Picralima

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Picralima
Picralima Nitida - 03.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Gentianales
Family: Apocynaceae
Subfamily: Rauvolfioideae
Tribe: Hunterieae
Genus: Picralima
Pierre
Species:
P. nitida
Binomial name
Picralima nitida
(Stapf) T.Durand & H.Durand
Synonyms [1]
  • Tabernaemontana nitidaStapf
  • Picralima klaineanaPierre
  • Picralima macrocarpaA.Chev.

Picralima is a plant genus in the family Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1896. It contains only one known species, Picralima nitida, native to tropical Africa (Benin, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Gabon, Cameroon, Cabinda, Central African Republic, Republic of Congo, Zaire, Uganda). [1] [2] [3] [4] [5]

Picralima nitida, the akuamma, is a tree. The dried seeds from this plant are used in traditional medicine throughout West Africa, particularly in Ghana as well as in the Ivory Coast and Nigeria. The seeds are crushed or powdered and taken orally, and are mainly used for the treatment of malaria, [6] [7] and diarrhoea, and as a painkiller. [8] The plant produces the alkaloids pericine and akuammine, among others. [9] [10]

An enterprising Ghanaian hospital started manufacturing and selling standardized 250 mg capsules of the powdered P. nitida seed, which then became a widely used palliative.[ citation needed ] This then led researchers to try to discover the active component of the seeds.

Picralima nitida seeds contain a complex mixture of alkaloids producing antipyretic and antiinflammatory effects along with analgesia in animal studies. [11] Several of these were shown to bind to opioid receptors with weak affinity in vitro, and two compounds, akuammidine and ψ-akuammigine, were found to be μ-opioid agonists, although not particularly selective. [12] [13] More recently, it has been shown that an additional constitutive analog, acuammicine, has potent activity as a kappa opioid receptor agonist. [14]

formerly included in genus [1]
  1. Picralima elliotii(Stapf) Stapf = Hunteria umbellata (K.Schum.) Hallier f.
  2. Picralima gracilisA.Chev. = Hunteria umbellata (K.Schum.) Hallier f.
  3. Picralima laurifoliaA.Chev. = Hunteria simii (Stapf) H.Huber
  4. Picralima umbellata(K.Schum.) Stapf = Hunteria umbellata (K.Schum.) Hallier f.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yohimbine</span> Chemical compound

Yohimbine, also known as quebrachine, is an indole alkaloid derived from the bark of the African tree Pausinystalia johimbe; also from the bark of the unrelated South American tree Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco. Yohimbine is an α2-adrenergic receptor antagonist, and has been used in a variety of research projects. It is a veterinary drug used to reverse sedation in dogs and deer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ibogaine</span> Psychoactive substance found in plants in the family Apocynaceae

Ibogaine is a naturally occurring psychoactive substance found in plants in the family Apocynaceae such as Tabernanthe iboga, Voacanga africana, and Tabernaemontana undulata. It is a psychedelic with dissociative properties.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gramine</span> Chemical compound

Gramine is a naturally occurring indole alkaloid present in several plant species. Gramine may play a defensive role in these plants, since it is toxic to many organisms.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Indole alkaloid</span> Class of alkaloids

Indole alkaloids are a class of alkaloids containing a structural moiety of indole; many indole alkaloids also include isoprene groups and are thus called terpene indole or secologanin tryptamine alkaloids. Containing more than 4100 known different compounds, it is one of the largest classes of alkaloids. Many of them possess significant physiological activity and some of them are used in medicine. The amino acid tryptophan is the biochemical precursor of indole alkaloids.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">7-Hydroxymitragynine</span> Opioid analgesic compound

7-Hydroxymitragynine (7-OH) is a terpenoid indole alkaloid from the plant Mitragyna speciosa, commonly known as kratom. It was first described in 1994 and is a natural product derived from the mitragynine present in the kratom leaf. 7-OH binds to opioid receptors like mitragynine, but research suggests that 7-OH binds with greater potency.

