of the use of these terms in PubMed since the mid-1990s. [12]

Kinds of omics studies

Genomics

Epigenomics

The epigenome is the supporting structure of the genome, including protein and RNA binders, alternative DNA structures, and chemical modifications on DNA.

Microbiomics

The microbiome is a microbial community occupying a well-defined habitat with distinct physio-chemical properties. It includes the microorganisms involved and their theatre of activity, forming ecological niches. Microbiomes form dynamic and interactive micro-ecosystems prone to spaciotemporal change. They are integrated into macro-ecosystems, such as eukaryotic hosts, and are crucial to the host's proper function and health. [17] The interactive host-microbe systems make up the holobiont [18] .

Microbiomics is the study of microbiome dynamics, function, and structure. [19] This area of study employs several techniques to study the microbiome in its host environment [18] :

Lipidomics

The lipidome is the entire complement of cellular lipids, including the modifications made to a particular set of lipids, produced by an organism or system.

Proteomics

The proteome is the entire complement of proteins, including the modifications made to a particular set of proteins, produced by an organism or system.

Glycomics

Glycomics is the comprehensive study of the glycome i.e. sugars and carbohydrates.

Foodomics

Foodomics was defined by Alejandro Cifuentes in 2009 as "a discipline that studies the food and nutrition domains through the application and integration of advanced omics technologies to improve consumer’s well-being, health, and knowledge." [23] [24]

Transcriptomics

Transcriptome is the set of all RNA molecules, including mRNA, rRNA, tRNA, and other non-coding RNA, produced in one or a population of cells.

Metabolomics

The metabolome is the ensemble of small molecules found within a biological matrix.

Nutrition, pharmacology, and toxicology

Culture

Inspired by foundational questions in evolutionary biology, a Harvard team around Jean-Baptiste Michel and Erez Lieberman Aiden created the American neologism culturomics for the application of big data collection and analysis to cultural studies. [25]

Miscellaneous

A National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration scientist using microbiomics to study marine ecosystems Scientist at AOML processes samples in the lab.jpg
A National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration scientist using microbiomics to study marine ecosystems


1. Genomics: Study of the genome, the complete set of genes in an organism.

2. Proteomics: Study of the proteome, the entire collection of proteins in an organism's cells.

3. Metabolomics: Study of metabolism and the function and interactions of metabolic breakdown products, or metabolites.

4. Transcriptomics: Study of the full complement of RNA in an organism's cells.

5. Lipidomics: Study of lipids and pathways involved in lipid signaling.

6. Epigenomics: Study of the chemical modifications to DNA and histone proteins that regulate gene expression without changing the DNA sequence.

7. Glycomics: Study of the glycome, the complete set of sugars, or glycans, in an organism.

8. Phenomics: Study of phenomes, the physical and biochemical traits of organisms.

9. harmacogenomics: Study of how genes affect a person's response to drugs.

10. Toxicogenomics: Study of the effects of toxic chemicals on the genome and gene expression.

11. Nutrigenomics: Study of the interactions between nutrition and genes.

12. Microbiomics: Study of microbial communities (microbiota) and their collective genomes (microbiome).

13. Viromics: Study of the viral community and their interactions within a host organism.

14. Exposomics: Study of the totality of human environmental exposures and their effects on health.

15. Connectomics: Study of neural connections in the brain.

16. Immunomics: Study of the immune system on an omic scale.

17. Interactomics: Study of the relationships and interactions between proteins and other molecules.

18. Fluxomics: Study of the rates of metabolic reactions in a biological system.

19. *Phosphoproteomics: Study of phosphorylated proteins and their roles in cell signaling and function.

20. Splicomics: Study of RNA splicing and its variations across different tissues or conditions.

21. Secretomics: Study of the secretome, the entire set of proteins secreted by a cell, tissue, or organism.

22. Degradomics: Study of the proteolytic enzymes (proteases) and their substrates.

23. Ubiquitinomics: Study of ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like protein modifications on other proteins.

