Penstemon ambiguus

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Penstemon ambiguus
Penstemon ambiguus var laevissimus 12.jpg
Penstemon ambiguus var. laevissimus
Status TNC G4.svg
Apparently Secure  (NatureServe) [1]
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Plantaginaceae
Genus: Penstemon
Species:
P. ambiguus
Binomial name
Penstemon ambiguus
Varieties [2]
  • Penstemon ambiguus var. ambiguus
  • Penstemon ambiguus var. laevissimus (D.D.Keck) N.H.Holmgren
Synonyms [2]
  • Leiostemon ambiguus (Torr.) Greene

Penstemon ambiguus, commonly known as the bush penstemon, [3] pink plains penstemon, [4] or gilia beardtongue [5] is a species of Penstemon that grows in the shortgrass prairies and deserts of the western United States and northern Mexico. [2] This bush-like penstemon grows in sandy, loose, and creosote soils and is particularly known for the spectacular flowering show it produces, sometime seasons turning whole hillsides bright pink–white. [6] [7]

Contents

Description

Penstemon ambiguus var. laevissimus in wash, Red Rock Canyon, Spring Mountains, southern Nevada (elev. about 1100 m) Penstemon ambiguus var laevissimus 18.jpg
Penstemon ambiguus var. laevissimus in wash, Red Rock Canyon, Spring Mountains, southern Nevada (elev. about 1100 m)

Penstemon ambiguus is a perennial, somewhat bushy species with stems that are woody at their base (suffrutescent). [6] [8] [9] The stems are generally 30–40 cm tall, but will sometimes be as short as 20 cm or as tall as 60 cm, and are either smooth or somewhat rough near the base. They have paired leaves that taper from base to the tip, most often 5–30 mm long and only 0.5–1 mm wide, but occasionally as wide as 2.5 mm and as short as 3 mm or as long as 40 mm. The edges of the leaves are either smooth or somewhat rough. The tips of the leaves taper to the point or have an extended leaf rib at the end (acuminate or mucronate). [6]

The plants are relatively shallowly rooted with the majority of their roots within three centimeters of the soil surface. Though a few roots may reach depths of three meters into the soil. [10]

Flowers

Penstemon ambiguus showing flowering stem, corolla, and buds Penstemon ambiguus var laevissimus 11.jpg
Penstemon ambiguus showing flowering stem, corolla, and buds

Penstemon ambiguus most often blooms from late May to late August, with occasional blooms as late as September. [11] [12] The smooth to rough flowering stems are between 6 and 15 cm in height. The flowering stem is a thyrse with 6–10 groups of flowers on the stem, with each group containing 1–3 flowers. [6] The bracts near the flowers are linear, very narrow and short, just 6–33 mm long and 0.3–1.5 mm wide, and usually shorter than 27 mm. Each flower is supported by an individual short stem (a peduncle or pedicels) with a smooth to rough texture, like the rest of the stems and leaves. [6]

The flowers have five ovate lobes, two above and three below and a fused funnel shaped flower. The petals and tube of the flower are pastel shades of pink with the outermost part sometimes milky pink or milky white. The outside of the flower is smooth, but the inside of flower will have two lines of fine, short, hairs and reddish-purple nectar guides. As a whole, the flower will be 16–22 mm long, with a tube width of 3–4 mm and an internal diameter of 3–5 mm. [6] The stamens are kept within the tube of the flower and the pollen sacs on the stamens are 0.5–0.6 mm in size. The staminode, or fuzzy tongue, of the flower is 7–9 mm long. [6] The flowers are also fragrant. [3]

The seed capsules are typical of penstemon, four valved capsules shaped like a teardrop 6–9 mm in length and 3–5 mm in width. [6] [4]

Taxonomy

Penstemon ambiguus watercolor by Mary Vaux Walcott, from Smithsonian American Art Museum Pentstemon ambiguus-saam 1970.355.293.jpg
Penstemon ambiguus watercolor by Mary Vaux Walcott, from Smithsonian American Art Museum

Penstemon ambiguus was named and described by the botanist John Torrey in 1827 from a type specimen collected by Edwin P. James. James was the botanist in the 1820 expedition commanded by Major Stephen H. Long exploring a portion of the Louisiana Purchase by the United States government. [2] [13] The closest relative of the species is Penstemon thurberi . [14]

