Patagonotothen ramsayi

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Patagonotothen ramsayi
Patagonotothen ramsayi.jpg
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Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Perciformes
Family: Nototheniidae
Genus: Patagonotothen
Species:
P. ramsayi
Binomial name
Patagonotothen ramsayi
(Regan, 1913)
Synonyms [2]
  • Notothenia ramsayi Regan, 1913
  • Patagonotothen longipes ramsayi (Regan, 1913)

Patagonotothen ramsayi, the longtail southern cod, rock cod, marujo (in spanish) or Notothenia, is a benthopelagic species of marine ray-finned fish of the family Nototheniidae, the notothens or the cod icefishes, native to the Patagonian Shelf in the southwest Atlantic, [3] where it is the most abundant notothen species found, dominating among medium-sized demersal fishes in the area, [4] and is a commercially important species. [5]

Contents

Taxonomy

This species was originally described as Notothenia ramsayi by Charles Tate Regan, who collected the holotype from the Burdwood Bank in 1903 during the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition, and later misspelled the binomial name as Patagonotothen longipes ramsayi. Both are currently considered synonyms of Patagonotothen ramsayi. [6]

This species was named in memory of Allan George Ramsay, chief engineer of the Scotia, who died at Scotia Bay in the South Orkney Islands on 6 August 1903. [6]

Description

This species attains a maximum total length (TL) of 44 cm (17.3 in), and is characterized by its 7 dorsal spines, 32-35 total dorsal soft rays, an absence of anal spines, 32-34 total anal soft rays, 51 or 52 vertebrae, 11 or 12 upper lateral line scales and 49-54 lower lateral line scales. The caudal fin is rounded. [3] The anal and ventral fins and the throat of older males are deep black. [7]

A specimen with a ruler for comparison Patagonotothen ramsayi (real-life).jpg
A specimen with a ruler for comparison

Distribution

This species is found on the Patagonian Shelf from 36°S in the north to 56°S in the south, at the southern edge of the Burdwood Bank, from 50 m (164 ft) to a maximum depth of 500 m (1640 ft). [3] To the west the species enters the Strait of Magellan but does not occur on the Chilean side. [7]

The species is unevenly distributed over the covered areas. The densest populations are located north of 40°S and on the Burdwood Bank, with lower population densities between these areas. Population density decreases sharply from depth 400 m (1312 ft) onwards. [7]

Areas north of 42°S are characterized by the predominance of individuals of length 15–20 cm (5.91-7.87 in) over the whole depth range, whereas on the Burdwood Bank and in areas between 46° and 52°S individuals of different lengths are more evenly distributed with a length range of 4 to 37 cm (1.57-14.6 in). Individuals of length less than 10 cm (3.94 in) are only found in shallower waters, reaching a depth of 130 m (427 ft) on the Burdwood Bank. With increasing depth, the proportion of fishes of length 20 cm (7.87 in) or more increases. [7]

The distribution and abundance of this species is highly correlated with water temperature. Population density is highest in areas with temperatures of up to 8.0 °C (46.4 °F). Areas with higher temperatures of up to 10.9 °C (51.6 °F) are thinly populated, and those with temperatures higher than 11 °C (51.8 °F) are unpopulated. [7]

Ecology

In general, this species is a benthic feeder with a moderately diverse diet [8] that mainly feeds on zooplankton, [8] especially those of crustacean (e.g. amphipods) and gelatinous origin. [3] The diet of juveniles of total length 10–16 cm (3.94-6.30 in) includes mostly copepods in summer and the comb jelly Mnemiopsis leydyi in winter. Adults of total length 17–34 cm (6.69-13.39 in) consume mainly plankton in summer, with comb jellies and salps being of primary importance. In winter, they mainly take benthic animals, primarily brittle stars and lobster krill ( Munida spp.) and the comb jelly. During the fishing season, discarded bycatch from trawl fisheries, primarily squid, are also scavenged. [9]

Sexual maturity is attained at total length 27.6 cm (10.7 in) and 24.3 cm (9.57 in) for males and females respectively. The age of sexual maturity is 4–7 years for males and 4–8 years for females. [4]

Around the Falkland Islands, total fecundity ranges between 24,300 and 76,700 eggs. Spawning occurs from June to August at night on shelf breaks and peaks in June. Egg weight per egg ranges from 0.003 grams to around 0.005 grams. Analysis of length frequency distributions over the year and sex ratios of mature fish during the spawning season indicates possible nesting and nest guarding behaviour in male fish, similar to other notothens. [4]

After the collapse of southern blue whiting stocks in the Southwest Atlantic in 2004-2007, this species overtook its ecological role, and exhibited a 20-30 fold increase in catches. It is an important food source for all predatory fish and a keystone species in the southwest Atlantic ecosystem along with the squid Doryteuthis gahi ; representing about half of the food consumption in hakes, toothfish, kingclip, and some skates. Its importance increases with increasing size of the predator, with it gradually substituting a similar-sized squid. The explosion of this species' abundance coincided with an increase of seasonal immigrants preying on this species (hakes and kingclip) that may have changed their migratory timing and patterns to prey on this species more efficiently. [10]

