This page lists examples of the acceleration occurring in various situations. They are grouped by orders of magnitude.
Factor [ m/s2 ] | Multiple | Reference frame | Value | [ g ] | Item |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
10−∞ | 0 m/s2 | inertial | 0 m/s2 | 0 g | The gyro rotors in Gravity Probe B and the free-floating proof masses in the TRIAD I navigation satellite [1] |
inertial | ≈ 0 m/s2 | ≈ 0 g | Weightless parabola in a reduced-gravity aircraft | ||
10−14 | 10 fm/s2 | lab | 5×10−14 m/s2 | 5×10−15 g | Smallest acceleration in a scientific experiment [2] |
10−3 | 1 mm/s2 | Solar system | 5.93×10−3 m/s2 | 6.04×10−4 g | Acceleration of Earth toward the sun due to sun's gravitational attraction |
10−1 | 1 dm/s2 | lab | 0.25 m/s2 | 0.026 g | Train acceleration for SJ X2 [ citation needed ] |
100 | 1 m/s2 | inertial | 1.62 m/s2 | 0.1654 g | Standing on the Moon at its equator [ citation needed ] |
lab | 4.3 m/s2 | 0.44 g | Car acceleration 0–100 km/h in 6.4 s with a Saab 9-5 Hirsch [ citation needed ] | ||
inertial | 9.80665 m/s2 | 1 g | Standard gravity, the gravity acceleration on Earth at sea level standard [3] | ||
101 | 1 dam/s2 | inertial | 11.2 m/s2 | 1.14 g | Saturn V Moon rocket just after launch[ citation needed ] |
inertial | 15.2 m/s2 | 1.55 g | Bugatti Veyron from 0 to 100 km/h in 2.4 s (the net acceleration vector including gravitational acceleration is directed 40 degrees from horizontal[ citation needed ]) | ||
inertial | 29 m/s2 | 3 g | Space Shuttle, maximum during launch and reentry [ citation needed ] | ||
inertial | 29 m/s2 | 3 g | Sustainable for > 25 seconds, for a human [3] | ||
inertial | 34 – 49 m/s2 | 3.5 – 5 g | High-G roller coasters [4] : 340 | ||
lab? | 41 m/s2 | 4.2 g | Top Fuel drag racing world record of 4.4 s over 1/4 mile[ citation needed ] | ||
inertial | 49 m/s2 | 5 g | Causes disorientation, dizziness and fainting in humans [3] | ||
lab? | 49+ m/s2 | 5+ g | Formula One car, maximum under heavy braking[ citation needed ] | ||
inertial? | 51 m/s2 | 5.2 g | Luge, maximum expected at the Whistler Sliding Centre [ citation needed ] | ||
lab | 49 – 59 m/s2 | 5 – 6 g | Formula One car, peak lateral in turns [5] | ||
inertial | 59 m/s2 | 6 g | Parachutist peak during normal opening of parachute [6] | ||
inertial | +69 / -49 m/s2 | +7 / -5 g | Standard, full aerobatics certified glider [ citation needed ] | ||
inertial | 70.6 m/s2 | 7.19 g | Apollo 16 on reentry [7] | ||
inertial | 79 m/s2 | 8 g | F-16 aircraft pulling out of dive[ citation needed ] | ||
inertial | 88 m/s2 | 9 g | Maximum for a fit, trained person with G-suit to keep consciousness, avoiding G-LOC [ citation needed ] | ||
inertial | 88 – 118 m/s2 | 9 – 12 g | Typical maximum turn acceleration in an aerobatic plane or fighter jet [8] | ||
102 | 1 hm/s2 | inertial | 147 m/s2 | 15 g | Explosive seat ejection from aircraft[ citation needed ] |
177 m/s2 | 18 g | Physical damage in humans like broken capillaries [3] | |||
209 m/s2 | 21.3 g | Peak acceleration experienced by cosmonauts during the Soyuz 18a abort [9] | |||
333 m/s2 | 34 g | Peak deceleration of the Stardust Sample Return Capsule on reentry to Earth [10] | |||
454 m/s2 | 46.2 g | Maximum acceleration a human has survived on a rocket sled [3] | |||
> 491 m/s2 | > 50 g | Death or serious injury likely[ citation needed ] | |||
982 m/s2 | 100 g | Sprint missile [11] | |||
982 m/s2 | 100 g | Automobile crash (100 km/h into wall) [12] | |||
> 982 m/s2 | > 100 g | Brief human exposure survived in crash [13] | |||