24. Metallomics: Study of the role of metal ions in biological systems.

25. Redoxomics**: Study of redox states and the roles of reactive oxygen species in cellular processes.

26. Volatilomics**: Study of volatile organic compounds produced by living organisms.

27. Theranostics**: A combination of therapeutics and diagnostics, often studied at an omics level.

28. Cytomics**: Study of the cell and its functions at a molecular level.

29. Sensomics**: Study of sensory perception and the associated molecules and pathways.

30. Foodomics**: Application of omics technologies in food and nutrition research.

31. Chronomics**: Study of biological rhythms and their molecular mechanisms.

32. Peptidomics**: Study of peptides, their structures, functions, and roles in biology.

33. Ecogenomics**: Study of the genetic composition of ecological communities and their interactions with the environment.

34. Pathogenomics**: Study of the genomes of pathogens to understand their biology and interaction with hosts.

35. Nucleomics**: Study of the nuclear components of cells, including chromatin and nuclear bodies.

36. Single-cell omics**: Study of the omics data at the single-cell level to understand cellular heterogeneity.

37. Oncomics**: Study of cancer-related genes, proteins, and pathways.

38. Biomechanics omics**: Study of the mechanical properties of biological molecules and structures.

39. Symbiomics**: Study of symbiotic relationships at the molecular level.

40. Interactomics**: Study of molecular interactions in biological systems, including protein-protein, protein-DNA, and protein-RNA interactions.

41. Paleomics**: Study of ancient biological materials through omics technologies.

42. Methylomics**: Study of DNA methylation patterns across the genome.

43. Toxicoepigenomics**: Study of the effects of environmental toxins on epigenetic modifications.

44. Neurogenomics**: Study of the genetic basis of nervous system structure and function.

45. Immunopeptidomics**: Study of peptides presented by the immune system, particularly those bound to MHC molecules.

46. Phytomics**: Study of plant genomes and their interactions with the environment.

47. Autoimmunomics**: Study of the molecular mechanisms underlying autoimmune diseases.

48. Agrigenomics**: Application of genomics in agriculture to improve crop and livestock production.

49. Thermogenomics**: Study of the genetic basis of thermoregulation and heat production in organisms.

50. Biome omics**: Study of the genetic and molecular makeup of whole biomes (large ecological areas).

51. Metagenomics**: Study of genetic material recovered directly from environmental samples, bypassing the need for isolating and culturing individual species.

52. Astrobiomics**: Study of potential life and biological molecules in space environments.

53. Connectomics**: Study of the comprehensive maps of neural connections in the brain.

54. Kinomics**: Study of kinases and their roles in cellular signaling.

55. Phenomics**: Study of phenotypes on an omics scale, capturing the physical and biochemical traits of organisms.

56. Glycoproteomics**: Study of glycoproteins, which are proteins with carbohydrate groups attached.

57. Nutriproteomics**: Study of the effects of nutrients on the proteome.

58. Epitranscriptomics**: Study of chemical modifications on RNA molecules and their impact on gene expression and function.

59. Glycolipidomics**: Study of glycolipids, complex molecules consisting of carbohydrates and lipids.

60. Endocrinomics**: Study of the endocrine system and hormone-related omics data.

61. Psychomics**: Study of the molecular basis of psychological and psychiatric conditions.

62. Interactomics**: Comprehensive study of all molecular interactions in a cell.

63. Distributomics**: Study of the distribution patterns of molecules within cells or organisms.

64. Pangenomics**: Study of the complete set of genes within a species, including core and accessory genes.

65. Adaptomics**: Study of adaptive changes in organisms at the molecular level.

66. Seromics**: Study of serum proteins and metabolites.

67. Neuroproteomics**: Study of the proteome of the nervous system.

68. Phytochemomics**: Study of the complex chemical compounds in plants.

69. Agingomics**: Study of the molecular and genetic factors involved in aging.

70. Radiogenomics**: Study of the relationship between genetic variation and response to radiation therapy.

71. Immunogenomics**: Study of the genetic basis of immune system function and diversity.

72. Biogeomics**: Study of the genomic basis of biodiversity and ecosystem function.

73. Virogenomics**: Study of viral genomes and their interactions with host organisms.

74. Dermomics**: Study of the molecular and genetic aspects of skin biology.

75. Allergomics**: Study of the molecular and genetic basis of allergic reactions.

76. Plantomics**: Comprehensive study of plant biology using omics approaches.

77. Oceanomics**: Study of marine organisms and ecosystems using omics technologies.

78. Parasite genomics**: Study of the genomes of parasitic organisms.

79. Aquaculture omics**: Application of omics technologies to improve aquaculture practices.

80. Epigenomics**: Study of the complete set of epigenetic modifications on the genetic material of a cell.

81. Pathophysiomics**: Study of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of disease processes.

82. Quantum omics**: Study of quantum mechanical properties of biological molecules and their influence on biological functions.