This species is relatively slow-growing and has greater longevity compared to other notothens, reaching a maximum age of 14 years. It attains about 5–6 centimetres (2.0–2.4 in) in its first year, after which it grows about 3 centimetres (1.2 in) per year until age 4. After this, growth rapidly slows to 2 centimetres (0.79 in) per year until age 7 and then down to approximately 1 centimetre (0.39 in) per year. [4]

Individuals from the Burdwood Bank have lower growth rates and greater longevity than those from other areas, which is due to the lower temperatures on the Bank. [4]

Relationship with humans

The white-coloured flesh is described as having 'a seaweedy, shellfishy odour, sweet and meaty taste, quite similar to cod, and a firm and elastic texture'. In addition, it is considered to be a healthy and nutritious species for human consumption owing to the high protein and moderate fat contents, similar to other commercially exploited species such as hake, halibut, sea bass and cod, and its high concentration of Omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin E. The flesh, with an average yield of about 40%, also contains significant amounts of magnesium, calcium and potassium. [11]

Large-scale commercial fisheries first started in 1985 with Soviet Union fishing fleets landing 5,969 tonnes (6,580 tons) that year. More recently, in 2011, total landings stood at 30,613 tonnes (33,745 tons). [12]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Patagonian toothfish</span> Species of fish

The Patagonian toothfish, also known as Chilean sea bass, mero, icefish, and Antarctic cod, is a species of notothen found in cold waters between depths of 45 and 3,850 m in the southern Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans and Southern Ocean on seamounts and continental shelves around most Subantarctic islands.

<i>Notothenia angustata</i> Species of fish

Notothenia angustata, the Maori chief or black cod, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, belonging to the family Nototheniidae, the notothens or cod icefishes. It is native to the Southern Ocean

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nototheniidae</span> Family of fishes

Nototheniidae, the notothens or cod icefishes, is a family of ray-finned fishes, part of the suborder Notothenioidei which is traditionally placed within the order Perciformes. They are largely found in the Southern Ocean.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Marbled rockcod</span> Species of fish

The marbled rockcod is a species of marine ray-finned fish, belonging to the family Nototheniidae, the notothens or cod icefishes. It is native to the Southern Ocean, where it can be found at depths from 5 to 350 m. This is a commercially important species.

<i>Notothenia</i> Genus of fishes

Notothenia is a genus of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Nototheniidae, the notothens or cod icefishes with the species in this genus often having the common name of rockcod. They are native to the Southern Ocean and other waters around Antarctica.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Painted notie</span> Species of fish

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<i>Dissostichus</i> Genus of fish

Dissostichus, the toothfish, is a genus of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Nototheniidae, the notothens or cod icefish. These fish are found in the Southern Hemisphere. Toothfish are marketed in the United States as Chilean sea bass or less frequently as white cod. "Chilean sea bass" is a marketing name coined in 1977 by Lee Lantz, a fish wholesaler who wanted a more attractive name for selling the Patagonian toothfish to Americans. In 1994, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) accepted "Chilean sea bass" as an "alternative market name" for Patagonian toothfish. The toothfish was remarkably successful in the United States, Europe and Asia, and earned the nickname "white gold" within the market. Toothfish are vital to the ecological structure of Southern Ocean ecosystems. For this reason, on 4 September a national day is dedicated to the toothfish in South Georgia.

<i>Paranotothenia magellanica</i> Species of fish

Paranotothenia magellanica, also known as Magellanic rockcod, Maori cod, blue notothenia or orange throat notothen, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, belonging to the family Nototheniidae, the notothens or cod icefishes. It is native to the Southern Ocean. "Maori chief" and "black cod", sometimes used for this species, usually refer to fishes from the related genus Notothenia. Being a perciform fish, it is unrelated to the true cods of the order Gadiformes. This species is commercially important as a food fish.

<i>Trematomus</i> Genus of fishes

Trematomus is a genus of marine ray-finned fishes, belonging to the family Nototheniidae, the notothens or cod icefishes. These fishes occur in the Southern Ocean.

<i>Gobionotothen</i> Genus of fishes

Gobionotothen is a genus of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Nototheniidae, the notothens or cod icefishes. They are native to the Southern Ocean.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Grey rockcod</span> Species of fish

The grey rockcod, also known as the grey notothen, stripe-eyes notothen or stripe-eyed rockcod, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Nototheniidae, the notothens or cod icefishes. It is native to the Southern Ocean. The grey rockcod feeds mainly on macrozooplankton and is of minor importance to commercial fisheries. It is the only species in the genus Lepidonotothen.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Toad notie</span> Species of fish

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<i>Paranotothenia</i> Genus of fishes

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<i>Patagonotothen</i> Genus of fishes

Patagonotothen is a genus of marine ray-finned fishes, belonging to the family Nototheniidae, the notothens or cod icefishes. They are native to the southeast Pacific Ocean, southern Atlantic Ocean and the Southern Ocean.

