Orders of magnitude (magnetic field)

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This page lists examples of magnetic induction B in teslas and gauss produced by various sources, grouped by orders of magnitude.

Contents

The magnetic flux density does not measure how strong a magnetic field is, but only how strong the magnetic flux is in a given point or at a given distance (usually right above the magnet's surface). For the intrinsic order of magnitude of magnetic fields, see: Orders of magnitude (magnetic moment).

Note:

Examples

These examples attempt to make the measuring point clear, usually the surface of the item mentioned.

Magnetic field strength (from lower to higher orders of magnitude)
Factor

(tesla)

 SI nameSI

Value

 CGS

Value

Example of magnetic field strength
10−18 Tattotesla1 aT10 fG
5 aT50 fGSensitivity of Gravity Probe B gyroscope's "SQUID" magnetometer (most sensitive when averaged over days) [3]
10−17 T10 aT100 fG
10−16 T100 aT1 pG
10−15 Tfemtotesla1 fT10 pG
2 fT20 pG
10−14 T10 fT100 pG
10−13 T100 fT1 nG Human brain
10−12 Tpicotesla1 pT10 nG
10−11 T10 pT100 nG"Potholes" in the magnetic field found in the heliosheath around the Solar System reported by Voyager 1 (NASA, 2006) [4]
10−10 T100 pT1 μG Heliosphere
10−9 Tnanotesla1 nT10 μG
10−8 T10 nT100 μG
10−7 T100 nT1 mG Coffeemaker (30 cm or 1 ft away) [5]
100 nT to 500 nT1 mG to 5 mG Residential electric distribution lines (34.5 kV) (15 m or 49 ft away) [5] [6]
10−6 Tmicrotesla1 μT10 mG Blender (30 cm or 1 ft away) [5]
1.3 μT to 2.7 μT13 mG to 27 mG High power (500 kV) transmission lines (30 m or 100 ft away) [6]
6 μT60 mG Microwave oven (30 cm or 1 ft away) [5]
10−5 T10 μT100 mG
24 μT240 mG Magnetic tape near tape head
31 μT310 mG Earth's magnetic field at 0° latitude (on the equator)
58 μT580 mGEarth's magnetic field at 50° latitude
10−4 T100 μT1 GMagnetic flux density that will induce an electromotive force of 10-8  volts in each centimeter of a wire moving perpendicularly at 1 ⁠centimeter/ second ⁠ by definition (1 gauss = 1 ⁠ maxwell /centimeter²⁠) [7]
500 μT5 GSuggested exposure limit for cardiac pacemakers by American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)
10−3 Tmillitesla1 mT10 G Refrigerator magnets (10 G [8] to 100 G [9] )
10−2 Tcentitesla10 mT100 G
30 mT300 G Penny-sized ferrite magnet
10−1 Tdecitesla100 mT1 kG Penny-sized neodymium magnet
150 mT1.5 kG Sunspot
100 Ttesla1 T10 kGInside the core of a 60 Hz power transformer (1 T to 2 Tas of 2001) [10] [11] or voice coil gap of a loudspeaker magnet (1 T to 2.4 Tas of 2006) [12]
1.5 T to 7 T15 kG to 70 kGMedical magnetic resonance imaging systems (in practice) [13] [14] [15]
9.4 T94 kGExperimental magnetic resonance imaging systems: NMR spectrometer at 400 MHz (9.4 T) to 500 MHz (11.7 T)
101 Tdecatesla10 T100 kG
11.7 T117 kG
16 T160 kG Levitate a frog by distorting its atomic orbitals [16]
23.5 T235 kG1 GHz NMR spectrometer [17]
32 T235 kGStrongest continuous magnet field produced by all-superconducting magnet [18] [19]
38 T380 kGStrongest continuous magnetic field produced by non-superconductive resistive magnet [20]
45.22 T452.2 kGStrongest non-tiny continuous magnetic field produced in a laboratory (Steady High Magnetic Field Facility (SHMFF) in Hefei, China, 2022), [21] beating previous 45 T record (National High Magnetic Field Laboratory's FSU, USA, 1999) [22] (both are hybrid magnets, combining a superconducting magnet with a resistive magnet)
45.5 T455 kGStrongest continuous magnetic field produced in a laboratory (National High Magnetic Field Laboratory's FSU, USA, 2019), though the magnet is tiny (only 390 grams) [23]
102 Thectotesla100 T1 MGStrongest pulsed non-destructive ("multi-shot") magnetic field produced in a laboratory (Pulsed Field Facility at National High Magnetic Field Laboratory's Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA) [24]
103 Tkilotesla1 kT10 MG
1.2 kT12 MGRecord for indoor pulsed magnetic field, (University of Tokyo, 2018) [25]
2.8 kT28 MGRecord for human produced, pulsed magnetic field, (VNIIEF, 2001) [26]
104 T10 kT100 MG
35 kT350 MGFelt by valence electrons in a xenon atom due to the spin–orbit effect [27]
105 T100 kT1 GGNon-magnetar neutron stars [28]
106 Tmegatesla1 MT10 GG
107 T10 MT100 GG
108 T100 MT1 TG
109 Tgigatesla1 GT10 TG Schwinger limit (~4.41 GT) above which the electromagnetic field becomes nonlinear
1010 T10 GT100 TG Magnetar neutron stars [29]
1011 T100 GT1 PG
1012 Tteratesla1 TT10 PG
1013 T10 TT100 PG
16 TT160 PGSwift J0243.6+6124 most magnetic pulsar [30] [31]
1014 T100 TT1 EGMagnetic fields inside heavy ion collisions at RHIC [32] [33]

