Orders of magnitude (acceleration)

Last updated

This page lists examples of the acceleration occurring in various situations. They are grouped by orders of magnitude.

Factor
[ m/s2 ]		MultipleReference frameValue[ g ]Item
10−∞0 m/s2 inertial 0 m/s20 g The gyro rotors in Gravity Probe B and the free-floating
proof masses in the TRIAD I navigation satellite [1]
inertial ≈ 0 m/s2 ≈ 0 g Weightless parabola in a reduced-gravity aircraft
10−1410 fm/s2 lab 5×10−14 m/s25×10−15 g Smallest acceleration in a scientific experiment [2]
10−31 mm/s2Solar system5.93×10−3 m/s26.04×10−4 g Acceleration of Earth toward the sun due to sun's gravitational attraction
10−11 dm/s2lab0.25 m/s20.026 g Train acceleration for SJ X2 [ citation needed ]
1001 m/s2inertial1.62 m/s20.1654 g Standing on the Moon at its equator [ citation needed ]
lab4.3 m/s20.44 g Car acceleration 0–100 km/h in 6.4 s with a Saab 9-5 Hirsch [ citation needed ]
inertial9.80665 m/s21 g Standard gravity, the gravity acceleration on Earth at sea level standard [3]
1011 dam/s2inertial11.2 m/s21.14 g Saturn V Moon rocket just after launch[ citation needed ]
inertial15.2 m/s21.55 g Bugatti Veyron from 0 to 100 km/h in 2.4 s (the net acceleration vector including gravitational acceleration is directed 40 degrees from horizontal[ citation needed ])
inertial29 m/s23 g Space Shuttle, maximum during launch and reentry [ citation needed ]
inertial29 m/s23 g Sustainable for > 25 seconds, for a human [3]
inertial34 – 49 m/s2 3.5 – 5 g High-G roller coasters [4] : 340 
lab?41 m/s24.2 g Top Fuel drag racing world record of 4.4 s over 1/4 mile[ citation needed ]
inertial49 m/s25 g Causes disorientation, dizziness and fainting in humans [3]
lab?49+ m/s25+ g Formula One car, maximum under heavy braking[ citation needed ]
inertial?51 m/s25.2 g Luge, maximum expected at the Whistler Sliding Centre [ citation needed ]
lab49 – 59 m/s2 5 – 6 g Formula One car, peak lateral in turns [5]
inertial59 m/s26 g Parachutist peak during normal opening of parachute [6]
inertial+69 / -49 m/s2 +7 / -5 g Standard, full aerobatics certified glider [ citation needed ]
inertial70.6 m/s27.19 g Apollo 16 on reentry [7]
inertial79 m/s28 g F-16 aircraft pulling out of dive[ citation needed ]
inertial88 m/s29 g Maximum for a fit, trained person with G-suit to keep consciousness, avoiding G-LOC [ citation needed ]
inertial88 – 118 m/s2 9 – 12 g Typical maximum turn acceleration in an aerobatic plane or fighter jet [8]
1021 hm/s2inertial147 m/s215 g Explosive seat ejection from aircraft[ citation needed ]
177 m/s218 g Physical damage in humans like broken capillaries [3]
209 m/s221.3 g Peak acceleration experienced by cosmonauts during the Soyuz 18a abort [9]
333 m/s234 g Peak deceleration of the Stardust Sample Return Capsule on reentry to Earth [10]
454 m/s246.2 g Maximum acceleration a human has survived on a rocket sled [3]
> 491 m/s2> 50 g Death or serious injury likely[ citation needed ]
