Papanicolaou stain

Papanicolaou stain showing a low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) from a Pap test. Cell nuclei stained blue.

Papanicolaou stain (also Papanicolaou's stain and Pap stain) is a multichromatic (multicolored) cytological staining technique developed by George Papanicolaou in 1942. ^{[1] [2] [3]} The Papanicolaou stain is one of the most widely used stains in cytology, ^[1] where it is used to aid pathologists in making a diagnosis. Although most notable for its use in the detection of cervical cancer in the Pap test or Pap smear, it is also used to stain non-gynecological specimen preparations from a variety of bodily secretions and from small needle biopsies of organs and tissues. ^{[4] [5]} Papanicolaou published three formulations of this stain in 1942, 1954, and 1960. ^[2]

Usage

Pap staining is used to differentiate cells in smear preparations (in which samples are spread or smeared onto a glass microscope slide) ^[6] from various bodily secretions and needle biopsies; the specimens may include gynecological smears (Pap smears), sputum, brushings, washings, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, ^[4] abdominal fluid, pleural fluid, synovial fluid, seminal fluid, ^[7] fine needle aspirations, tumor touch samples, or other materials containing loose cells. ^{[8] [4] [9]}

The pap stain is not fully standardized and comes in several formulations, differing in the exact dyes used, their ratios, and the timing of the process. ^{[2] [1]} Pap staining is usually associated with cytopathology in which loose cells are examined, but the stain has also been modified and used on tissue slices. ^[9]

Pap test

Main article: Pap test

Pap staining is used in the Pap smear (or Pap test) and is a reliable technique in cervical cancer screening in gynecology. ^[10]

Generalized staining method

The classic form of the Papanicolaou stain involves five stains in three solutions. ^{[2] [11] [12]}

• The first staining solution contains haematoxylin which stains cell nuclei. ^{[10] [2] [12]} Papanicolaou used Harris's hematoxylin in all three formulations of the stain he published. ^[2]
• The second staining solution (designated OG-6), contains Orange G in 95% ethyl alcohol with a small amount of phosphotungstic acid. ^{[12] [2]} In the OG-6, the OG signifies Orange G, and the '6' denotes the concentration of phosphotungstic acid added; other variants are OG-5 and OG-8). ^[2]
• The third staining solution is composed of three dyes, Eosin Y, Light Green SF yellowish, and Bismarck brown Y in 95% ethyl alcohol with a small amount of phosphotungstic acid and lithium carbonate. ^{[12] [2]} This solution, designated EA, followed by a number that denotes the proportion of the dyes, other formulations include EA-36, EA-50, and EA-65. ^[2]

The counterstains are dissolved in 95% ethyl alcohol which prevents cells from over staining which would obscure nuclear detail and cell outlines especially in the case when cells are overlapping on the slide. ^{[3] [2]} Phosphotungstic acid is added to adjust the pH of counterstains and helps to optimize the color intensity. ^[2] The EA counterstain contains Bismarck brown and phosphotungstic acid, which when in combination, cause both to precipitate out of solution, reducing the useful life of the mixture. ^[2]

Results

The stain should result in cells that are fairly transparent so even thicker specimens with overlapping cells can be interpreted. ^[2] Cell nuclei should be crisp, blue to black in color ^{[12] [13]} and the chromatin patterns of the nucleus should be well defined. Cell cytoplasm stains blue-green and keratin stains orange in color. ^{[13] [5]}

Eosin Y stains the superficial epithelial squamous cells, nucleoli, cilia, and red blood cells. ^[2] Light Green SF yellowish confers a blue staining for the cytoplasm of active cells such as columnar cells, parabasal squamous cells, and intermediate squamous cells. ^[14] Superficial cells are orange to pink, and intermediate and parabasal cells are turquoise green to blue. ^[12]

Ultrafast Papanicolaou stain

Ultrafast Papanicolaou stain is an alternative for the fine needle aspiration samples, developed to achieve comparable visual clarity in a significantly shorter time. The process differs in rehydration of the air-dried smear with saline, use 4% formaldehyde in 65% ethanol fixative, and use of Richard-Allan Hematoxylin-2 and Cyto-Stain, resulting in a 90-second process yielding transparent polychromatic stains. ^[15]

Examples of Papanicolaou stain

• 
  Malignant melanoma, fine-needle aspiration biopsy of the liver, direct Smear.
• 
  Squamous Cell Carcinoma, bronchial washing.
• 
  Papillary thyroid cancer, fine-needle aspiration biopsy.
• 
  Benign urine cytology sample.
• 
  Squamous cell carcinoma in the cervix.