Related Research Articles

The gauss is a unit of measurement of magnetic induction, also known as magnetic flux density. The unit is part of the Gaussian system of units, which inherited it from the older centimetre–gram–second electromagnetic units (CGS-EMU) system. It was named after the German mathematician and physicist Carl Friedrich Gauss in 1936. One gauss is defined as one maxwell per square centimetre.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Superconductivity</span> Electrical conductivity with exactly zero resistance

Superconductivity is a set of physical properties observed in certain materials where electrical resistance vanishes and magnetic fields are expelled from the material. Any material exhibiting these properties is a superconductor. Unlike an ordinary metallic conductor, whose resistance decreases gradually as its temperature is lowered, even down to near absolute zero, a superconductor has a characteristic critical temperature below which the resistance drops abruptly to zero. An electric current through a loop of superconducting wire can persist indefinitely with no power source.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Magnetic field</span> Distribution of magnetic force

A magnetic field is a physical field that describes the magnetic influence on moving electric charges, electric currents, and magnetic materials. A moving charge in a magnetic field experiences a force perpendicular to its own velocity and to the magnetic field. A permanent magnet's magnetic field pulls on ferromagnetic materials such as iron, and attracts or repels other magnets. In addition, a nonuniform magnetic field exerts minuscule forces on "nonmagnetic" materials by three other magnetic effects: paramagnetism, diamagnetism, and antiferromagnetism, although these forces are usually so small they can only be detected by laboratory equipment. Magnetic fields surround magnetized materials, electric currents, and electric fields varying in time. Since both strength and direction of a magnetic field may vary with location, it is described mathematically by a function assigning a vector to each point of space, called a vector field.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SQUID</span> Type of magnetometer

A SQUID is a very sensitive magnetometer used to measure extremely weak magnetic fields, based on superconducting loops containing Josephson junctions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Magnet</span> Object that has a magnetic field

A magnet is a material or object that produces a magnetic field. This magnetic field is invisible but is responsible for the most notable property of a magnet: a force that pulls on other ferromagnetic materials, such as iron, steel, nickel, cobalt, etc. and attracts or repels other magnets.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Meissner effect</span> Expulsion of a magnetic field from a superconductor

The Meissner effect is the expulsion of a magnetic field from a superconductor during its transition to the superconducting state when it is cooled below the critical temperature. This expulsion will repel a nearby magnet.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Electromagnet</span> Magnet created with an electric current

An electromagnet is a type of magnet in which the magnetic field is produced by an electric current. Electromagnets usually consist of wire wound into a coil. A current through the wire creates a magnetic field which is concentrated in the hole in the center of the coil. The magnetic field disappears when the current is turned off. The wire turns are often wound around a magnetic core made from a ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic material such as iron; the magnetic core concentrates the magnetic flux and makes a more powerful magnet.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Magnetar</span> Type of neutron star with a strong magnetic field