<i>Notothenia coriiceps</i> Species of fish

Notothenia coriiceps, also known as the black rockcod, Antarctic yellowbelly rockcod, or Antarctic bullhead notothen, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, belonging to the family Nototheniidae, the notothens or cod icefishes. It is widely spread around the Antarctic continent. Like other Antarctic notothenioid fishes, N. coriiceps evolved in the stable, ice-cold environment of the Southern Ocean. It is not currently targeted by commercial fisheries.

<i>Patagonotothen guntheri</i> Species of fish

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<i>Gobionotothen marionensis</i> Species of fish

Gobionotothen marionensis, the lobe-lip notothen, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Nototheniidae, the notothens or cod icefishes. It is native to the South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands in the Atlantic Ocean, and the Crozet and Prince Edward Islands in the Indian Ocean.>

Gobionotothen acuta, the triangular rockcod or the triangular notothen, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Nototheniidae, the notothens or cod icefishes. It is native to the French Southern and Antarctic Lands, the Heard Islands and the Kerguelen Plateau in the Southern Ocean.

<i>Notothenia trigramma</i> Species of fish

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stocky rockcod</span> Species of ray-finned fish

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References

  1. ↑ Buratti, C.; Díaz de Astarloa J.; Hüne, M.; Irigoyen, A.; Landaeta, M.; Riestra, C.; Vieira, J.P. (2020). "Patagonotothen ramsayi ". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020. IUCN: e.T195069A2373922. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T195069A2373922.en .
  2. ↑ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (). "Patagonotothen ramsayi" in FishBase. version.
  3. 1 2 3 4 "Patagonotothen ramsayi, Longtail southern cod : fisheries". fishbase.mnhn.fr. Retrieved 2022-03-04.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Laptihovsky, Vladimir; Arkhipkin, Alexander; Brickle, Paul; Portela, Julio (20 December 2005). "Reproductive biology of Patagonotothen ramsayi (Regan, 1913) (Pisces: Nototheniidae) around the Falkland Islands". Polar Biology . 29 (7): 570–580. doi:10.1007/s00300-005-0090-5. hdl: 1834/17149 . S2CID   19553971 – via SpringerLink.
  5. ↑ Rigenella, Mario; Melli, Valentina; Mazzoldi, Carlotta; La Mesa, Mario. Biological traits of a sub-antarctic nototheniid, Patagonotothen ramsayi, from the burdwood bank. July 2013. Conference: SCAR, Biology Symposium. Life in Antarctica Boundaries and Gradients in a Changing Environment. At: Barcelona, Spain. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272677225_Biological_traits_of_a_sub-antarctic_nototheniid_Patagonotothen_ramsayi_from_the_burdwood_bank
  6. 1 2 Antarctic fishes of the Scottish National Antarctic expedition.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 Ekau, Werner. Biological investigations on Notothenia ramsayi Regan 1913 (Pisces, Notothenioidei, Nototheniidae). November 1982. Institut für Seefischerei der Bundesforschungsanstait für Fische rei, Hamburg, and the Institut für Hydrobiologie und Fischereiwissenschaft der Universität Hamburg.
  8. 1 2 Laptihovsky, Vladimir (March 2004). "A comparative study of diet in three sympatric populations of Patagonotothen species (Pisces: Nototheniidae)". Polar Biology. 27 (4): 202–205. doi:10.1007/s00300-003-0573-1. S2CID   19957154 – via SpringerLink.
  9. ↑ Laptihovsky, Vladimir; Arkhipkin, Alexander I. (January 2003). "An impact of seasonal squid migrations and fishing on the feeding spectra of subantarctic nototheniods Patagonotothen ramsayi and Cottoperca gobio around the Falkland Islands". Journal of Applied Ichthyology . 19: 35–39. doi:10.1046/j.1439-0426.2003.00340.x – via Wiley Online Library.
  10. ↑ Laptihovsky, Vladimir; Arkhipkin, Alexander; Brickle, Paul (26 May 2013). "From small bycatch to main commercial species: Explosion of stocks of rock cod Patagonotothen ramsayi (Regan) in the Southwest Atlantic". Fisheries Research . 147: 399–403. doi:10.1016/j.fishres.2013.05.006 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
  11. ↑ González, María Jesús; Brickle, Paul; Gallardo, Jose Manuel; Medina, Isabel (30 July 2007). "Nutritional composition and safety of Patagonotothen ramsayi, a discard species from Patagonian Shelf". International Journal of Food Science & Technology. 42 (10): 1240–1248. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.2006.01472.x – via Wiley Online Library.
  12. ↑ "FAO Catches List". fishbase.mnhn.fr. Retrieved 2022-03-05.
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