982 m/s2100 g Sprint missile [11]
982 m/s2100 g Automobile crash (100 km/h into wall) [12]
> 982 m/s2> 100 g Brief human exposure survived in crash [13]
982 m/s2100 g Deadly limit for most humans[ citation needed ]
1031 km/s2inertial
≈ lab		1540 m/s2157 g Peak acceleration of fastest rocket sled run [14]
1964 m/s2200 g 3.5" hard disc non-operating shock tolerance for 2 ms, weight 0.6 kg [15]
2098 m/s2214 g Highest recorded amount of g-force exposed and survived by a human (Peak deceleration experienced by Kenny Bräck in a crash at the 2003 Chevy 500) [16] [17]
2256 m/s2230 g Peak acceleration experience by the Galileo probe during descent into Jupiter's atmosphere [18]
2490 m/s2254 g Peak deceleration experienced by Jules Bianchi in crash of Marussia MR03, 2014 Japanese Grand Prix [19]
2946 m/s2300 g Soccer ball struck by foot[ citation needed ]
3200 m/s2320 g A jumping human flea [20]
3800 m/s2380 g A jumping click beetle [21]
4944 m/s2504 g Clothes on washing machine, during dry spinning (46 cm drum / 1400 rpm)
10410 km/s211 768 m/s21200 g Deceleration of the head of a woodpecker [22]
17 680 m/s21800 g Space gun with a barrel length of 1 km and a muzzle velocity of 6 km/s,
as proposed by Quicklaunch (assuming constant acceleration)
29460 m/s23000 g Baseball struck by bat [12]
~33 000 m/s2 3400 g Standard requirement for decelerative crashworthiness in certified flight recorders (such as a Boeing 737 'black box')
>49 100 m/s2>5000 g Shock capability of mechanical wrist watches [23]
84 450 m/s28600 g Current Formula One engines, maximum piston acceleration (up to 10,000 g before rev limits) [24]
105100 km/s2102 000 m/s210 400 g A mantis shrimp punch [25]
152 210 m/s215 500 g Rating of electronics built into military artillery shells [26]
196 400 m/s220 000 g Spore acceleration of the Pilobolus fungi [27]
304 420 m/s231 000 g 9×19mm Parabellum handgun bullet (average along the length of the barrel)[ citation needed ] [28]
1061 Mm/s21 000 000 m/s2100 000 g Closing jaws of a trap-jaw ant [29]
1 865 800 m/s2190 000 g 9×19mm Parabellum handgun bullet, peak[ citation needed ] [30]
3 800 000 m/s2390 000 g Surface gravity of white dwarf Sirius B [31]
3 900 000 m/s2slightly below 400 000 g Ultracentrifuge [32]
10710 Mm/s253 000 000 m/s25 400 000 g Jellyfish stinger [33]
1091 Gm/s21×109 m/s2~100 000 000 g The record peak acceleration of a projectile in a coilgun, a 2 gram projectile accelerated in 1 cm from rest to 5 km/sec. [34]
10121 Tm/s21×1012 to 1×1013 m/s21×1011 to 1×1012 g Surface gravity of a neutron star [35]
2.1×1013 m/s22.1×1012 g Protons in the Large Hadron Collider [36]
10211 Zm/s29.149×1021 m/s29.33×1020 g Classical (Bohr model) acceleration of an electron around a 1H nucleus.
1.76×1023 m/s21.79×1022 g Electrons in a 1 TV/m wakefield accelerator [37]
10511 QZm/s25.5608×1051 m/s25.5719×1050 g Coherent Planck unit of acceleration