Hunteria is a genus of plants in the family Apocynaceae first described as a genus in 1824. It is native to Africa and to South and Southeast Asia.

  1. Hunteria ballayiHua - Central African Republic, Republic of Congo, Cameroon, Gabon
  2. Hunteria camerunensisK.Schum. ex Hallier f. - Republic of Congo, Cameroon, Gabon
  3. Hunteria congolanaPichon - Republic of Congo, Zaïre, Kenya
  4. Hunteria densifloraPichon - Zaïre
  5. Hunteria ghanensisJ.B.Hall & Leeuwenb. - Ivory Coast, Ghana
  6. Hunteria hexaloba(Pichon) Omino - Gabon
  7. Hunteria macrosiphonOmino - Republic of Congo, Gabon
  8. Hunteria myrianthaOmino - Zaïre
  9. Hunteria oxyanthaOmino - Republic of Congo, Zaïre, Gabon
  10. Hunteria simii(Stapf) H.Huber - Guinea, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Sierra Leone
  11. Hunteria umbellata(K.Schum) Hallier f. - W + C Africa from Senegal to Zaïre
  12. Hunteria zeylanica(Retz.) Gardner ex Thwaites - Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique, S China, India, Sri Lanka, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Indochina, W Malaysia, Sumatra
<span class="mw-page-title-main">Akuammine</span> Chemical compound

Akuammine (vincamajoridine) is an indole alkaloid. It is the most abundant alkaloid found in the seeds from the tree Picralima nitida, commonly known as akuamma, comprising 0.56% of the dried powder. It has also been isolated from Vinca major. Akuammine is structurally related to yohimbine, mitragynine and more distantly Voacangine, all of which are alkaloid plant products with pharmacological properties.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pericine</span> Chemical compound

Pericine is one of a number of indole alkaloids found in the tree Picralima nitida, commonly known as akuamma. As with some other alkaloids from this plant such as akuammine, pericine has been shown to bind to mu opioid receptors in vitro, and has an IC50 of 0.6 μmol, within the range of a weak analgesic. It may also have convulsant effects.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Voacamine</span> Chemical compound

Voacamine, also known under the older names voacanginine and vocamine, is a naturally occurring dimeric indole alkaloid of the secologanin type, found in a number of plants, including Voacanga africana and Tabernaemontana divaricata. It is approved for use as an antimalarial drug in several African countries. Voacamine exhibits cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonistic activity.

<i>Cola</i> (plant) Genus of plants

Cola is a genus of trees native to the tropical forests of Africa, classified in the family Malvaceae, subfamily Sterculioideae. Species in this genus are sometimes referred to as kola tree or kola nut for the caffeine-containing fruit produced by the trees that is often used as a flavoring ingredient in beverages. The genus was thought to be closely related to the South American genus Theobroma, or cocoa, but the latter is now placed in a different subfamily. They are evergreen trees, growing up to 20 m tall, with glossy ovoid leaves up to 30 cm long and star-shaped fruit.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rauvolfioideae</span> Subfamily of flowering plants

Rauvolfioideae is a subfamily of the flowering plant family Apocynaceae. Many species are woody lianas, others are shrubs or perennial herbs.

Oncinotis is a genus of plant in the family Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1849. It is native to Africa, including Madagascar. As of August 2013 the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families recognises 7 species:

  1. Oncinotis glabrata(Baill.) Stapf ex Hiern - tropical Africa from Liberia to Tanzania, south to Angola
  2. Oncinotis gracilisStapf - tropical Africa from Liberia to Central African Republic, south to Angola
  3. Oncinotis hirtaOliv. - C Africa from Cameroon to Angola
  4. Oncinotis nitidaBenth. - W Africa from Liberia to Republic of Congo
  5. Oncinotis pontyiDubard - tropical Africa from Guinea to Uganda
  6. Oncinotis tenuilobaStapf - C + S Africa from Nigeria east to Sudan + Ethiopia, south to Cape Province
  7. Oncinotis tomentellaRadlk. - Madagascar
  1. Oncinotis axillarisK.Schum. = Baissea multifloraA.DC.
  2. Oncinotis campanulataK.Schum = Baissea campanulata(K.Schum.) de Kruif
  3. Oncinotis melanocephalaK.Schum. = Baissea myrtifolia(Benth.) Pichon
  4. Oncinotis subsessilisK.Schum. = Baissea campanulata(K.Schum.) de Kruif
  5. Oncinotis zygodioidesK.Schum. = Baissea zygodioides(K.Schum.) Stapf
<i>Pleiocarpa</i> Genus of flowering plants