A magnetar is a type of neutron star with an extremely powerful magnetic field (~109 to 1011 T, ~1013 to 1015 G). The magnetic-field decay powers the emission of high-energy electromagnetic radiation, particularly X-rays and gamma rays.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Magnetic monopole</span> Hypothetical particle with one magnetic pole

In particle physics, a magnetic monopole is a hypothetical elementary particle that is an isolated magnet with only one magnetic pole. A magnetic monopole would have a net north or south "magnetic charge". Modern interest in the concept stems from particle theories, notably the grand unified and superstring theories, which predict their existence. The known elementary particles that have electric charge are electric monopoles.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Magnetic refrigeration</span> Phenomenon in which a suitable material can be cooled by a changing magnetic field

Magnetic refrigeration is a cooling technology based on the magnetocaloric effect. This technique can be used to attain extremely low temperatures, as well as the ranges used in common refrigerators.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coilgun</span> Artillery using coils to electromagnetically propel a projectile

A coilgun is a type of mass driver consisting of one or more coils used as electromagnets in the configuration of a linear motor that accelerate a ferromagnetic or conducting projectile to high velocity. In almost all coilgun configurations, the coils and the gun barrel are arranged on a common axis. A coilgun is not a rifle as the barrel is smoothbore.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Superconducting magnet</span> Electromagnet made from coils of superconducting wire

A superconducting magnet is an electromagnet made from coils of superconducting wire. They must be cooled to cryogenic temperatures during operation. In its superconducting state the wire has no electrical resistance and therefore can conduct much larger electric currents than ordinary wire, creating intense magnetic fields. Superconducting magnets can produce stronger magnetic fields than all but the strongest non-superconducting electromagnets, and large superconducting magnets can be cheaper to operate because no energy is dissipated as heat in the windings. They are used in MRI instruments in hospitals, and in scientific equipment such as NMR spectrometers, mass spectrometers, fusion reactors and particle accelerators. They are also used for levitation, guidance and propulsion in a magnetic levitation (maglev) railway system being constructed in Japan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bitter electromagnet</span> Solenoid creating strong magnetic fields

A Bitter electromagnet or Bitter solenoid is a type of electromagnet invented in 1933 by American physicist Francis Bitter used in scientific research to create extremely strong magnetic fields. Bitter electromagnets have been used to achieve the strongest continuous manmade magnetic fields on earth―up to 45 teslas, as of 2011.

The tesla is the unit of magnetic flux density in the International System of Units (SI).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of superconductivity</span>

Superconductivity is the phenomenon of certain materials exhibiting zero electrical resistance and the expulsion of magnetic fields below a characteristic temperature. The history of superconductivity began with Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes's discovery of superconductivity in mercury in 1911. Since then, many other superconducting materials have been discovered and the theory of superconductivity has been developed. These subjects remain active areas of study in the field of condensed matter physics.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">National High Magnetic Field Laboratory</span> Magnetism research institute in the United States

The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory (MagLab) is a facility at Florida State University, the University of Florida, and Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico, that performs magnetic field research in physics, biology, bioengineering, chemistry, geochemistry, biochemistry. It is the only such facility in the US, and is among twelve high magnetic facilities worldwide. The lab is supported by the National Science Foundation and the state of Florida, and works in collaboration with private industry.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Niobium–tin</span> Superconducting intermetallic compound

Niobium–tin is an intermetallic compound of niobium (Nb) and tin (Sn), used industrially as a type-II superconductor. This intermetallic compound has a simple structure: A3B. It is more expensive than niobium–titanium (NbTi), but remains superconducting up to a magnetic flux density of 30 teslas [T] (300,000 G), compared to a limit of roughly 15 T for NbTi.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gauss's law for magnetism</span> Foundational law of classical magnetism

In physics, Gauss's law for magnetism is one of the four Maxwell's equations that underlie classical electrodynamics. It states that the magnetic field B has divergence equal to zero, in other words, that it is a solenoidal vector field. It is equivalent to the statement that magnetic monopoles do not exist. Rather than "magnetic charges", the basic entity for magnetism is the magnetic dipole.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Magnetic levitation</span> Suspension of objects by magnetic force

Magnetic levitation (maglev) or magnetic suspension is a method by which an object is suspended with no support other than magnetic fields. Magnetic force is used to counteract the effects of the gravitational force and any other forces.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rare-earth barium copper oxide</span> Chemical compounds known for exhibiting high temperature superconductivity

Rare-earth barium copper oxide (ReBCO) is a family of chemical compounds known for exhibiting high-temperature superconductivity (HTS). ReBCO superconductors have the potential to sustain stronger magnetic fields than other superconductor materials. Due to their high critical temperature and critical magnetic field, this class of materials are proposed for use in technical applications where conventional low-temperature superconductors do not suffice. This includes magnetic confinement fusion reactors such as the ARC reactor, allowing a more compact and potentially more economical construction, and superconducting magnets to use in future particle accelerators to come after the Large Hadron Collider, which utilizes low-temperature superconductors.