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Solar wind</span> Stream of charged particles from the Sun

The solar wind is a stream of charged particles released from the Sun's outermost atmospheric layer, the corona. This plasma mostly consists of electrons, protons and alpha particles with kinetic energy between 0.5 and 10 keV. The composition of the solar wind plasma also includes a mixture of particle species found in the solar plasma: trace amounts of heavy ions and atomic nuclei of elements such as carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, neon, magnesium, silicon, sulfur, and iron. There are also rarer traces of some other nuclei and isotopes such as phosphorus, titanium, chromium, and nickel's isotopes 58Ni, 60Ni, and 62Ni. Superimposed with the solar-wind plasma is the interplanetary magnetic field. The solar wind varies in density, temperature and speed over time and over solar latitude and longitude. Its particles can escape the Sun's gravity because of their high energy resulting from the high temperature of the corona, which in turn is a result of the coronal magnetic field. The boundary separating the corona from the solar wind is called the Alfvén surface.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pioneer Venus Orbiter</span> NASA orbiter mission to Venus (1978–1992)

The Pioneer Venus Orbiter, also known as Pioneer Venus 1 or Pioneer 12, was a mission to Venus conducted by NASA as part of the Pioneer Venus project. Launched in May 1978 atop an Atlas-Centaur rocket, the spacecraft was inserted into an elliptical orbit around Venus on December 4, 1978. It returned data from Venus until October 1992.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Shock (mechanics)</span> Sudden transient acceleration

In mechanics and physics, shock is a sudden acceleration caused, for example, by impact, drop, kick, earthquake, or explosion. Shock is a transient physical excitation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Outer space</span> Void between celestial bodies

Outer space is the expanse that exists beyond Earth's atmosphere and between celestial bodies. It contains ultra-low levels of particle densities, constituting a near-perfect vacuum of predominantly hydrogen and helium plasma, permeated by electromagnetic radiation, cosmic rays, neutrinos, magnetic fields and dust. The baseline temperature of outer space, as set by the background radiation from the Big Bang, is 2.7 kelvins.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Accelerometer</span> Device that measures proper acceleration

An accelerometer is a device that measures the proper acceleration of an object. Proper acceleration is the acceleration of the object relative to an observer who is in free fall. Proper acceleration is different from coordinate acceleration, which is acceleration with respect to a given coordinate system, which may or may not be accelerating. For example, an accelerometer at rest on the surface of the Earth will measure an acceleration due to Earth's gravity straight upwards of about g ≈ 9.81 m/s2. By contrast, an accelerometer that is in free fall will measure zero acceleration.

g-force Term for accelerations felt as weight in multiples of standard gravity

The g-force or gravitational force equivalent is mass-specific force, expressed in units of standard gravity . It is used for sustained accelerations, that cause a perception of weight. For example, an object at rest on Earth's surface is subject to 1 g, equaling the conventional value of gravitational acceleration on Earth, about 9.8 m/s2. More transient acceleration, accompanied with significant jerk, is called shock.

The year 2004 in science and technology involved some significant events.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Equivalence principle</span> Hypothesis that inertial and gravitational masses are equivalent

The equivalence principle is the hypothesis that the observed equivalence of gravitational and inertial mass is a consequence of nature. The weak form, known for centuries, relates to masses of any composition in free fall taking the same trajectories and landing at identical times. The extended form by Albert Einstein requires special relativity to also hold in free fall and requires the weak equivalence to be valid everywhere. This form was a critical input for the development of the theory of general relativity. The strong form requires Einstein's form to work for stellar objects. Highly precise experimental tests of the principle limit possible deviations from equivalence to be very small.

The Pioneer anomaly, or Pioneer effect, was the observed deviation from predicted accelerations of the Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 spacecraft after they passed about 20 astronomical units (3×109 km; 2×109 mi) on their trajectories out of the Solar System. The apparent anomaly was a matter of much interest for many years but has been subsequently explained by anisotropic radiation pressure caused by the spacecraft's heat loss.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Heliosphere</span> Region of space dominated by the Sun

The heliosphere is the magnetosphere, astrosphere, and outermost atmospheric layer of the Sun. It takes the shape of a vast, tailed bubble-like region of space. In plasma physics terms, it is the cavity formed by the Sun in the surrounding interstellar medium. The "bubble" of the heliosphere is continuously "inflated" by plasma originating from the Sun, known as the solar wind. Outside the heliosphere, this solar plasma gives way to the interstellar plasma permeating the Milky Way. As part of the interplanetary magnetic field, the heliosphere shields the Solar System from significant amounts of cosmic ionizing radiation; uncharged gamma rays are, however, not affected. Its name was likely coined by Alexander J. Dessler, who is credited with the first use of the word in the scientific literature in 1967. The scientific study of the heliosphere is heliophysics, which includes space weather and space climate.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Artificial gravity</span> Use of circular rotational force to mimic gravity