Pleiocarpa is a genus of plant in the family Apocynaceae first described as a genus in 1876. It is native to tropical Africa from Senegal to Tanzania and south to Zimbabwe. As of August 2013 the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families recognises 6 species:

  1. Pleiocarpa bicarpellataStapf - Cabinda, Cameroon, Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya
  2. Pleiocarpa brevistylaOmino - Gabon
  3. Pleiocarpa muticaBenth. - Ghana, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo
  4. Pleiocarpa picralimoides(Pichon) Omino - Cabinda, Republic of the Congo, Gabon
  5. Pleiocarpa pycnantha(K.Schum) Stapf - widespread across most of tropical Africa
  6. Pleiocarpa rostrataBenth. - Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon
  1. Pleiocarpa camerunensis(K.Schum. ex Hallier f.) Stapf = Hunteria camerunensisK.Schum. ex Hallier f.
  2. Pleiocarpa hockiiDe Wild. - Acokanthera oppositifolia(Lam.) Codd
  3. Pleiocarpa simii(Stapf) Stapf ex Hutch. & Dalziel = Hunteria simii(Stapf) H.Huber
<span class="mw-page-title-main">Akuammicine</span> Alkaloid

Akuammicine is a monoterpene indole alkaloid of the Vinca sub-group. It is found in the Apocynaceae family of plants including Picralima nitida, Vinca minor and the Aspidosperma.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pseudoakuammigine</span> Chemical compound

Pseudoakuammigine is a bio-active alkaloid from Alstonia boonei, a medicinal tree from West Africa.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alstonine</span> Chemical compound

Alstonine is an indoloquinolizidine alkaloid and putative antipsychotic constituent of various plant species including Alstonia boonei, Catharanthus roseus, Picralima nitida, Rauwolfia caffra and Rauwolfia vomitoria. In preclinical studies alstonine attenuates MK-801-induced hyperlocomotion, working memory deficit and social withdrawal. It also possesses anxiolytic-like effects in preclinical studies, attenuates amphetamine-induced lethality and stereotypy as well as apomorphine-induced stereotypy, and attenuates haloperidol-induced catalepsy. These effects appear to be mediated by stimulation of the 5-HT2C receptor. In addition, alstonine, similarly to clozapine, indirectly inhibits the reuptake of glutamate in hippocampal slices. Unlike clozapine however, the effect of which is abolished by the D2 receptor agonist apomorphine, alstonine requires 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors to produce this effect, as it is abolished by antagonists of these receptors. Also unlike clozapine, alstonine lacks pro-convulsant activity in mice.

Orthopichonia is a genus of plants in the family Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1953. It was initially given the name Orthandra, but this turned out to be an illegitimate homonym. Orthopichonia is native to Africa.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Apparicine</span> Chemical compound

Apparicine is a monoterpenoid indole alkaloid. It is named after Apparicio Duarte, a Brazilian botanist who studied the Aspidosperma species from which apparicine was first isolated. It was the first member of the vallesamine group of alkaloids to be isolated and have its structure established, which was first published in 1965. It has also been known by the synonyms gomezine, pericalline, and tabernoschizine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mitragynine</span> Opioid analgesic compound

