The following list shows different orders of magnitude of force.
Since weight under gravity is a force, several of these examples refer to the weight of various objects. Unless otherwise stated, these are weights under average Earth gravity at sea level.
| Factor (N) | Value | Item |
|---|---|---|
| 10−47 | 3.6×10−17 qN | Gravitational attraction of the proton and the electron in hydrogen atom [1] |
| 10−30 quectonewton (qN) | 8.9 qN | Weight of an electron [1] |
| 10−26 | 16 rN | Weight of a hydrogen atom [1] |
| 10−24 yoctonewton (yN) | 5 yN | Force necessary to synchronize the motion of a single trapped ion with an external signal measured in a 2010 experiment [2] [3] |
| 10−22 | 170 yN | Force measured in a 2010 experiment by perturbing 60 beryllium-9 ions [4] [5] |
| 10−18 attonewton (aN) | ||
| 10−17 | 30 aN | Smallest force of gravity measured [6] [7] |
| 10−15 femtonewton (fN) | ||
| 10−14 | ~10 fN | Brownian motion force on an E. coli bacterium averaged over 1 second [8] |
| ~10 fN | Weight of an E. coli bacterium [9] [10] | |
| 10−13 | ~100 fN | Force to stretch double-stranded DNA to 50% relative extension [8] |
| 10−12 piconewton (pN) | ~4 pN | Force to break a hydrogen bond [8] |
| ~5 pN | Maximum force of a molecular motor [8] | |
| 10−11 | ||
| 10−10 | ~160 pN | Force to break a typical noncovalent bond [8] |
| 10−9 nanonewton (nN) | ~1.6 nN | Force to break a typical covalent bond [8] |
| 10−8 | ~82nN | Force on an electron in a hydrogen atom [1] |
| 10−7 | ~200nN | Force between two 1 meter long conductors, 1 meter apart by an outdated definition of one ampere |
| 10−6 micronewton (μN) | 1–150 μN | Output of FEEP ion thrusters used in NASA's Laser Interferometer Space Antenna [11] |
| 10−4 | ||
| 10−3 millinewton (mN) | ||
| 10−2 | 19-92 mN | Thrust of the NSTAR ion engine tested on NASA's space probe Deep Space 1 [12] |
| 10−1 | ||
| Magnitude | Value | Item |
|---|---|---|
| 1 N | 1.4 N | The weight of a smartphone [13] [14] |
| 2.5 N | Typical thrust of a Dual-Stage 4-Grid ion thruster. | |
| 9.8 N | One kilogram-force, nominal weight of a 1 kg (2.2 lb) object at sea level on Earth [15] | |
| 10 N | 50 N | Average force to break the shell of a chicken egg from a young hen [16] |
| 102 N | 720 N | Average force of human bite, measured at molars [17] |
| 103 N kilonewton (kN) | 5 kN | The force applied by the engine of a small car during peak acceleration[ citation needed ] |
| 8 kN | The maximum force achieved by weight lifters during a 'clean and jerk' lift [18] (During the clean part) | |
| 9 kN | The bite force of one adult American alligator [19] | |
| 104 N | 16.5 kN | The bite force of a 5.2 m (17 ft) saltwater crocodile [20] |
| 18 kN | The estimated bite force of a 6.1 m (20 ft) adult great white shark [21] | |
| 25 kN | Approximate force applied by the motors of a Tesla Model S during maximal acceleration [22] | |
| 25.5 to 34.5 kN | The estimated bite force of a large 6.7 m (22 ft) adult saltwater crocodile [23] | |
| 105 N | 100 kN | The average force applied by seatbelt and airbag to a restrained passenger in a car which hits a stationary barrier at 100 km/h [24] |
| 569 kN | Maximum thrust of a large turbofan engine (General Electric GE90) | |
| 890 kN | Maximum pulling force (tractive effort) of a single large diesel-electric locomotive [1] | |
| 106 N meganewton (MN) | 1.8 MN | Thrust of Space Shuttle Main Engine at lift-off [25] [26] [27] |
| 1.9 MN | Weight of the largest Blue Whale [1] | |
| 107 N | 35 MN | Thrust of Saturn V rocket at lift-off [28] |
| 108 N | 570 MN | Simplistic estimate of force of sunlight on Earth [29] |
| 109 N giganewton (GN) | ||
| 1020 N | 200 EN | Gravitational attraction between Earth and Moon [30] |
| 1022 N | 35 ZN | Gravitational attraction between Earth and Sun [31] |
| 1029 N | ≈450 RN | Gravitational attraction between our Galaxy and Andromeda Galaxy [32] |
| 1044 N | 1.2×1014 QN | Planck force |
detection of forces as small as 174 yN
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)thrust from 19 mN to 92 mN
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)The "winners"—saltwater crocodiles—slammed their jaws shut with 3,700 pounds per square inch (psi), or 16,460 newtons, of bite force.
a bite force of 9,320 Newton at the tip of its jaws and 18,216 N at the back of its jaws
scientifically documented 6.7-meter long Crocodylus porosus individuals were likely capable of molariform bite forces of approximately 27,531 N to 34,424 N (6,187 to 7,736 lbs).