Artificial gravity is the creation of an inertial force that mimics the effects of a gravitational force, usually by rotation. Artificial gravity, or rotational gravity, is thus the appearance of a centrifugal force in a rotating frame of reference, as opposed to the force experienced in linear acceleration, which by the equivalence principle is indistinguishable from gravity. In a more general sense, "artificial gravity" may also refer to the effect of linear acceleration, e.g. by means of a rocket engine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cluster II (spacecraft)</span> European Space Agency space mission

Cluster II was a space mission of the European Space Agency, with NASA participation, to study the Earth's magnetosphere over the course of nearly two solar cycles. The mission was composed of four identical spacecraft flying in a tetrahedral formation. As a replacement for the original Cluster spacecraft which were lost in a launch failure in 1996, the four Cluster II spacecraft were successfully launched in pairs in July and August 2000 onboard two Soyuz-Fregat rockets from Baikonur, Kazakhstan. In February 2011, Cluster II celebrated 10 years of successful scientific operations in space. In February 2021, Cluster II celebrated 20 years of successful scientific operations in space. As of March 2023, its mission was extended until September 2024. The China National Space Administration/ESA Double Star mission operated alongside Cluster II from 2004 to 2007.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gravitation of the Moon</span>

The acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the Moon is approximately 1.625 m/s2, about 16.6% that on Earth's surface or 0.166 ɡ. Over the entire surface, the variation in gravitational acceleration is about 0.0253 m/s2. Because weight is directly dependent upon gravitational acceleration, things on the Moon will weigh only 16.6% of what they weigh on the Earth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">GRAIL</span> NASA orbiter mission to the Moon (2011–2012)

The Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) was an American lunar science mission in NASA's Discovery Program which used high-quality gravitational field mapping of the Moon to determine its interior structure. The two small spacecraft GRAIL A (Ebb) and GRAIL B (Flow) were launched on 10 September 2011 aboard a single launch vehicle: the most-powerful configuration of a Delta II, the 7920H-10. GRAIL A separated from the rocket about nine minutes after launch, GRAIL B followed about eight minutes later. They arrived at their orbits around the Moon 25 hours apart. The first probe entered orbit on 31 December 2011 and the second followed on 1 January 2012. The two spacecraft impacted the Lunar surface on December 17, 2012.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Weightlessness</span> Zero apparent weight, microgravity

Weightlessness is the complete or near-complete absence of the sensation of weight, i.e., zero apparent weight. It is also termed zero g-force, or zero-g or, incorrectly, zero gravity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Orders of magnitude (force)</span> Comparison of a wide range of physical forces

The following list shows different orders of magnitude of force.

Frame-dragging is an effect on spacetime, predicted by Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity, that is due to non-static stationary distributions of mass–energy. A stationary field is one that is in a steady state, but the masses causing that field may be non-static ⁠— rotating, for instance. More generally, the subject that deals with the effects caused by mass–energy currents is known as gravitoelectromagnetism, which is analogous to the magnetism of classical electromagnetism.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Solar particle event</span> Solar phenomenon

In solar physics, a solar particle event (SPE), also known as a solar energetic particle event or solar radiation storm, is a solar phenomenon which occurs when particles emitted by the Sun, mostly protons, become accelerated either in the Sun's atmosphere during a solar flare or in interplanetary space by a coronal mass ejection shock. Other nuclei such as helium and HZE ions may also be accelerated during the event. These particles can penetrate the Earth's magnetic field and cause partial ionization of the ionosphere. Energetic protons are a significant radiation hazard to spacecraft and astronauts.