As of 2024 Penstemon ambiguus is the accepted scientific name according to Plants of the World Online (POWO) and World Flora Online (WFO). [2] [15]

Varieties and forms

Penstemon ambiguus has two varieties according to POWO and WFO. [2] [15]

Penstemon ambiguus var. ambiguus

This is the autonymic subspecies. It was described as Penstemon ambiguus var. foliosus by George Bentham in 1846, but this is no longer accepted. [16] It differs by having rough stems near the base and always having rough leaf edges. It is the more northeasterly variety, growing in the southern shortgrass prairie. [11]

Penstemon ambiguus var. laevissimus

This variety was briefly described and named by David D. Keck, a noted expert on penstemons. [17] However, this description was incomplete and Noel Herman Holmgren published a more complete description in 1979. [18] It differs from the autonym in having a smooth base to the stem and sometimes having smooth edges to its leaves. [12] It is the more southwesterly variety.

Habitat and distribution

Penstemon ambiguus var. ambiguus grows in dunes, sandy areas of the plains, and sandsage shrublands. It is recorded by POWO and the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS database (PLANTS) as growing from eastern Colorado and western Kansas south to the Oklahoma panhandle, in two counties of New Mexico, and Texas. [19] Though POWO additionally reports it growing in Nebraska. [16] In southeastern Colorado, they are very often found in sandy washes and ephemeral streams draining the Palmer Divide. [20]

Penstemon ambiguus var. laevissimus also grows in sandy soils with creosote bush, blackbrush, sagebrush shrublands, and in juniper woodlands. [12] It is recorded by POWO and PLANTS as growing in Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas. [21] However, PLANTS also records it as growing in Colorado and Wyoming, in disagreement with both POWO and the Flora of North America. [12] POWO, which has a wider coverage, also records it as growing in the Mexican state of Chihuahua. [18]

Ecology

The primary pollinators of Penstemon ambiguus are small pollen-collecting bees, although they are also frequently used as landing platforms by flies in genus Oligodranes . Only pollen-collecting bees are attracted to their flowers due to a lack of nectar rewards in the blooms of P. ambiguus. [22]

Cultivation

Because of the showy nature of its upwards facing blossoms and long-lived nature, many gardeners regard bush penstemons as one of the best penstemons to grow in gardens. [23] [7]

In hot, dry environments with well draining soil bush penstemon are recommended, but are difficult to grow in other conditions. [7] In areas warmer than -4 °C (USDA hardiness zone 9 and above) the plants will largely stay green and may bloom all winter. Plants grow larger and more robustly in sandy soils and substantially smaller in heavier soils. In colder areas, bush penstemons often die back nearly to ground level, but they are hardy to about -23 °C to -17 °C (USDA hardiness zone 6). [4] Unlike the seeds of many colder climate penstemons, the bush penstemon has seeds that do not exhibit any significant decrease in germination when directly planted at 21 °C (70 °F). They also have no change in germination by being held at 4.5 °C (40.1 °F) for three months. [24]

See also

List of Penstemon species

Related Research Articles

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<i>Geum triflorum</i> Species of flowering plant

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<i>Aconitum columbianum</i> Species of plant

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<i>Penstemon bicolor</i> Plant species in the plantain family

Penstemon bicolor is a species of penstemon known by the common name pinto penstemon. It is native to the desert mountains and valleys of southern Nevada, eastern California, and western Arizona, where it grows in scrub, woodland, and other local habitat. It is a perennial herb which may exceed one meter in maximum height.

<i>Penstemon grandiflorus</i> Species of flowering plant in the family Plantaginaceae

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<i>Pulsatilla nuttalliana</i> Species of flowering plant

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<i>Penstemon angustifolius</i> Plant species in the plantain family

Penstemon angustifolius is a perennial semi-evergreen forb belonging to the plantain family. This species is 1 out of roughly 273 species of Penstemon. This species is also known as broadbeard beardtongue. This forb is native to central United States and can be noticed by its brightly and highly variable colored flowers.

<i>Tetraneuris acaulis</i> Species of flowering plant in the sunflower family

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<i>Symphyotrichum falcatum</i> Species of flowering plant in family Asteraceae

Symphyotrichum falcatum is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. Commonly called white prairie aster and western heath aster, it is native to a widespread area of central and western North America.