982 m/s2 | 100 g | Deadly limit for most humans[ citation needed ] | |||
103 | 1 km/s2 | inertial ≈ lab | 1540 m/s2 | 157 g | Peak acceleration of fastest rocket sled run [14] |
1964 m/s2 | 200 g | 3.5" hard disc non-operating shock tolerance for 2 ms, weight 0.6 kg [15] | |||
2098 m/s2 | 214 g | Highest recorded amount of g-force exposed and survived by a human (Peak deceleration experienced by Kenny Bräck in a crash at the 2003 Chevy 500) [16] [17] | |||
2256 m/s2 | 230 g | Peak acceleration experience by the Galileo probe during descent into Jupiter's atmosphere [18] | |||
2490 m/s2 | 254 g | Peak deceleration experienced by Jules Bianchi in crash of Marussia MR03, 2014 Japanese Grand Prix [19] | |||
2946 m/s2 | 300 g | Soccer ball struck by foot[ citation needed ] | |||
3200 m/s2 | 320 g | A jumping human flea [20] | |||
3800 m/s2 | 380 g | A jumping click beetle [21] | |||
4944 m/s2 | 504 g | Clothes on washing machine, during dry spinning (46 cm drum / 1400 rpm) | |||
104 | 10 km/s2 | 11 768 m/s2 | 1200 g | Deceleration of the head of a woodpecker [22] | |
17 680 m/s2 | 1800 g | Space gun with a barrel length of 1 km and a muzzle velocity of 6 km/s, as proposed by Quicklaunch (assuming constant acceleration) | |||
29460 m/s2 | 3000 g | Baseball struck by bat [12] | |||
~33 000 m/s2 | 3400 g | Standard requirement for decelerative crashworthiness in certified flight recorders (such as a Boeing 737 'black box') | |||
>49 100 m/s2 | >5000 g | Shock capability of mechanical wrist watches [23] | |||
84 450 m/s2 | 8600 g | Current Formula One engines, maximum piston acceleration (up to 10,000 g before rev limits) [24] | |||
105 | 100 km/s2 | 102 000 m/s2 | 10 400 g | A mantis shrimp punch [25] | |
152 210 m/s2 | 15 500 g | Rating of electronics built into military artillery shells [26] | |||
196 400 m/s2 | 20 000 g | Spore acceleration of the Pilobolus fungi [27] | |||
304 420 m/s2 | 31 000 g | 9×19mm Parabellum handgun bullet (average along the length of the barrel)[ citation needed ] [28] | |||
106 | 1 Mm/s2 | 1 000 000 m/s2 | 100 000 g | Closing jaws of a trap-jaw ant [29] | |
1 865 800 m/s2 | 190 000 g | 9×19mm Parabellum handgun bullet, peak[ citation needed ] [30] | |||
3 800 000 m/s2 | 390 000 g | Surface gravity of white dwarf Sirius B [31] | |||
3 900 000 m/s2 | slightly below 400 000 g | Ultracentrifuge [32] | |||
107 | 10 Mm/s2 | 53 000 000 m/s2 | 5 400 000 g | Jellyfish stinger [33] | |
109 | 1 Gm/s2 | 1×109 m/s2 | ~100 000 000 g | The record peak acceleration of a projectile in a coilgun, a 2 gram projectile accelerated in 1 cm from rest to 5 km/sec. [34] | |
1012 | 1 Tm/s2 | 7×1012 m/s2 | 7×1011 g | Max surface gravity of a neutron star [ citation needed ] | |
2.1×1013 m/s2 | 2.1×1012 g | Protons in the Large Hadron Collider [35] | |||
1021 | 1 Zm/s2 | 9.149×1021 m/s2 | 9.33×1020 g | Classical (Bohr model) acceleration of an electron around a 1H nucleus. | |
176×1021 m/s2 | 1.79×1022 g | Electrons in a 1 TV/m wakefield accelerator [36] | |||
1051 | 1 QZm/s2 | 5.5608×1051 m/s2 | 5.5719×1050 g | Coherent Planck unit of acceleration | |