Mitragynine is an indole-based alkaloid and the most abundant active alkaloid in the Southeast Asian plant Mitragyna speciosa, commonly known as kratom. The total alkaloid concentration in dried leaves ranges from 0.5 to 1.5%. In Thai varieties, mitragynine is the most abundant component while 7-hydroxymitragynine is a minor constituent. In Malaysian kratom varieties, mitragynine is present at lower concentration. Such preparations are orally consumed and typically involve dried kratom leaves which are brewed into tea or ground and placed into capsules. Mitragynine consumption for medicinal and recreation purposes dates back centuries, although early use was primarily limited to Southeast Asian countries such as Indonesia and Thailand where the plant grows indigenously. Recently, mitragynine use has spread throughout Europe and the Americas as both a recreational and medicinal drug. While research into the effects of kratom have begun to emerge, investigations on the active compound mitragynine are less common.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Speciociliatine</span> Chemical compound

Speciociliatine is a major alkaloid of the plant Mitragyna speciosa, commonly known as kratom. It is a stereoisomer of Mitragynine and constitutes 0.00156 - 2.9% of the dried leaf material.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  2. ↑ Harris, D.J. (2002). The vascular plants of the Dzanga-Sangha Reserve, Central African Republic: 1-274. National Botanic Garden (Belgium), Meise.
  3. ↑ Akoègninou, A., van der Burg, W.J. & van der Maesen, L.J.G. (eds.) (2006). Flore Analytique du Bénin: 1-1034. Backhuys Publishers.
  4. ↑ Sosef, M.S.M. & al. (2006). Check-list des plantes vasculaires du Gabon. Scripta Botanica Belgica 35: 1-438.
  5. ↑ Figueiredo, E. & Smith, G.F. (2008). Plants of Angola. Strelitzia 22: 1-279. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.
  6. ↑ Kapadia GJ, Angerhofer CK, Ansa-Asamoah R. Akuammine: an antimalarial indolemonoterpene alkaloid of Picralima nitida seeds. Planta Medica. 1993 Dec;59(6):565-6.
  7. ↑ Okunji C, Iwu M, Ito Y, Smith P. Preparative Separation of Indole Alkaloids from the Rind of Picralima nitida (Stapf) T. Durand & H. Durand by pH-Zone-Refining Countercurrent Chromatography. Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies 2005; 28. 775-783. doi : 10.1081/JLC-200048915
  8. ↑ Erharuyi O, et al. Medicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Picralima nitida (Apocynaceae) in tropical diseases: A review. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 2014; 7(1): 1-8. doi : 10.1016/S1995-7645(13)60182-0
  9. ↑ Ama-Asamoah R, et al. Picratidine, a New Indole Alkaloid from Picralima nitida Seeds. J. Nat. Prod; 1990, 53(4): 975–977. doi : 10.1021/np50070a032
  10. ↑ Neuwinger HD (1996). African Ethnobotany: Poisons and Drugs : Chemistry, Pharmacology, Toxicology. CRC Press. pp. 119–126. ISBN   9783826100772.
  11. ↑ Duwiejua M, Woode E, Obiri DD. Pseudo-akuammigine, an alkaloid from Picralima nitida seeds, has anti-inflammatory and analgesic actions in rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2002; (81):73-79.
  12. ↑ Lewin G, Le Ménez P, Rolland Y, Renouard A, Giesen-Crouse E. Akuammine and dihydroakuammine, two indolomonoterpene alkaloids displaying affinity for opioid receptors. Journal of Natural Products. 1992 Mar;55(3):380-4.
  13. ↑ Menzies JR, Paterson SJ, Duwiejua M, Corbett AD. Opioid activity of alkaloids extracted from Picralima nitida (fam. Apocynaceae). Eur J Pharmacol. 1998 May 29;350(1):101-8. doi : 10.1016/s0014-2999(98)00232-5 PMID   9683021
  14. ↑ Simone M. Creed, Anna M. Gutridge, Malaika D. Argade, Madeline R. Hennessy, J. Brent Friesen, Guido F. Pauli, Richard M. van Rijn, and Andrew P. Riley. Isolation and Pharmacological Characterization of Six Opioidergic Picralima nitida Alkaloids. Journal of Natural Products 2021 84 (1), 71-80 doi : 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c01036
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