83. Thermogenomics**: Study of the genetic basis of temperature regulation in organisms.

84. Chronomics**: Study of biological rhythms and their molecular bases.

85. Syntheomics**: Study of synthetic biology approaches using omics data to design and construct new biological parts, devices, and systems.

86. Holobiont omics**: Study of the omics data of a host and its associated microbiota as a single ecological unit.

87. Ecophysiomics**: Study of the interactions between the physiological functions of organisms and their environment at an omics level.

88. Resistomics**: Study of antibiotic resistance genes and their mechanisms.

89. Aptameromics**: Study of aptamers, short DNA or RNA molecules that bind to specific targets, and their applications.

90. Virulomics**: Study of virulence factors and mechanisms of pathogenicity in microbes.

91. Mycomics**: Study of fungal genomes and their biological functions.

92. Photomics**: Study of the interaction between light and biological systems.

93. Nanonics**: Study of nanomaterials and their interactions with biological systems using omics approaches.

94. Allergenomics**: Study of allergens and the molecular basis of allergic responses.

95. Xenobiomics**: Study of the effects of foreign substances (xenobiotics) on biological systems.

96. Physiomics**: Study of the physiological aspects of biological systems at an omics scale.

97. Psychogenomics**: Study of the genetic and molecular basis of psychological traits and disorders.

98. Methylomics**: Study of DNA methylation patterns and their effects on gene expression.

99. Cardiomics**: Study of the molecular and genetic basis of cardiovascular function and diseases.

100. Degradomics**: Study of the proteolytic processes and protein degradation pathways.

101. Astrobiomics**: Study of the potential for life and biological processes in extraterrestrial environments.

102. Geonomics**: Study of the genetic basis of geological and geobiological processes.

103. Radiomics**: Study of the quantifiable features of medical images and their association with clinical outcomes.

104. Biome omics**: Study of the genetic, molecular, and ecological interactions within biomes.

105. Allosteromics**: Study of allosteric sites and their regulatory roles in protein function.

106. Biothermodynamics**: Study of the thermodynamic properties of biological molecules and systems using omics approaches.

107. Anthropomics**: Study of human diversity and evolution using omics data.

108. Connectomics**: Study of neural connections within the brain and nervous system.

109. Autophagomics**: Study of the autophagy process at an omics level.

110. Photogenomics**: Study of the effects of light on gene expression and cellular functions.

111. Aeroomics**: Study of airborne biological particles and their impact on health and environment.

112. Epitranscriptomics**: Study of chemical modifications on RNA molecules and their impact on gene expression and function.

113. Radiogenomics**: Study of the relationship between genomic features and response to radiation therapy.

114. Nephromics**: Study of the kidneys and their functions at a molecular level.

115. Dermatomics**: Study of the skin and its molecular composition and functions.

116. Xenomics**: Study of the effects and interactions of foreign genetic material introduced into an organism.

117. MicroRNAomics**: Study of microRNAs and their roles in regulating gene expression.

118. Synthetic omics**: Study and design of synthetic biological systems using omics data.

119. Environomics**: Study of the interactions between organisms and their environment using omics technologies.

120. Paleomics**: Study of ancient biological materials and their molecular information.

121. Regulomics**: Study of regulatory networks and their roles in gene expression.

122. Pathobiomics**: Study of disease pathways and mechanisms at an omics scale.

123. Evolvomics**: Study of evolutionary processes and patterns using omics data.

124. Thermobiomics**: Study of the effects of temperature on biological molecules and systems.

125. Circadiomics**: Study of circadian rhythms and their molecular underpinnings.

126. Nanomics**: Study of nanoscale biological processes and materials.

127. Metaproteomics**: Study of the collective protein content in environmental samples.

128. Biomechanics omics**: Study of the mechanical properties of biological molecules and systems.

129. Cancer omics**: Study of the molecular basis of cancer, including oncogenomics and cancer proteomics.

130. Synthetic biology omics**: Application of omics technologies to design and construct new biological parts, devices, and systems.