The solar wind is a stream of charged particles released from the upper atmosphere of the Sun, called the corona. This plasma mostly consists of electrons, protons and alpha particles with kinetic energy between 0.5 and 10 keV. The composition of the solar wind plasma also includes a mixture of materials found in the solar plasma: trace amounts of heavy ions and atomic nuclei of elements such as C, N, O, Ne, Mg, Si, S, and Fe. There are also rarer traces of some other nuclei and isotopes such as P, Ti, Cr, 54Fe and 56Fe, and 58Ni, 60Ni, and 62Ni. Superimposed with the solar-wind plasma is the interplanetary magnetic field. The solar wind varies in density, temperature and speed over time and over solar latitude and longitude. Its particles can escape the Sun's gravity because of their high energy resulting from the high temperature of the corona, which in turn is a result of the coronal magnetic field. The boundary separating the corona from the solar wind is called the Alfvén surface.
In mechanics and physics, shock is a sudden acceleration caused, for example, by impact, drop, kick, earthquake, or explosion. Shock is a transient physical excitation.
To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following lists describe various mass levels between 10−59 kg and 1052 kg. The least massive thing listed here is a graviton, and the most massive thing is the observable universe. Typically, an object having greater mass will also have greater weight (see mass versus weight), especially if the objects are subject to the same gravitational field strength.
The Breakthrough Propulsion Physics Project (BPP) was a research project funded by NASA from 1996-2002 to study various proposals for revolutionary methods of spacecraft propulsion that would require breakthroughs in physics before they could be realized. The project ended in 2002, when the Advanced Space Transportation Program was reorganized and all speculative research was cancelled. During its six years of operational funding, this program received a total investment of $1.2 million.
An accelerometer is a tool that measures proper acceleration. Proper acceleration is the acceleration of a body in its own instantaneous rest frame; this is different from coordinate acceleration, which is acceleration in a fixed coordinate system. For example, an accelerometer at rest on the surface of the Earth will measure an acceleration due to Earth's gravity, straight upwards of g ≈ 9.81 m/s2. By contrast, accelerometers in free fall will measure zero.
The g-force or gravitational force equivalent is mass-specific force (force per unit mass), expressed in units of standard gravity (g, not to be confused with "g", the symbol for grams). It is used for sustained accelerations, that cause a perception of weight. For example, an object at rest on Earth's surface is subject to 1 g, equaling the conventional value of gravitational acceleration on Earth, about 9.8 m/s2. More transient acceleration, accompanied with significant jerk, is called shock.
MESSENGER was a NASA robotic space probe that orbited the planet Mercury between 2011 and 2015, studying Mercury's chemical composition, geology, and magnetic field. The name is a backronym for "Mercury Surface, Space Environment, Geochemistry, and Ranging", and a reference to the messenger god Mercury from Roman mythology.
In astronomy, astrophysics and geophysics, a mass concentration is a region of a planet's or moon's crust that contains a large positive gravity anomaly. In general, the word "mascon" can be used as a noun to refer to an excess distribution of mass on or beneath the surface of an astronomical body, such as is found around Hawaii on Earth. However, this term is most often used to describe a geologic structure that has a positive gravitational anomaly associated with a feature that might otherwise have been expected to have a negative anomaly, such as the "mascon basins" on the Moon.