<i>Claytonia rosea</i> Species of flowering plant

Claytonia rosea, commonly called Rocky Mountain spring beauty, western springbeauty or Madrean springbeauty, is a diminutive spring blooming ephemeral plant with pale pink to magenta flowers. It grows a small round tuberous root and it one of the earliest wildflowers of spring in its range. It is found in dry meadows in forests of ponderosa and Chihuahuan pines, and moist ledges of mountain slopes of the Beaver Dam Mountains of Utah, Colorado Front Range, and Sierra Madre Occidental, south and east to the Sierra Maderas del Carmen of Coahuila.

<i>Penstemon whippleanus</i> Species of flowering plant

Penstemon whippleanus, commonly known as dusky penstemon, dusky beardtongue, Whipple's penstemon, or Whipple's beardtongue, is a summer blooming perennial flower in the large Penstemon genus. It is a widespread plant within the hemiboreal forests of the Rocky Mountains in North America. It is noted for the large deep purple-red flowers and a preference for high mountain elevations.

<i>Penstemon virens</i> Species of flowering plant

Penstemon virens, commonly known as blue mist penstemon, Front Range penstemon, or Green beardtongue, is a common Penstemon in the Front Range foothills in Colorado and Wyoming. The dainty flowers are an ornament to many rocky or sandy area within its range. It is confusingly similar to Penstemon humilis and Penstemon albertinus though the ranges of these plants do not overlap in the wild. The origin of calling it the "blue mist penstemon" is not precisely known, but is thought to relate to the large number of blue flowers the plant can produce reminding observers of a blue mist.

<i>Penstemon albidus</i> Species of flowering plant

Penstemon albidus, commonly known as white penstemon, white-flower beardtongue, or Red-Line Beardtongue is a very widespread perennial flower of the mixed-grass and shortgrass prairies. Its natural distribution is from Manitoba and Alberta in Canada to Texas and New Mexico in the United States. The bright white flowers for which they are named are quite attractive to both bees and hummingbird moths.

<i>Penstemon secundiflorus</i> Species of flowering plant

Penstemon secundiflorus, commonly known as sidebells penstemon, or orchid beardtoungue is a species of Penstemon that grows in dry forests, high plains, and scrub lands from Wyoming to Mexico. It is a herbaceous perennial plant that typically grows to a height of 20 to 50 cm and has narrow, lance-shaped leaves that are grayish-green in color. The flowers of the sidebells penstemon are tubular in shape and are arranged in a one-sided spike, with the blooms all facing the same direction, and for this reason was named "secundiflorus", which means "one-sided flowers". The flowers are most often delicate shades of orchid or lavender. It is sometimes used in xeriscaping, rock gardens, and wildflower meadows, and is well-suited to dry, sunny locations with well-draining soil.

<i>Penstemon auriberbis</i> Species of flowering plant

Penstemon auriberbis, commonly known as the Colorado penstemon or Colorado beardtongue, is a species of Penstemon that grows in the shortgrass prairies of southern Colorado and in a few places in northern New Mexico. Although specimens were collected on the 1820 expedition by Stephen H. Long through the area, they were not scientifically described as a separate species until 1920.

<i>Penstemon caespitosus</i> Plant species in the plantain family

Penstemon caespitosus, commonly known as mat penstemon, is a summer blooming perennial flower in the large Penstemon genus. It is a widespread plant from near timberline to the foothills in the Southern Rocky Mountains and Colorado Plateau in North America. It is noted for its ground hugging growth habit and as a plant used in xeriscape and rock gardening.

<i>Penstemon cyathophorus</i> Plant species in the plantain family

Penstemon cyathophorus, commonly known as cupped penstemon or Middle Park penstemon, is a species of flowering plant that grows in a small area in the mountains of northern Colorado and a smaller area of southern Wyoming. As a rare species with a limited range it is vulnerable to human development. It is not a large plant and is often found growing amid sagebrush plants in mountain basins and valleys.

<i>Penstemon arenicola</i> Plant species in the family

Penstemon arenicola, commonly known as Red Desert penstemon, is a species of plant from the Western United States. It primarily grows in Wyoming, but it also grows in small areas of Colorado and Utah. It is a short plant known for growing in sand as referenced by its scientific name.