131. Gutomics**: Study of the gut microbiome and its interactions with the host.

132. Nutrigenomics**: Study of the relationship between nutrition and the genome.

133. Plant omics**: Comprehensive study of plant biology using omics approaches.

134. Infectomics**: Study of the molecular mechanisms of infectious diseases.

135. Microbiomics**: Study of microbial communities and their functions.

136. Sexomics**: Study of the molecular basis of sex differences in biology.

137. Biomechanomics**: Study of the interaction between mechanical forces and biological systems.

138. Neurogenomics**: Study of the genetic basis of neurological functions and disorders.

139. Omeomics**: Study of the relationships and interactions between different omes (genome, proteome, etc.).

140. Immunotranscriptomics**: Study of the transcriptome of immune cells.

141. Nervomics**: Study of the nervous system and its molecular components.

142. Embryomics**: Study of the molecular and genetic processes during embryonic development.

143. Agingomics**: Study of the molecular basis of aging.

144. Photoproteomics**: Study of proteins involved in light sensing and response.

145. Hematomics**: Study of the molecular composition and function of blood.

146. Biophotonics omics**: Study of the interaction of light with biological materials at an omics level.

147. Anatomics**: Study of the molecular basis of anatomical structures.

148. Mycobiomics**: Study of fungal communities and their interactions with the host or environment.

149. Pathogenomics**: Study of the genomes of pathogens.

150. Symbiomics**: Study of symbiotic relationships at the molecular level.

151. Aquomics**: Study of aquatic organisms and their molecular biology.

152. Bacteriomics**: Study of bacteria and their genomes.

153. Biomarkeromics**: Study of biomarkers using omics technologies for disease detection and monitoring.

154. Cardiomics**: Study of the cardiovascular system at a molecular level.

155. Cellomics**: Study of cell structure, function, and behavior using high-throughput methods.

156. Chemogenomics**: Study of the genomic response to chemical compounds.

157. Cryomics**: Study of biological molecules and systems under low-temperature conditions.

158. Distributomics**: Study of the spatial distribution of molecules within cells or tissues.

159. Ecosystem omics**: Study of entire ecosystems using omics approaches.

160. Energetics omics**: Study of the energy flow and metabolism in biological systems.

161. Gastroomics**: Study of the gastrointestinal system and its microbiota.

162. Genetherapeutics omics**: Study of gene therapy approaches and their effects at an omics level.

163. Hormonomics**: Study of hormones and their molecular pathways.

164. Hydratomics**: Study of the hydration state of biological molecules and systems.

165. Inflamomics**: Study of inflammation and its molecular pathways.

166. Metalloproteomics**: Study of metalloproteins and their roles in biology.

167. Morphomics**: Study of the shape and structure of organisms and their molecular basis.

168. Nervomics**: Study of the nervous system and its molecular composition.

169. Neurochemomics**: Study of the chemical processes in the nervous system.

170. Nutriomics**: Study of the interactions between nutrients and the genome.

171. Ocularomics**: Study of the eye and its molecular biology.

172. Optogenomics**: Study of the genetic basis of light perception and response.

173. Organomics**: Study of specific organs at a molecular level.

174. Parasitomics**: Study of parasites and their interactions with hosts.

175. Pathophenomics**: Study of disease phenotypes and their molecular basis.

176. Pharmacomics**: Study of drugs and their effects on the genome and proteome.

177. Polyomics**: Study of the complex interactions between multiple omes (genome, proteome, etc.).

178. Psychomics**: Study of the molecular basis of psychological traits and disorders.

179. Pulmonomics**: Study of the lungs and respiratory system at a molecular level.

180. Reproductomics**: Study of reproductive systems and their molecular biology.

181. Respiromics**: Study of the respiratory system and its molecular functions.

182. Selenomics**: Study of the role of selenium in biology.

183. Sexomics**: Study of the molecular basis of sex differences and sexual development.

184. Spatiomics**: Study of the spatial distribution of molecules within biological systems.

185. Sportomics**: Study of the molecular basis of sports performance and physical activity.

186. Stemcellomics**: Study of stem cells and their molecular properties.

187. Stromomics**: Study of the stroma, the supportive tissue in organs, and its molecular components.

188. Subcellomics**: Study of the molecular composition of subcellular compartments.