Jens Horst Gundlach is a German physicist.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gordon Dean Holman</span> American astrophysicist, NASA scientist

Gordon Dean Holman is an emeritus research astrophysicist at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA’s) Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. His research mostly focused on obtaining an understanding of high-energy radiation from astronomical objects. This radiation cannot be observed from Earth's surface, but is observed with instruments on satellites launched to orbits above Earth's atmosphere. It is primarily emitted by high-energy electrons interacting with ions. These electrons also emit radiation at radio frequencies which is observed from Earth's surface. Consequently, these observations from space and radio telescopes provide a view of hot gas and energetic particles in the Universe that could not otherwise be obtained. Holman has specialized in the interpretation of these observed emissions to determine the origin and evolution of this hot gas and energetic particles. He has been described as "not just a theorist, he also looks at the data".

References

  1. ↑ Stanford University: Gravity Probe B, Payload & Spacecraft , and NASA: Investigation of Drag-Free Control Technology for Earth Science Constellation Missions . The TRIAD 1 satellite was a later, more advanced navigation satellite that was part of the U.S. Navy’s Transit, or NAVSAT system.
  2. ↑ Gundlach, J. H; Schlamminger, S; Spitzer, C. D; Choi, K. -Y; Woodahl, B. A; Coy, J. J; Fischbach, E (2007). "Laboratory Test of Newton's Second Law for Small Accelerations". Physical Review Letters. 98 (15): 150801. Bibcode:2007PhRvL..98o0801G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.150801. PMID   17501332.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 csel.eng.ohio-state.edu - High Acceleration and the Human Body, Martin Voshell, November 28, 2004 Archived August 19, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
  4. ↑ George Bibel. Beyond the Black Box: the Forensics of Airplane Crashes. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008. ISBN   0-8018-8631-7.
  5. ↑ 6 g has been recorded in the 130R turn at Suzuka circuit, Japan. Many turns have 5 g peak values, like turn 8 at Istanbul or Eau Rouge at Spa
  6. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-12-28. Retrieved 2014-12-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  7. ↑ NASA: SP-368 Biomedical Results of Apollo, Chapter 5: Environmental Factors, Table 2: Apollo Manned Space Flight Reentry G Levels
  8. ↑ "Maxed out: How many gs can you pull?". New Scientist. Retrieved 2017-11-19.
  9. ↑ Hall, Rex; David Shayler (2003). Soyuz, A Universal Spacecraft. Springer Praxis. p. 193. ISBN   978-1-85233-657-8.
  10. ↑ ReVelle, D. O.; Edwards, W. N. (2007). "Stardust—An artificial, low-velocity "meteor" fall and recovery: 15 January 2006". Meteoritics and Planetary Science. 42 (2): 271. Bibcode:2007M&PS...42..271R. doi: 10.1111/j.1945-5100.2007.tb00232.x .
  11. ↑ Sprint
  12. 1 2 tomshardware.co.uk - Hard Drive Shock Tolerance - Hard-Disks - Storage Archived 2012-06-17 at the Wayback Machine , Physics, by O'hanian, 1989, 2007-01-03
  13. ↑ “Several Indy car drivers have withstood impacts in excess of 100 G without serious injuries.” Dennis F. Shanahan, M.D., M.P.H.: ”Human Tolerance and Crash Survivability [ dead link ], citing Society of Automotive Engineers. Indy racecar crash analysis. Automotive Engineering International, June 1999, 87–90. And National Highway Traffic Safety Administration: Recording Automotive Crash Event Data Archived 2010-04-05 at the Wayback Machine
  14. ↑ "Holloman Air Force Base - Fact Sheet (Printable) : 846 TS HYPERSONIC UPGRADE PROGRAM". Archived from the original on 2012-05-17. Retrieved 2015-04-19.
