Orders of magnitude (charge)

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This article is a progressive and labeled list of the SI electric charge orders of magnitude, with certain examples appended to some list objects.

List of orders of magnitude for electric charge
Factor
[Coulomb]		 SI prefix [1] ValueItem
10−21 zepto- (zC)
10−20−5.34×10−20 C(−1/3 e) – Charge of down, strange and bottom quarks [2]
10−191.068×10−19 C(2/3 e)—Charge of up, charm and top quarks [2]
1.602×10−19 CThe elementary charge e, i.e. the negative charge on a single electron or the positive charge on a single proton [3]
10−18 atto- (aC)~1.8755×10−18 C Planck charge [4] [5] [ circular reference ]
10−171.473×10−17 C(92 e) – Positive charge on a uranium nucleus (derived: 92 x 1.602×10−19 C)
10−161.344×10−16 CCharge on a dust particle in a plasma [6]
10−15 femto- (fC)1×10−15 CCharge on a typical dust particle[ citation needed ]
10−12 pico- (pC)1×10−12 CCharge in typical microwave frequency capacitors[ citation needed ]
10−9 nano- (nC)1×10−9 CCharge in typical radio frequency capacitors[ citation needed ]
10−6 micro- (μC)1×10−6 CCharge in typical audio frequency capacitors[ citation needed ]
~ 1×10−6 C Static electricity from rubbing materials together [7]
10−3 milli- (mC)1×10−3 CCharge in typical power supply capacitors[ citation needed ]
2.1×10−3 CCharge in CH85-2100-105 high voltage capacitor for microwaves [8]
100C1×100 CTwo like charges, each of 1 C, placed one meter apart, would experience a repulsive force of approximately 9×109 N [9]
3.16×100 CSupercapacitor for real-time clock (RTC) [10] (1F x 3.6V)
101 deca- (daC)2.6×101 CCharge in a typical thundercloud (15–350 C) [11]
103 kilo- (kC)5×103 CTypical alkaline AA battery is about 5000 C ≈ 1.4  A⋅h [12]
104~9.65×104 CCharge on one mole of electrons (Faraday constant) [13]
1051.8×105 C Automotive battery charge. 50Ah = 1.8×105 C
106 mega- (MC)10.72×106 CCharge needed to produce 1  kg of aluminium from bauxite in an electrolytic cell [14]
107
1085.9×108 CCharge in world's largest battery bank (36 MWh), assuming 220 VAC output [15]
This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ampere</span> SI base unit of electric current

The ampere, often shortened to amp, is the unit of electric current in the International System of Units (SI). One ampere is equal to 1 coulomb (C) moving past a point in 1 second. It is named after French mathematician and physicist André-Marie Ampère (1775–1836), considered the father of electromagnetism along with Danish physicist Hans Christian Ørsted.

In physics, an electronvolt is the measure of an amount of kinetic energy gained by a single electron accelerating from rest through an electric potential difference of one volt in vacuum. When used as a unit of energy, the numerical value of 1 eV in joules is equivalent to the numerical value of the charge of an electron in coulombs. Under the 2019 redefinition of the SI base units, this sets 1 eV equal to the exact value 1.602176634×10−19 J.

A physical constant, sometimes fundamental physical constant or universal constant, is a physical quantity that is generally believed to be both universal in nature and have constant value in time. It is distinct from a mathematical constant, which has a fixed numerical value, but does not directly involve any physical measurement.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Proton</span> Subatomic particle with positive charge

A proton is a stable subatomic particle, symbol
p
, H+, or 1H+ with a positive electric charge of +1 e (elementary charge). Its mass is slightly less than that of a neutron and 1,836 times the mass of an electron (the proton-to-electron mass ratio). Protons and neutrons, each with masses of approximately one atomic mass unit, are jointly referred to as "nucleons" (particles present in atomic nuclei).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Positron</span> Subatomic particle

The positron or antielectron is the particle with an electric charge of +1e, a spin of 1/2, and the same mass as an electron. It is the antiparticle of the electron. When a positron collides with an electron, annihilation occurs. If this collision occurs at low energies, it results in the production of two or more photons.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Avogadro constant</span> Fundamental metric system constant defined as the number of particles per mole