189. Synaptomics**: Study of synapses and their molecular components.

190. Toxinomics**: Study of toxins and their effects on the genome and proteome.

191. Traumomics**: Study of the molecular basis of trauma and injury.

192. Vascularomics**: Study of the vascular system and its molecular biology.

193. Virosomomics**: Study of the structure and function of viral particles.

194. Zoonomics**: Study of zoonotic diseases and their molecular basis.

Unrelated words in -omics

The word "comic" does not use the "omics" suffix; it derives from Greek "κωμ(ο)-" (merriment) + "-ικ(ο)-" (an adjectival suffix), rather than presenting a truncation of "σωμ(ατ)-".

Similarly, the word "economy" is assembled from Greek "οικ(ο)-" (household) + "νομ(ο)-" (law or custom), and "economic(s)" from "οικ(ο)-" + "νομ(ο)-" + "-ικ(ο)-". The suffix -omics is sometimes used to create names for schools of economics, such as Reaganomics.

See also

Notes

  1. Subedi, Prabal; Moertl, Simone; Azimzadeh, Omid (2022). "Omics in Radiation Biology: Surprised but Not Disappointed". Radiation. 2: 124–129. doi: 10.3390/radiation2010009 .
  2. Holtorf, Hauke; Guitton, Marie-Christine; Reski, Ralf (2002). "Plant functional genomics". Naturwissenschaften. 89 (6): 235–249. Bibcode:2002NW.....89..235H. doi:10.1007/s00114-002-0321-3. PMID   12146788. S2CID   7768096.
  3. "scleroma, n : Oxford English Dictionary" . Retrieved 2011-04-25.
  4. "rhizome, n : Oxford English Dictionary" . Retrieved 2011-04-25.
  5. "-oma, comb. form : Oxford English Dictionary" . Retrieved 2011-04-25.
  6. "Home : Oxford English Dictionary" . Retrieved 2011-04-25.
  7. "biome, n. : Oxford English Dictionary" . Retrieved 2011-04-25.
  8. Hans Winkler (1920). Verbreitung und Ursache der Parthenogenesis im Pflanzen – und Tierreiche. Verlag Fischer, Jena. p. 165. Ich schlage vor, für den haploiden Chromosomensatz, der im Verein mit dem zugehörigen Protoplasma die materielle Grundlage der systematischen Einheit darstellt den Ausdruck: das Genom zu verwenden ... " In English: " I propose the expression Genom for the haploid chromosome set, which, together with the pertinent protoplasm, specifies the material foundations of the species ...
  9. 1 2 Coleridge, H.; et alii. The Oxford English Dictionary
  10. Liddell, H.G.; Scott, R.; et alii. A Greek-English Lexicon [1996]. (Search at Perseus Project.)
  11. Grieve, IC; Dickens, NJ; Pravenec, M; Kren, V; Hubner, N; Cook, SA; Aitman, TJ; Petretto, E; Mangion, J (2008). "Genome-wide co-expression analysis in multiple tissues". PLOS ONE. 3 (12): e4033. Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.4033G. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004033 . ISSN   1932-6203. PMC   2603584 . PMID   19112506.
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  17. Berg, Gabriele; Rybakova, Daria; Fischer, Doreen; Cernava, Tomislav; Vergès, Marie-Christine Champomier; Charles, Trevor; Chen, Xiaoyulong; Cocolin, Luca; Eversole, Kellye; Corral, Gema Herrero; Kazou, Maria; Kinkel, Linda; Lange, Lene; Lima, Nelson; Loy, Alexander; MacKlin, James A.; Maguin, Emmanuelle; Mauchline, Tim; McClure, Ryan; Mitter, Birgit; Ryan, Matthew; Sarand, Inga; Smidt, Hauke; Schelkle, Bettina; Roume, Hugo; Kiran, G. Seghal; Selvin, Joseph; Souza, Rafael Soares Correa de; Van Overbeek, Leo; et al. (2020). "Microbiome definition re-visited: Old concepts and new challenges". Microbiome. 8 (1): 103. doi: 10.1186/s40168-020-00875-0 . PMC   7329523 . PMID   32605663. CC-BY icon.svg Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 González, Adriana; Fullaondo, Asier; Odriozola, Adrián (2024-01-01), Martínez, Adrián Odriozola (ed.), "Chapter Two - Techniques, procedures, and applications in microbiome analysis", Advances in Genetics, Advances in Host Genetics and microbiome in lifestyle-related phenotypes, 111, Academic Press: 81–115, doi:10.1016/bs.adgen.2024.01.003, PMID   38908906 , retrieved 2024-11-22
  19. Kumar, Purnima S. (February 2021). "Microbiomics: Were we all wrong before?". Periodontology 2000. 85 (1): 8–11. doi:10.1111/prd.12373. ISSN   1600-0757. PMID   33226670.
  20. Lagier J, Armougom F, Million M, et al. (December 2012). "Microbial culturomics: paradigm shift in the human gut microbiome study". Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 18 (12): 1185–1193. doi: 10.1111/1469-0691.12023 .
  21. Lagier J, Khelaifia S, Alou M, et al. (December 2016). "Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics". Nature Microbiology. 1 (12): 16203. doi: 10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.203 . PMID   27819657.
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Biology – The natural science that studies life. Areas of focus include structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Genomics</span> Discipline in genetics