References

  1. ↑ "Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, The International System of Units (SI), 8th edition 2006" (PDF). bipm.org. 2012-10-01. Retrieved 2013-05-26.
  2. ↑ Laboratory, National High Magnetic Field. "Tesla Definition - MagLab". nationalmaglab.org. Retrieved 2023-12-29.
  3. ↑ Range, Shannon K'doah. Gravity Probe B: Examining Einstein's Spacetime with Gyroscopes . National Aeronautics and Space Administration. October 2004.
  4. ↑ "Surprises from the Edge of the Solar System". NASA . 2006-09-21. Archived from the original on 2008-09-29. Retrieved 2017-07-12.
  5. 1 2 3 4 "Magnetic Field Levels Around Homes" (PDF). UC San Diego Dept. of Environment, Health & Safety (EH&S). p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-04-28. Retrieved 2017-03-07.
  6. 1 2 "EMF in Your Environment: Magnetic Field Measurements of Everyday Electrical Devices". United States Environmental Protection Agency . 1992. pp. 23–24. Retrieved 2017-03-07.
  7. ↑ "Gauss | magnetic field, electromagnetism, mathematics | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2023-12-30.
  8. ↑ adamsmagnetic (2021-01-04). "What Does Gauss Mean & What Does Gauss Measure?". Adams Magnetic Products, LLC. Retrieved 2023-12-29. [T]he pizza-shaped refrigerator magnet you got from your local pizzeria is 10 gauss
  9. ↑ Laboratory, National High Magnetic Field. "Tesla Definition - MagLab". nationalmaglab.org. Retrieved 2023-12-29. A refrigerator magnet is 100 gauss, a strong refrigerator magnet.
  10. ↑ Johnson, Gary L. (2001-10-29). "Inductors and transformers" (PDF). eece.ksu.edu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-05-07. Retrieved 2013-05-26. A modern well-designed 60 Hz power transformer will probably have a magnetic flux density between 1 and 2 T inside the core.
  11. ↑ "Trafo-Bestimmung 3von3". radiomuseum.org. 2009-07-11. Retrieved 2013-06-01.
  12. ↑ Elliot, Rod (2006-12-16). "Power Handling Vs. Efficiency". Archived from the original on 2018-08-07. Retrieved 2008-02-17. Typical flux densities for (half decent) loudspeakers range from around 1 Tesla (10,000 Gauss) up to around 2.4T, and I would suggest that anything less than 1T is next to useless. Very few drivers use magnetic materials that will provide much more than 1.8T across the gap...
  13. ↑ Savage, Niel (2013-10-23). "The World's Most Powerful MRI Takes Shape".
  14. ↑ Smith, Hans-Jørgen. "Magnetic resonance imaging". Medcyclopaedia Textbook of Radiology. GE Healthcare. Archived from the original on 2012-02-07. Retrieved 2007-03-26.
  15. ↑ Orenstein, Beth W. (2006-02-16). "Ultra High-Field MRI — The Pull of Big Magnets". Radiology Today. Vol. 7, no. 3. p. 10. Archived from the original on March 15, 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-10.
  16. ↑ "Frog defies gravity". New Scientist. No. 2077. 12 April 1997.
  17. ↑ "23.5 Tesla Standard-Bore, Persistent Superconducting Magnet". Archived from the original on 2013-06-28. Retrieved 2013-05-08.
  18. ↑ "32 Tesla All-Superconducting Magnet". National High Magnetic Field Laboratory .
  19. ↑ Liu, Jianhua; Wang, Qiuliang; Qin, Lang; Zhou, Benzhe; Wang, Kangshuai; Wang, Yaohui; Wang, Lei; Zhang, Zili; Dai, Yinming; Liu, Hui; Hu, Xinning; Wang, Hui; Cui, Chunyan; Wang, Dangui; Wang, Hao (2020-03-01). "World record 32.35 tesla direct-current magnetic field generated with an all-superconducting magnet". Superconductor Science and Technology. 33 (3): 03LT01. Bibcode:2020SuScT..33cLT01L. doi:10.1088/1361-6668/ab714e. ISSN   0953-2048. S2CID   213171620.