109% power level at sea level: 418,000 lb
Launches normally used 104% ... as a maximum
The rocket generated 34.5 million newtons ... of thrust at launch
Mass is an intrinsic property of a body. It was traditionally believed to be related to the quantity of matter in a body, until the discovery of the atom and particle physics. It was found that different atoms and different elementary particles, theoretically with the same amount of matter, have nonetheless different masses. Mass in modern physics has multiple definitions which are conceptually distinct, but physically equivalent. Mass can be experimentally defined as a measure of the body's inertia, meaning the resistance to acceleration when a net force is applied. The object's mass also determines the strength of its gravitational attraction to other bodies.
A rocket is a vehicle that uses jet propulsion to accelerate without using any surrounding air. A rocket engine produces thrust by reaction to exhaust expelled at high speed. Rocket engines work entirely from propellant carried within the vehicle; therefore a rocket can fly in the vacuum of space. Rockets work more efficiently in a vacuum and incur a loss of thrust due to the opposing pressure of the atmosphere.
In science and engineering, the weight of an object, is the force acting on the object due to acceleration of gravity.
The gravitational constant is an empirical physical constant involved in the calculation of gravitational effects in Sir Isaac Newton's law of universal gravitation and in Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity. It is also known as the universal gravitational constant, the Newtonian constant of gravitation, or the Cavendish gravitational constant, denoted by the capital letter G.
In physics, gravity (from Latin gravitas 'weight') is a fundamental interaction primarily observed as mutual attraction between all things that have mass. Gravity is, by far, the weakest of the four fundamental interactions, approximately 1038 times weaker than the strong interaction, 1036 times weaker than the electromagnetic force and 1029 times weaker than the weak interaction. As a result, it has no significant influence at the level of subatomic particles. However, gravity is the most significant interaction between objects at the macroscopic scale, and it determines the motion of planets, stars, galaxies, and even light.
Specific impulse is a measure of how efficiently a reaction mass engine, such as a rocket using propellant or a jet engine using fuel, generates thrust.
Atmospheric pressure, also known as air pressure or barometric pressure, is the pressure within the atmosphere of Earth. The standard atmosphere is a unit of pressure defined as 101,325 Pa (1,013.25 hPa), which is equivalent to 1,013.25 millibars, 760 mm Hg, 29.9212 inches Hg, or 14.696 psi. The atm unit is roughly equivalent to the mean sea-level atmospheric pressure on Earth; that is, the Earth's atmospheric pressure at sea level is approximately 1 atm.
The newton is the unit of force in the International System of Units (SI). It is defined as , the force which gives a mass of 1 kilogram an acceleration of 1 metre per second squared.
Physical geodesy is the study of the physical properties of Earth's gravity and its potential field, with a view to their application in geodesy.
The pound of force or pound-force is a unit of force used in some systems of measurement, including English Engineering units and the foot–pound–second system.
To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following lists describe various mass levels between 10−67 kg and 1052 kg. The least massive thing listed here is a graviton, and the most massive thing is the observable universe. Typically, an object having greater mass will also have greater weight (see mass versus weight), especially if the objects are subject to the same gravitational field strength.
Archimedes' principle states that the upward buoyant force that is exerted on a body immersed in a fluid, whether fully or partially, is equal to the weight of the fluid that the body displaces. Archimedes' principle is a law of physics fundamental to fluid mechanics. It was formulated by Archimedes of Syracuse.
The g-force or gravitational force equivalent is mass-specific force, expressed in units of standard gravity . It is used for sustained accelerations, that cause a perception of weight. For example, an object at rest on Earth's surface is subject to 1 g, equaling the conventional value of gravitational acceleration on Earth, about 9.8 m/s2. More transient acceleration, accompanied with significant jerk, is called shock.
The kilogram-force, or kilopond, is a non-standard gravitational metric unit of force. It is not accepted for use with the International System of Units (SI) and is deprecated for most uses. The kilogram-force is equal to the magnitude of the force exerted on one kilogram of mass in a 9.80665 m/s2 gravitational field. That is, it is the weight of a kilogram under standard gravity. One kilogram-force is defined as 9.80665 N. Similarly, a gram-force is 9.80665 mN, and a milligram-force is 9.80665 μN.
Thrust-to-weight ratio is a dimensionless ratio of thrust to weight of a rocket, jet engine, propeller engine, or a vehicle propelled by such an engine that is an indicator of the performance of the engine or vehicle.
The surface gravity, g, of an astronomical object is the gravitational acceleration experienced at its surface at the equator, including the effects of rotation. The surface gravity may be thought of as the acceleration due to gravity experienced by a hypothetical test particle which is very close to the object's surface and which, in order not to disturb the system, has negligible mass. For objects where the surface is deep in the atmosphere and the radius not known, the surface gravity is given at the 1 bar pressure level in the atmosphere.
The false gharial, also known by the names Malayan gharial, Sunda gharial and tomistoma, is a freshwater crocodilian of the family Gavialidae native to Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, Sumatra and Java. It is listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List, as the global population is estimated at around 2,500 to 10,000 mature individuals.
This is a tabulated listing of the orders of magnitude in relation to pressure expressed in pascals. psi values, prefixed with + and -, denote values relative to Earth's sea level standard atmospheric pressure (psig); otherwise, psia is assumed.
The gravity of Earth, denoted by g, is the net acceleration that is imparted to objects due to the combined effect of gravitation and the centrifugal force . It is a vector quantity, whose direction coincides with a plumb bob and strength or magnitude is given by the norm .
This page lists examples of the acceleration occurring in various situations. They are grouped by orders of magnitude.