Genomics is an interdisciplinary field of molecular biology focusing on the structure, function, evolution, mapping, and editing of genomes. A genome is an organism's complete set of DNA, including all of its genes as well as its hierarchical, three-dimensional structural configuration. In contrast to genetics, which refers to the study of individual genes and their roles in inheritance, genomics aims at the collective characterization and quantification of all of an organism's genes, their interrelations and influence on the organism. Genes may direct the production of proteins with the assistance of enzymes and messenger molecules. In turn, proteins make up body structures such as organs and tissues as well as control chemical reactions and carry signals between cells. Genomics also involves the sequencing and analysis of genomes through uses of high throughput DNA sequencing and bioinformatics to assemble and analyze the function and structure of entire genomes. Advances in genomics have triggered a revolution in discovery-based research and systems biology to facilitate understanding of even the most complex biological systems such as the brain.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Proteomics</span> Large-scale study of proteins

Proteomics is the large-scale study of proteins. Proteins are vital macromolecules of all living organisms, with many functions such as the formation of structural fibers of muscle tissue, enzymatic digestion of food, or synthesis and replication of DNA. In addition, other kinds of proteins include antibodies that protect an organism from infection, and hormones that send important signals throughout the body.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gene expression</span> Conversion of a genes sequence into a mature gene product or products

Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product that enables it to produce end products, proteins or non-coding RNA, and ultimately affect a phenotype. These products are often proteins, but in non-protein-coding genes such as transfer RNA (tRNA) and small nuclear RNA (snRNA), the product is a functional non-coding RNA. The process of gene expression is used by all known life—eukaryotes, prokaryotes, and utilized by viruses—to generate the macromolecular machinery for life.

In bioinformatics, sequence analysis is the process of subjecting a DNA, RNA or peptide sequence to any of a wide range of analytical methods to understand its features, function, structure, or evolution. It can be performed on the entire genome, transcriptome or proteome of an organism, and can also involve only selected segments or regions, like tandem repeats and transposable elements. Methodologies used include sequence alignment, searches against biological databases, and others.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Molecular genetics</span> Scientific study of genes at the molecular level

Molecular genetics is a branch of biology that addresses how differences in the structures or expression of DNA molecules manifests as variation among organisms. Molecular genetics often applies an "investigative approach" to determine the structure and/or function of genes in an organism's genome using genetic screens. 