Papers by George N. Papanicolaou describing his stain

• Papanicolaou, George N. "A new procedure for staining vaginal smears." Science 95.2469 (1942): 438–439.

• Papanicolaou, George N. "The cell smear method of diagnosing cancer." American Journal of Public Health and the Nation's Health 38.2 (1948): 202–205.

• Papanicolaou, George N. "Atlas of exfoliative cytology." Published for the Commonwealth fund by Harvard University Press. (1954).

• Papanicolaou, George N. "Memorandum on staining." Atlas of exfoliative cytology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, Supplement II (1960): 12.

See also

• Diff-Quik— Romanowsky staining method commonly used in cytology ^[16]

References

1. Schulte EK (1991). "Standardization of biological dyes and stains: pitfalls and possibilities". Histochemistry. 95 (4): 319–328. doi:10.1007/BF00266958. PMID   1708749. S2CID   29628388.
2. Gill, Gary W. (2013). "Papanicolaou Stain". Cytopreparation. Essentials in Cytopathology. Vol. 12. pp. 143–189. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-4933-1_10. ISBN   978-1-4614-4932-4. ISSN   1574-9053.
3. Chantziantoniou N, Donnelly AD, Mukherjee M, Boon ME, Austin RM (2017). "Inception and Development of the Papanicolaou Stain Method". Acta Cytol. 61 (4–5): 266–280. doi: 10.1159/000457827 . PMID   28384641.
4. Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Aster, Jon C. (2013). Robbins basic pathology (9th ed.). Elsevier/Saunders. p. 910. ISBN   978-1-4377-1781-5.
5. Drury, R. A. B.; Wallington, E. A. (1980). Carleton's Histological Technique (5th ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 520p. ISBN   0-19-261310-3.
6. Stedman's medical dictionary (27th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2006. ISBN   978-0683400076.
7. Lars Björndahl; David Mortimer; Christopher L. R. Barratt (1 April 2010). A Practical Guide to Basic Laboratory Andrology. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-1-139-48249-3.
8. Hoda RS (2007). "Non-gynecologic cytology on liquid-based preparations: A morphologic review of facts and artifacts". Diagnostic Cytopathology. 35 (10): 621–34. doi:10.1002/dc.20698. PMID   17854077. S2CID   38797168.
9. Preethi, S.; Sivapathasundharam, B. (2014). "Will modified Papanicolaou stain be the new stain for keratin?". Journal of Histotechnology. 38 (1): 9–13. doi:10.1179/2046023614Y.0000000053. ISSN   0147-8885. S2CID   84486076.
10. Ross, Michael H.; Pawlina, Wojciech (2016). Histology : a text and atlas : with correlated cell and molecular biology (7th ed.). Wolters Kluwer. pp. 984p. ISBN   978-1451187427.
11. Carson, Freida L; Hladik, Christa (2009). Histotechnology: A Self-Instructional Text (3 ed.). Hong Kong: American Society for Clinical Pathology Press. pp. 361–3363. ISBN   978-0-89189-581-7.
12. Bancroft, John; Stevens, Alan, eds. (1982). The Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques (2nd ed.). Longman Group Limited.
13. Dey, Pranab (2018). "Routine Staining in Cytology Laboratory". Basic and Advanced Laboratory Techniques in Histopathology and Cytology. pp. 133–138. doi:10.1007/978-981-10-8252-8_14. ISBN   978-981-10-8251-1.
14. Faith Mokobi (2020-09-09). "Papanicolaou Staining (Pap Stain) For Pap Smear / Pap Test".
15. Yang GC, Alvarez II (1995). "Ultrafast Papanicolaou stain. An alternative preparation for fine needle aspiration cytology". Acta Cytol. 39 (1): 55–60. PMID   7531380.
16. Demay, Richard (2012). "Chapter 26: Stains". The art and science of cytopathology. Chicago, IL: Am Soc Clinical Pathology. p. 1505. ISBN   978-0-89189-644-9. OCLC   761848930.