  15. ↑ wdc.com - Legacy Product Specifications : WD600BB Archived 2011-02-27 at the Wayback Machine , read 2012-01-11
  16. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-07-18. Retrieved 2013-07-23.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  17. ↑ Feel the G's: The Science of Gravity and G-Forces - by Suzanne Slade (page 37)
  18. ↑ Woodfill, Jerry. "What Did Galileo Find at Jupipter?". er.jsc.nasa.gov. NASA. Retrieved 8 November 2019.
  19. ↑ "Formula 1 - Bianchi crash impact was 254g". uk.eurosport.yahoo.com. 23 July 2015. Archived from the original on 23 July 2015.
  20. ↑ Evans, M. E. G (2009). "The jump of the click beetle (Coleoptera, Elateridae)—a preliminary study". Journal of Zoology. 167 (3): 319–336. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1972.tb03115.x.
  21. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2015-04-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  22. ↑ S-H Yoon; S Park (17 January 2011). "A mechanical analysis of woodpecker drumming and its application to shock-absorbing systems" (PDF). Bioinspiration & Biomimetics . 6 (1): 12. Bibcode:2011BiBi....6a6003Y. doi:10.1088/1748-3182/6/1/016003. PMID   21245520. S2CID   2510221 . Retrieved 10 January 2016.
  23. ↑ Omega , Ball Watch Technology
  24. ↑ Cosworth V8 engine
  25. ↑ S. N. Patek, W. L. Korff & R. L. Caldwell (2004). "Deadly strike mechanism of a mantis shrimp" (PDF). Nature . 428 (6985): 819–820. Bibcode:2004Natur.428..819P. doi:10.1038/428819a. PMID   15103366. S2CID   4324997.[ permanent dead link ]
  26. ↑ "L-3 Communication's IEC Awarded Contract with Raytheon for Common Air Launched Navigation System". Archived from the original on 2016-12-24. Retrieved 2016-12-12.
  27. ↑ bu.edu - Rockets in Horse Poop, 2010-12-10
  28. ↑ Assuming an 8.04 gram bullet, a muzzle velocity of 350 metres per second (1,100 ft/s), and a 102 mm barrel.
  29. ↑ Patek SN, Baio JE, Fisher BL, Suarez AV (22 August 2006). "Multifunctionality and mechanical origins: Ballistic jaw propulsion in trap-jaw ants". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 103 (34): 12787–12792. Bibcode:2006PNAS..10312787P. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0604290103 . PMC   1568925 . PMID   16924120.
  30. ↑ Assuming an 8.04 gram bullet, a peak pressure of 240 MPa (35,000 psi) and 440 N of friction.
  31. ↑ Holberg, J. B.; Barstow, M. A.; Bruhweiler, F. C.; Cruise, A. M.; Penny, A. J. (1998). "Sirius B: A New, More Accurate View". The Astrophysical Journal. 497 (2): 935–942. Bibcode:1998ApJ...497..935H. doi: 10.1086/305489 .
  32. ↑ Berkeley Physics Course, vol. 1, Mechanics, fig. 4.1 (authors Kittel-Knight-Ruderman, 1973 edition)
  33. ↑ Tibballs, J; Yanagihara, A. A; Turner, H. C; Winkel, K (2011). "Immunological and Toxinological Responses to Jellyfish Stings". Inflammation & Allergy - Drug Targets. 10 (5): 438–446. doi:10.2174/187152811797200650. PMC   3773479 . PMID   21824077.
  34. ↑ K. McKinney and P. Mongeau, "Multiple stage pulsed induction acceleration," in IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 239-242, March 1984, doi: 10.1109/TMAG.1984.1063089.
  35. ↑ Haensel, Paweł; Potekhin, Alexander Y.; Yakovlev, Dmitry G. (2007). Neutron Stars. Springer. ISBN   978-0-387-33543-8.
  36. ↑ Calculated from their speed and radius, approximating the LHC as a circle.
  37. ↑ Rosenzweig, J. B; Andonian, G; Bucksbaum, P; Ferrario, M; Full, S; Fukusawa, A; Hemsing, E; Hidding, B; Hogan, M; Krejcik, P; Muggli, P; Marcus, G; Marinelli, A; Musumeci, P; O'Shea, B; Pellegrini, C; Schiller, D; Travish, G (2011). "Teravolt-per-meter beam and plasma fields from low-charge femtosecond electron beams". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A. 653 (1): 98. arXiv: 1002.1976 . Bibcode:2011NIMPA.653...98R. doi:10.1016/j.nima.2011.01.073. S2CID   118384500.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.