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Systems biology</span> Computational and mathematical modeling of complex biological systems

Systems biology is the computational and mathematical analysis and modeling of complex biological systems. It is a biology-based interdisciplinary field of study that focuses on complex interactions within biological systems, using a holistic approach to biological research.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Functional genomics</span> Field of molecular biology

Functional genomics is a field of molecular biology that attempts to describe gene functions and interactions. Functional genomics make use of the vast data generated by genomic and transcriptomic projects. Functional genomics focuses on the dynamic aspects such as gene transcription, translation, regulation of gene expression and protein–protein interactions, as opposed to the static aspects of the genomic information such as DNA sequence or structures. A key characteristic of functional genomics studies is their genome-wide approach to these questions, generally involving high-throughput methods rather than a more traditional "candidate-gene" approach.

The transcriptome is the set of all RNA transcripts, including coding and non-coding, in an individual or a population of cells. The term can also sometimes be used to refer to all RNAs, or just mRNA, depending on the particular experiment. The term transcriptome is a portmanteau of the words transcript and genome; it is associated with the process of transcript production during the biological process of transcription.

Regulome refers to the whole set of regulatory components in a cell. Those components can be regulatory elements, genes, mRNAs, proteins, and metabolites. The description includes the interplay of regulatory effects between these components, and their dependence on variables such as subcellular localization, tissue, developmental stage, and pathological state.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">KEGG</span> Collection of bioinformatics databases

KEGG is a collection of databases dealing with genomes, biological pathways, diseases, drugs, and chemical substances. KEGG is utilized for bioinformatics research and education, including data analysis in genomics, metagenomics, metabolomics and other omics studies, modeling and simulation in systems biology, and translational research in drug development.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Proteogenomics</span>

Proteogenomics is a field of biological research that utilizes a combination of proteomics, genomics, and transcriptomics to aid in the discovery and identification of peptides. Proteogenomics is used to identify new peptides by comparing MS/MS spectra against a protein database that has been derived from genomic and transcriptomic information. Proteogenomics often refers to studies that use proteomic information, often derived from mass spectrometry, to improve gene annotations. The utilization of both proteomics and genomics data alongside advances in the availability and power of spectrographic and chromatographic technology led to the emergence of proteogenomics as its own field in 2004.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Single-cell analysis</span> Study of biochemical processes in an individual cell

In cell biology, single-cell analysis and subcellular analysis refer to the study of genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and cell–cell interactions at the level of an individual cell, as opposed to more conventional methods which study bulk populations of many cells.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Multiomics</span> Biological analysis approach

Multiomics, multi-omics, integrative omics, "panomics" or "pan-omics" is a biological analysis approach in which the data sets are multiple "omes", such as the genome, proteome, transcriptome, epigenome, metabolome, and microbiome ; in other words, the use of multiple omics technologies to study life in a concerted way. By combining these "omes", scientists can analyze complex biological big data to find novel associations between biological entities, pinpoint relevant biomarkers and build elaborate markers of disease and physiology. In doing so, multiomics integrates diverse omics data to find a coherently matching geno-pheno-envirotype relationship or association. The OmicTools service lists more than 99 softwares related to multiomic data analysis, as well as more than 99 databases on the topic.

Centre for Genomic Regulation

The Centre for Genomic Regulation is a biomedical and genomics research centre based in Barcelona. Most of its facilities and laboratories are located in the Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, in front of Somorrostro beach.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Translatomics</span>

Translatomics is the study of all open reading frames (ORFs) that are being actively translated in a cell or organism. This collection of ORFs is called the translatome. Characterizing a cell's translatome can give insight into the array of biological pathways that are active in the cell. According to the central dogma of molecular biology, the DNA in a cell is transcribed to produce RNA, which is then translated to produce a protein. Thousands of proteins are encoded in an organism's genome, and the proteins present in a cell cooperatively carry out many functions to support the life of the cell. Under various conditions, such as during stress or specific timepoints in development, the cell may require different biological pathways to be active, and therefore require a different collection of proteins. Depending on intrinsic and environmental conditions, the collection of proteins being made at one time varies. Translatomic techniques can be used to take a "snapshot" of this collection of actively translating ORFs, which can give information about which biological pathways the cell is activating under the present conditions.

This glossary of cellular and molecular biology is a list of definitions of terms and concepts commonly used in the study of cell biology, molecular biology, and related disciplines, including genetics, biochemistry, and microbiology. It is split across two articles: