Orseolia oryzae

Asian rice gall midge
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Diptera
Suborder:	Nematocera
Family:	Cecidomyiidae
Genus:	Orseolia
Species:	O. oryzae
Binomial name
	Orseolia oryzae; Wood-Mason, 1889
Synonyms
	Cecidomyia oryzae Wood-Mason, 1889; Orseolia oryzicola; Pachydiplosis oryzae (Wood-Mason, 1889);

Last updated June 13, 2021

Orseolia oryzae, also called the Asian rice gall midge, is a species of small fly in the family Cecidomyiidae. It is a major insect pest of rice.^[3]^[4]^[5] The damage to the crop is done by the larvae which form galls commonly known as "silver shoots" or "onion shoots". The rice plant is stunted and the seed heads fail to develop.

History

In 1890, an unidentified insect was found to be attacking the rice crop in Munger district of Bihar, in India. The English zoologist James Wood-Mason identified the insect as a midge, called it Cecidomyia oryzae, and wrote about it in the American Naturalist , but did not formally describe it. The original outbreak faded away, but another occurred in Mysore in 1901, and others followed. By 1922, the rice crop in Tonkin Province in northern Vietnam was devastated and in 1936, crops in Indonesia were being attacked. It was the Indian entomologist M.S. Mani who in 1934 formally described the insect, retaining the name given it by Wood-Mason, because this was already widely known. In 1941 the midge was reported to be damaging crops in China and in 1946, it was reported from Sudan. In 1951, the Chinese researchers Li and Chiu worked out its life history.^[6] Even so, until the next decade it was a minor pest. Suddenly with the Green Revolution came higher yielding but more susceptible varieties, and ever since then O. oryzae has been among the top four insect pests (overall, not just in rice) in South and Southeast Asia and China.^[7]

Description

The Asian rice gall midge is a fly about the size of a mosquito. The females are about 3.5 mm (0.14 in) long, bright red, with broad abdomens and dense short hair, while the males are slightly smaller, yellowish-brown and more slender.^[6]^[8]O. oryzae and O. oryzivora are morphologically, and even microscopically, indistinguishable, and so DNA differentiation methods have been developed.^[7]

Distribution

It is a major insect pest of rice in Southern and Southeast Asia. The pest is distributed in various regions of India,^[9]^[10] Asia,^[11] and other neighboring countries and farmers face many problems due to the monetary loss caused by this insect pest.^[2]^[12] It is also found in rice-growing regions of Africa.^[8]

Life cycle

The adults are mainly nocturnal and hide during the day. The females lay small batches of eggs (two to six) on the undersides of rice leaves, totalling 100-400 in a lifespan. The eggs are red at first, but by the time they hatch, two to four days later, they are chocolate-brown. The tiny larvae crawl down the leaf sheath till they reach the leaf axil where they bore their way into the stem. After feeding for about ten days and forming a gall, they pupate inside. Four to seven days later they use spines on the tip of the abdomen to make a hole in the gall near its tip. Here the adult insects emerge. They live for three or four days, and there may be as many as eight generations of midge in the year.^[8]^[7]

Hosts

Oryza sativa, Cynodon dactylon , and Isachne aristatum . Scientific investigation of O. sativa resistance against O. oryzae began in India in 1948, and O. oryzae virulence against these O. sativa cultivars was first observed in 1969.^[7]

Damage

The larvae of the Asian rice gall midge irritate the tissues of the rice plant which forms a gall commonly known as a "silver shoot" or "onion shoot".^[6] This is a pale cylindrical, hollow tube with a green tip replacing the normal culm (stem). The gall is formed from the walls of the leaf sheath growing together, after which the culm stops developing. The stem is stunted and the seed-head does not develop. When the adult insects emerge, the gall withers away and the shoot dies. The plant may respond by producing more tillers, but these usually become infected in their turn. The disease may be localised and patchy or widespread throughout the crop.^[6]

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Midge Index of animals with the same common name

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New Rice for Africa ("NERICA") is a cultivar group of interspecific hybrid rice developed by the Africa Rice Center (AfricaRice) to improve the yield of African rice cultivars. Although 240 million people in West Africa rely on rice as the primary source of food energy and protein in their diet, the majority of this rice is imported. Self-sufficiency in rice production would improve food security and aid economic development in West Africa.

Pearl millet is the most widely grown type of millet. It has been grown in Africa and the Indian subcontinent since prehistoric times. The center of diversity, and suggested area of domestication, for the crop is in the Sahel zone of West Africa. Recent archaeobotanical research has confirmed the presence of domesticated pearl millet on the Sahel zone of northern Mali between 2500 and 2000 BC.

The Nematocera are a suborder of elongated flies with thin, segmented antennae and mostly aquatic larvae. Major families in the suborder include the mosquitoes, crane flies, gnats, black flies, and a group of families described as midges.

Cecidomyiidae is a family of flies known as gall midges or gall gnats. As the name implies, the larvae of most gall midges feed within plant tissue, creating abnormal plant growths called galls. Cecidomyiidae are very fragile small insects usually only 2–3 mm (0.079–0.118 in) in length; many are less than 1 mm (0.039 in) long. They are characterised by hairy wings, unusual in the order Diptera, and have long antennae. Some Cecidomyiids are also known for the strange phenomenon of paedogenesis in which the larval stage reproduces without maturing first. In some species, the daughter larvae consume the mother, while in others, reproduction occurs later on in the egg or pupa.

Mayetiola piceae is a species of gall-forming flies in the Cecidomyiidae family.

Ampelomyia viticola, the grape tube gallmaker, is a species of gall midge found in the eastern United States and Canada. It produces green or bright red galls on new world grape vines.

Polystepha is a genus of gall midges in the family Cecidomyiidae. There are more than 20 described species in Polystepha.

Paradiplosis is a genus of gall midges, insects in the family Cecidomyiidae. There are at least four described species in Paradiplosis.

Pinyonia is a genus of gall midges, insects in the family Cecidomyiidae. There is at least one described species in Pinyonia, P. edulicola.

Micromyini is a tribe of wood midges, insects in the family Cecidomyiidae. There are about 9 genera and at least 30 described species in Micromyini.

Amedia is a genus of wood midges in the family Cecidomyiidae. There is at least one described species in Amedia, A. floridana.

Amediella is a genus of gall midges and wood midges in the family Cecidomyiidae. There is at least one described species in Amediella, A. involuta.

Aprionus is a genus of wood midges in the family Cecidomyiidae. There are at least 130 described species in Aprionus.

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Pilodiplosis is a genus of gall midges, insects in the family Cecidomyiidae. There is at least one described species in Pilodiplosis, P. helianthibulla.

Mycophila is a genus of wood midges, insects in the family Cecidomyiidae. There are about eight described species in Mycophila.

Orseolia oryzivora, also called the African rice gall midge, is a species of small fly in the family Cecidomyiidae. It is a major insect pest of rice crops in Africa.

References

↑ Kalodea, M. B.; Bentur, J. S. (April 1989). "Characterization of Indian biotypes of the rice gall midge, Orseolia oryzae (Wood-Mason (Diptera:Cecidomyiidae)". International Journal of Tropical Insect Science. 10 (2): 219–224. doi:10.1017/S1742758400010365. S2CID 85793549 . Retrieved 19 September 2011.
1 2 "Distribution Maps of Plant Pests". CABI, Distribution Maps of Plant Pests, 1984, December, Map 171 (Revised).
↑ Behura, S. K.; et al. (August 1999). "Differentiation of Asian rice gall midge, Orseolia oryzae (Wood-Mason), biotypes by sequence characterized amplified regions (SCARs)". Insect Molecular Biology. 8 (3): 391–397. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2583.1999.83126.x. PMID 10469256. S2CID 10818034.
↑ Katiyar, S K; et al. (2000). "Biodiversity of Asian rice gall midge (Orseolia oryzae Wood Mason) from five countries examined by AFLP analysis". Genome. 43 (2): 322–332. doi:10.1139/g99-119. PMID 10791821.
↑ Nair, Suresh; et al. "Plant Biology". International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi. Archived from the original on 2013-11-09. Retrieved 2013-11-08.
1 2 3 4 Reddy, D.B. (1967). The Major Insect Pests of the Rice Plant: Proceedings. IRRI. pp. 458–470. WISC:89031297997.
1 2 3 4 Harris, M. O.; Stuart, J. J.; Mohan, M.; Nair, S.; Lamb, R. J.; Rohfritsch, O. (2003). "Grasses and Gall Midges: Plant Defense and Insect Adaptation". Annual Review of Entomology . Annual Reviews. 48 (1): 549–577. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.48.091801.112559. ISSN 0066-4170.
1 2 3 Economic Zoology. Rastogi Publications. 2007. pp. 110–111. ISBN 978-81-7133-876-4.
↑ Prasad, Rabindra (2011). "Status of the Rice Gall Midge (Orseolia oryzae W.M.) in the State of Jharkhand" (PDF). Journal of Rice Research. 4 (1, 2).
↑ Jagadeesha Kumar, B. D.; Chakravarthy, A. K.; Doddabasappa, B.; Basavaraju, B. S. (2009). "Biology of the rice gall midge, Orseolia oryzae (Wood-Mason) in southern Karnataka". Karnataka J. Agric. Sci. 22 (3): 535–537.
↑ Vijaykumar, L.; Chakravarthy, A. K.; Patil, S. U.; Rajanna, D. (2009). "Resistance Mechanism in Rice to the Midge Orseolia oryzae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)". Journal of Economic Entomology. 102 (4): 1628–1639. doi:10.1603/029.102.0430. PMID 19736778. S2CID 12306819.
↑ "Xenotypes Of the Rice Gall Midge". Bibliotecha Digital De La Universidad De Chile. Archived from the original on 2013-11-09. Retrieved 2013-11-08.