The Avogadro constant, commonly denoted NA or L, is an SI defining constant with an exact value of 6.02214076×1023 mol-1 (unit of reciprocal moles). It is used as a normalization factor in the amount of substance in a sample (in SI units of moles), defined as the number of constituent particles (usually molecules, atoms, or ions) divided by NA. In practice, its value is often approximated as 6.02×1023 mol-1 or 6.022×1023 mol-1. The constant is named after the physicist and chemist Amedeo Avogadro (1776–1856).

The dalton or unified atomic mass unit is a non-SI unit of mass defined as 1/12 of the mass of an unbound neutral atom of carbon-12 in its nuclear and electronic ground state and at rest. The atomic mass constant, denoted mu, is defined identically, giving mu = 1/12 m(12C) = 1 Da.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coulomb</span> SI derived unit of electric charge

The coulomb (symbol: C) is the unit of electric charge in the International System of Units (SI). In the present version of the SI it is equal to the electric charge delivered by a 1 ampere constant current in 1 second and to 5×1027/801088317 elementary charges, e, (about 6.241509×1018e).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Boltzmann constant</span> Physical constant relating particle kinetic energy with temperature

The Boltzmann constant is the proportionality factor that relates the average relative thermal energy of particles in a gas with the thermodynamic temperature of the gas. It occurs in the definitions of the kelvin and the gas constant, and in Planck's law of black-body radiation and Boltzmann's entropy formula, and is used in calculating thermal noise in resistors. The Boltzmann constant has dimensions of energy divided by temperature, the same as entropy. It is named after the Austrian scientist Ludwig Boltzmann.

The Hartree atomic units are a system of natural units of measurement which is especially convenient for calculations in atomic physics and related scientific fields, such as computational chemistry and atomic spectroscopy. They are named after the physicist Douglas Hartree. Atomic units are often abbreviated "a.u." or "au", not to be confused with the same abbreviation used also for astronomical units, arbitrary units, and absorbance units in other contexts.

The elementary charge, usually denoted by e, is a fundamental physical constant, defined as the electric charge carried by a single proton or, equivalently, the magnitude of the negative electric charge carried by a single electron, which has charge −1 e.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Orders of magnitude (mass)</span> Orders of magnitude (mass) in SI system

To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following lists describe various mass levels between 10−59 kg and 1052 kg. The least massive thing listed here is a graviton, and the most massive thing is the observable universe. Typically, an object having greater mass will also have greater weight (see mass versus weight), especially if the objects are subject to the same gravitational field strength.

The magnetic flux, represented by the symbol Φ, threading some contour or loop is defined as the magnetic field B multiplied by the loop area S, i.e. Φ = B ⋅ S. Both B and S can be arbitrary, meaning Φ can be as well. However, if one deals with the superconducting loop or a hole in a bulk superconductor, the magnetic flux threading such a hole/loop is quantized. The (superconducting) magnetic flux quantumΦ0 = h/(2e) ≈ 2.067833848...×10−15 Wb is a combination of fundamental physical constants: the Planck constant h and the electron charge e. Its value is, therefore, the same for any superconductor. The phenomenon of flux quantization was discovered experimentally by B. S. Deaver and W. M. Fairbank and, independently, by R. Doll and M. Näbauer, in 1961. The quantization of magnetic flux is closely related to the Little–Parks effect, but was predicted earlier by Fritz London in 1948 using a phenomenological model.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Unit of length</span> Reference value of length

A unit of length refers to any arbitrarily chosen and accepted reference standard for measurement of length. The most common units in modern use are the metric units, used in every country globally. In the United States the U.S. customary units are also in use. British Imperial units are still used for some purposes in the United Kingdom and some other countries. The metric system is sub-divided into SI and non-SI units.

The vacuum magnetic permeability, also known as the magnetic constant, is the magnetic permeability in a classical vacuum. It is a physical constant, conventionally written as μ0. Its purpose is to quantify the strength of the magnetic field emitted by an electric current. Expressed in terms of SI base units, it has the unit kg⋅m⋅s−2·A−2. It can be also expressed in terms of SI derived units, N·A−2.

The Planck constant, or Planck's constant, denoted by , is a fundamental physical constant of foundational importance in quantum mechanics: a photon's energy is equal to its frequency multiplied by the Planck constant, and the wavelength of a matter wave equals the Planck constant divided by the associated particle momentum.

In particle physics, the electron mass is the mass of a stationary electron, also known as the invariant mass of the electron. It is one of the fundamental constants of physics. It has a value of about 9.109×10−31 kilograms or about 5.486×10−4 daltons, which has an energy-equivalent of about 8.187×10−14 joules or about 0.511 MeV.

In particle physics and physical cosmology, Planck units are a system of units of measurement defined exclusively in terms of four universal physical constants: c, G, ħ, and kB. Expressing one of these physical constants in terms of Planck units yields a numerical value of 1. They are a system of natural units, defined using fundamental properties of nature rather than properties of a chosen prototype object. Originally proposed in 1899 by German physicist Max Planck, they are relevant in research on unified theories such as quantum gravity.

In physics, natural units are physical units of measurement in which only universal physical constants are used as defining constants, such that each of these constants acts as a coherent unit of a quantity. For example, the elementary charge e may be used as a natural unit of electric charge, and the speed of light c may be used as a natural unit of speed. A purely natural system of units has all of its units defined such that each of these can be expressed as a product of powers of defining physical constants.

The nucleon magnetic moments are the intrinsic magnetic dipole moments of the proton and neutron, symbols μp and μn. The nucleus of an atom comprises protons and neutrons, both nucleons that behave as small magnets. Their magnetic strengths are measured by their magnetic moments. The nucleons interact with normal matter through either the nuclear force or their magnetic moments, with the charged proton also interacting by the Coulomb force.

References

  1. ↑ 8th edition of the official brochure of the BIPM (SI units and prefixes).
  2. 1 2 Chris Quigg (2006). "Particles and the Standard Model". In G. Fraser (ed.). The New Physics for the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge University Press. p. 91. ISBN   0-521-81600-9.
  3. ↑ "The NIST Reference on Constants, Units and Uncertainty" . Retrieved 31 March 2018.
  4. ↑ Finn, J. M. (2005). Classical mechanics. Jones and Bartlett. p. 552. ISBN   9780763779603.
  5. ↑ Planck Units
  6. ↑ Ashbourn, J. M. A. (2006). "Determination of dust particle charge using the deflection method in a plasma". Journal of Applied Physics. 100 (11): 113305–2. Bibcode:2006JAP...100k3305A. doi: 10.1063/1.2397286 .
  7. ↑ Martin Karl W. Pohl. "Physics: Principles with Applications" (PDF). DESY. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-29. Retrieved 2013-05-21.
  8. ↑ "CH85-2100-105 Datasheet" (PDF). Motor Capacitors. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
  9. ↑ Purcell, Edward M.; David J. Morin (2013). Electricity and Magnetism (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 8. ISBN   9781107014022.
  10. ↑ "Goldcap". Panasonic.
  11. ↑ Hasbrouck, Richard. Mitigating Lightning Hazards Archived 2013-10-05 at the Wayback Machine , Science & Technology Review May 1996. Retrieved on 2009-04-26.
  12. ↑ How to do everything with digital photography – David Huss , p. 23, at Google Books, "The capacity range of an AA battery is typically from 1100–2200 mAh."
  13. ↑ "2018 CODATA Value: Faraday constant". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. 20 May 2019. Retrieved 2019-05-20.
  14. ↑ LaBrake; Vanden Bout (2013). "MINI LECTURE ELECTROLYTIC CELLS" (PDF). Department of Chemistry, University of Texas. p. 3. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
  15. ↑ http://www.popsci.com/science/article/2012-01/china-builds-worlds-largest-battery-36-megawatt-hour-behemoth - China Builds the World's Largest Battery – 01.04.2012
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