Lunar Prospector was the third mission selected by NASA for full development and construction as part of the Discovery Program. At a cost of $62.8 million, the 19-month mission was designed for a low polar orbit investigation of the Moon, including mapping of surface composition including Lunar hydrogen deposits, measurements of magnetic and gravity fields, and study of lunar outgassing events. The mission ended July 31, 1999, when the orbiter was deliberately crashed into a crater near the lunar south pole, after the presence of hydrogen was successfully detected.
In the theory of general relativity, the equivalence principle is the equivalence of gravitational and inertial mass, and Albert Einstein's observation that the gravitational "force" as experienced locally while standing on a massive body is the same as the pseudo-force experienced by an observer in a non-inertial (accelerated) frame of reference.
The Pioneer anomaly, or Pioneer effect, was the observed deviation from predicted accelerations of the Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 spacecraft after they passed about 20 astronomical units (3×109 km; 2×109 mi) on their trajectories out of the Solar System. The apparent anomaly was a matter of much interest for many years but has been subsequently explained by anisotropic radiation pressure caused by the spacecraft's heat loss.
The acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the Moon is approximately 1.625 m/s2, about 16.6% that on Earth's surface or 0.166 ɡ. Over the entire surface, the variation in gravitational acceleration is about 0.0253 m/s2. Because weight is directly dependent upon gravitational acceleration, things on the Moon will weigh only 16.6% of what they weigh on the Earth.
The Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) was an American lunar science mission in NASA's Discovery Program which used high-quality gravitational field mapping of the Moon to determine its interior structure. The two small spacecraft GRAIL A (Ebb) and GRAIL B (Flow) were launched on 10 September 2011 aboard a single launch vehicle: the most-powerful configuration of a Delta II, the 7920H-10. GRAIL A separated from the rocket about nine minutes after launch, GRAIL B followed about eight minutes later. They arrived at their orbits around the Moon 25 hours apart. The first probe entered orbit on 31 December 2011 and the second followed on 1 January 2012. The two spacecraft impacted the Lunar surface on December 17, 2012.
The Trident Laser was a high power, sub-petawatt class, solid-state laser facility located at Los Alamos National Laboratory, in Los Alamos, New Mexico, originally built in the late 1980s for Inertial confinement fusion (ICF) research by KMS Fusion, founded by Kip Siegel, in Ann Arbor, Michigan, it was later moved to Los Alamos in the early 1990s to be used in ICF and materials research. The Trident Laser has been decommissioned, with final experiments in 2017, and is now in storage at the University of Texas at Austin.
Whole body vibration is a generic term used when vibrations of any frequency are transferred to the human body. Humans are exposed to vibration through a contact surface that is in a mechanical vibrating state. Humans are generally exposed to many different forms of vibration in their daily lives. This could be through a driver's seat, a moving train platform, a power tool, a training platform, or any one of countless other devices. It is a potential form of occupational hazard, particularly after years of exposure.
Weightlessness is the complete or near-complete absence of the sensation of weight, i.e., zero apparent weight. It is also termed zero gravity, zero g-force, or zero-g. Micro-g environment is more or less synonymous, with the recognition that g-forces are never exactly zero.
The following list shows different orders of magnitude of force.
Entropic gravity, also known as emergent gravity, is a theory in modern physics that describes gravity as an entropic force—a force with macro-scale homogeneity but which is subject to quantum-level disorder—and not a fundamental interaction. The theory, based on string theory, black hole physics, and quantum information theory, describes gravity as an emergent phenomenon that springs from the quantum entanglement of small bits of spacetime information. As such, entropic gravity is said to abide by the second law of thermodynamics under which the entropy of a physical system tends to increase over time.
Frame-dragging is an effect on spacetime, predicted by Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity, that is due to non-static stationary distributions of mass–energy. A stationary field is one that is in a steady state, but the masses causing that field may be non-static — rotating, for instance. More generally, the subject that deals with the effects caused by mass–energy currents is known as gravitoelectromagnetism, which is analogous to the magnetism of classical electromagnetism.
Jens Horst Gundlach is a German physicist.
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