  20. ↑ ingevoerd, Geen OWMS velden. "HFML sets world record with a new 38 tesla magnet". Radboud Universiteit.
  21. ↑ "World's strongest steady magnetic field generated in China". New Atlas. 2022-08-16. Retrieved 2022-08-22.
  22. ↑ "Mag Lab Press Release: World's Most Powerful Magnet Tested Ushers in New Era for Steady High Field Research (December 17, 1999)". legacywww.magnet.fsu.edu. Retrieved 2022-08-22.
  23. ↑ Laboratory, National High Magnetic Field. "With mini magnet, National MagLab creates world-record magnetic field - MagLab". nationalmaglab.org. Archived from the original on 2023-06-10. Retrieved 2023-12-28.
  24. ↑ Laboratory, Los Alamos National. "Physical Sciences | Organizations". Los Alamos National Laboratory. Retrieved 2023-12-29.
  25. ↑ Nakamura, D.; Ikeda, A.; Sawabe, H.; Matsuda, Y. H.; Takeyama, S. (2018). "Record indoor magnetic field of 1200 T generated by electromagnetic flux-compression". Review of Scientific Instruments. 89 (9): 095106. Bibcode:2018RScI...89i5106N. doi:10.1063/1.5044557. PMID   30278742. S2CID   52908507.
  26. ↑ Bykov, A.I.; Dolotenko, M.I.; Kolokolchikov, N.P.; Selemir, V.D.; Tatsenko, O.M. (2001). "VNIIEF achievements on ultra-high magnetic fields generation". Physica B: Condensed Matter. 294–295: 574–578. Bibcode:2001PhyB..294..574B. doi:10.1016/S0921-4526(00)00723-7.
  27. ↑ Herman, Frank (15 December 1963). "Relativistic Corrections to the Band Structure of Tetrahedrally Bonded Semiconductors". Physical Review Letters. 11 (541): 541–545. Bibcode:1963PhRvL..11..541H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.11.541.
  28. ↑ Reisenegger, A. (2003). "Origin and Evolution of Neutron Star Magnetic Fields". arXiv: astro-ph/0307133 .
  29. ↑ Kaspi, Victoria M.; Beloborodov, Andrei M. (2017). "Magnetars". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 55 (1): 261–301. arXiv: 1703.00068 . Bibcode:2017ARA&A..55..261K. doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-081915-023329.
  30. ↑ Kong, Ling-Da; Zhang, Shu; Zhang, Shuang-Nan; Ji, Long; Doroshenko, Victor; Santangelo, Andrea; Chen, Yu-Peng; Lu, Fang-Jun; Ge, Ming-Yu; Wang, Peng-Ju; Tao, Lian; Qu, Jin-Lu; Li, Ti-Pei; Liu, Cong-Zhan; Liao, Jin-Yuan (2022-07-01). "Insight-HXMT Discovery of the Highest-energy CRSF from the First Galactic Ultraluminous X-Ray Pulsar Swift J0243.6+6124". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 933 (1): L3. arXiv: 2206.04283 . Bibcode:2022ApJ...933L...3K. doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/ac7711 . ISSN   2041-8205.
  31. ↑ "Astronomers measure strongest magnetic field ever detected". New Atlas. 2022-07-15. Retrieved 2022-08-22.
  32. ↑ Tuchin, Kirill (2013). "Particle production in strong electromagnetic fields in relativistic heavy-ion collisions". Adv. High Energy Phys. 2013: 490495. arXiv: 1301.0099 . doi: 10.1155/2013/490495 . S2CID   4877952.
  33. ↑ Bzdak, Adam; Skokov, Vladimir (29 March 2012). "Event-by-event fluctuations of magnetic and electric fields in heavy ion collisions". Physics Letters B. 710 (1): 171–174. arXiv: 1111.1949 . Bibcode:2012PhLB..710..171B. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2012.02.065. S2CID   118462584.

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