References

  1. ↑ NatureServe (2023). "Penstemon ambiguus Pink Plains Beardtongue". NatureServe Explorer. Arlington, Virginia: NatureServe. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 POWO (2023). "Penstemon ambiguus Torr". Plants of the World Online . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved 19 January 2024.
  3. 1 2 Henson, Y.; Langelo, L. (February 2021). "Growing Penstemons - 7.428". Extension. Colorado State University. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
  4. 1 2 3 "Pink Plains Penstemon, Gilia Penstemon". Texas Native Plants Database. Texas A&M, Dallas Arboretum. 2002. Retrieved 29 April 2023.
  5. ↑ Ackerfield, Jennifer (2015). Flora of Colorado (First ed.). Fort Worth, Texas: Botanical Research Institute of Texas Press. p. 589. ISBN   978-1-889878-45-4.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Freeman, Craig C. (2020). "Penstemon ambiguus Torrey - FNA". Flora of North America. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
  7. 1 2 3 Way, David (1998). The gardener's guide to growing penstemons. Newton Abbot (England): David & Charles. p. 84. ISBN   0-88192-424-5.
  8. ↑ "Penstemon ambiguus var. ambiguus". Wolfe Lab. Ohio State University. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
  9. ↑ "Penstemon ambiguus var. laevissimus". Wolfe Lab. Ohio State University. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
  10. ↑ Sun, Guowei; Coffin, Debra P.; Lauenroth, William K. (August 1997). "Comparison of root distributions of species in North American grasslands using GIS". Journal of Vegetation Science. 8 (4): 591. doi:10.2307/3237211.
  11. 1 2 Freeman, Craig C. (2020). "Penstemon ambiguus var. ambiguus - FNA". Flora of North America. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
  12. 1 2 3 4 Freeman, Craig C. (2020). "Penstemon ambiguus var. laevissimus - FNA". Flora of North America. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
  13. ↑ Torrey, John (1828). "Account of a collection of plants from the Rocky Mountains and adjacent countries". Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York. 2. New York, N.Y.: 161–162, 228–229. OCLC   1716745 . Retrieved 28 April 2023.
  14. ↑ Wessinger, Carolyn A.; Freeman, Craig C.; Mort, Mark E.; Rausher, Mark D.; Hileman, Lena C. (May 2016). "Multiplexed shotgun genotyping resolves species relationships within the North American genus Penstemon". American Journal of Botany. 103 (5): 912–922. doi:10.3732/ajb.1500519. PMC   10874106 . Retrieved 8 January 2024.
  15. 1 2 "Penstemon ambiguus Torr". World Flora Online . Retrieved 19 January 2024.
  16. 1 2 POWO (2023). "Penstemon ambiguus var. ambiguus". Plants of the World Online . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved 29 April 2023.
  17. ↑ Kearney, Thomas H.; Peebles, Robert H. (1939). "Arizona plants: New species, varieties, and combinations". Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences. 29. Washington Academy of Sciences: 491. Retrieved 29 April 2023.
  18. 1 2 POWO (2023). "Penstemon ambiguus var. laevissimus (D.D.Keck) N.H.Holmgren". Plants of the World Online . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved 29 April 2023.
  19. ↑ USDA, NRCS (2014). "​Penstemon ambiguus Torr. var. ambiguus​". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 29 April 2023.
  20. ↑ Barnett, Don; Barnett, Donnie (2022). Penstemon of southeastern Colorado. Pueblo, CO.: Ethical Dessert. pp. 54–59. ISBN   9-780578-373973.
  21. ↑ USDA, NRCS (2014). "​Penstemon ambiguus Torr. var. laevissimus (D.D. Keck) N.H. Holmgren​". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 29 April 2023.
  22. ↑ Wilson, Paul; Wolfe, Andrea D.; Armbruster, W. Scott; Thomson, James D. (December 2007). "Constrained lability in floral evolution: counting convergent origins of hummingbird pollination in Penstemon and Keckiella". New Phytologist. 176 (4): 883–890. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02219.x . PMID   17897322 . Retrieved 2 May 2023.
  23. ↑ Love, Stephen; Salaiz, Thomas (2011). "Domestication of native plants for sustainable landscaping". Sage Notes: Idaho Native Plant Society Newsletter. 33. Idaho Native Plant Society, Pahove Chapter: 11.
  24. ↑ Love, Stephen L; Akins, Candace J (2020). "Fifth summary of the native seed germination studies of Norman C Deno: species with names beginning with letters P and Q". Native Plants Journal. 21 (1): 88. doi:10.3368/npj.21.1.83. S2CID   241374952.
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