Pinus serotina

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Pond pine
Pinus serotina USBG.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Gymnospermae
Division: Pinophyta
Class: Pinopsida
Order: Pinales
Family: Pinaceae
Genus: Pinus
Subgenus: P. subg. Pinus
Section: P. sect. Trifoliae
Subsection: P. subsect. Australes
Species:
P. serotina
Binomial name
Pinus serotina
Pinus serotina range map.png
Natural range

Pinus serotina, the pond pine, black bark pine, bay pine,marsh pine, or pocosin pine, [2] is a pine tree found along the Southeastern portion of the Atlantic coastal plain of the United States, from southern New Jersey south to Florida and west to southern Alabama. [3] Pond pine distribution may be starting to spread west towards Mississippi and Tennessee. [4] [5]

Contents

Description

This pine often has a crooked growth pattern and an irregular top and grows up to 21 metres (69 ft) high, [6] rarely to 29 metres (95 ft). [7] The needles are in bundles of three or four, and 15–20 cm (6–8 in) long. Pinus serotina will grow needles and little branches directly from the trunk, similar to the Pinusrigida (pitch pine), but the pitch pines will only grow in drier areas. The Pinusserotina is very similar to the common Pinustaeda (loblolly pine), but the key differences are they have direct needle growth from the trunk, are smaller in size, and tend not to grow straight. [8] The bark of the pond pine forms rough plates. They are a brownish-red color. The pond pines are not as cold hardy as the loblolly and pitch pines. It takes 18 years for the pond pine to reach full maturity. [9] The almost round cones are 5–8 cm (2–3+1⁄4 in) long with small prickles on the scales. Its cones are usually serotinous, requiring fire to open. [6] The pollen cones are cylinder-shaped with a yellow, brownish color, and are up to 1.8 inches long. Seed cones need two years to mature after pollination. In some cases, they will drop their seeds, but in most Pinusserotina, they will persist and hold their seeds. The color of the seed cones and seed scales is red-brown in color. The foliar sheaths measure 0.4 to 0.8 with long bases. The seeds are ovule in shape, being 0.2 and 0.24 in length, and have an angled tip colored a pale brown. [10] For seeds to be used for regeneration, seed trees that are 23 to 25 cm (9 - 10 inches) in DBH and 30 years old are expected to produce 5,000 seeds. [11]

Taxonomy

Pinusserotina was described in 1803 by Andre Michaux. [12] Pinus is a large genus of evergreen conifer trees. [13] The species name serotina is derived from the persistently serotinous cones that may remain closed for several years before they release their seeds. Historically this species has been viewed as a subspecies of Pinustaeda. [14] Similarly Pinusserotina has also been considered a subspecies of Pinusrigida (Pinus rigida subsp. serotina (1880)). [15] [16]

Habitat

Pinusserotina is primarily found in wet and poorly drained sites, most commonly in or near swamps, ponds, bays, marshes, and pocosins. [17] [18] This species is often associated with long leaf pine, Pinus palustris, due to similar requirements for frequent fire and pond pines needs fire to germinate. [19] Pinusserotina is commonly found in wet and poorly drained sites, but it will grow very well in mineral soils. [20] [21] Pond pines are very useful in preventing erosion and improving water quality. [22] Pinusserotina, thrive in flatwoods, flatwoods bogs, savannas, and barrens. [23] At the north end of its range, pond pine intergrades and hybridizes with pitch pine (P. rigida); it is distinguished from that species by longer needles and on average slightly larger cones. Some botanists treat pond pine as a subspecies of pitch pine. Pinusserotina habitat include mild and humid climates. The average temperature ranges from 45 degrees F to 80 degrees F. The more extreme temperature ranges recorded for Pinus serotina are -10 degrees F and 110 degrees F. The average annual precipitation for Pinusserotina is between 44 and 55 inches. [24]

Ecology

Pinusserotina stands provide habitat and support for many wildlife species, particularly for birds and mammals in wetlands and flatland environments. [25] [26] The pond pine is intolerant of shade. [25] In order for reproduction to occur, Pinusserotina needs fire in the form of intense scorching or defoliation. The buds are dormant and protected by the tree's thick bark. When parts of the tree are top killed by fire, epicortical buds can resume growth. 15 to 20 seed trees are needed per hectare (6 to 8 acres) for the sufficient seed set after fire. Without the heat from a fire the seed fall is limited by the serotinous cones of pond pine. Pond pine seedling growth is often limited by the moisture in the soil, lack of nutrients, and competition. Under poor growing conditions pond pine seedlings grow can as little as 30cm (12 inches) or less per year. [27]

Uses

Even though the Pinusserotina has poor form and relatively slow growth, it can produce economically valuable tree stands of for pulpwood and saw timber where other trees will not grow. [28] Tan or green dyes can be obtained from the needles of the Pinusserotina. A vanillin flavoring is obtained from the byproducts of the pulpwood's resins. [29] It is suggested that Pinusserotina might be a valuable remedy to treat the kidney, and can be administered as a rub or in a steam bath. Pinusserotina may be useful in treating diseases of the mucous membrane and respiratory complaints. [30]

Diseases and other issues

Several species of bark beetles attack southern pines including pond pine, the beetles include the Southern pine beetle, three species of the Ips engraver beetles, and the black turpentine beetle. These beetle species grind through conducting tissues of their hosts. Phloem damage leads pine needles fading from green, to light green, and death of the tree. [31] These trees also face the eastern pine weevil and are susceptible to wind damage. [32] Pinusserotina also faces red heart disease (Phellinuspini), a fungal disease of pines. [33]

Conservation statues

The primary threat to the Pinusserotina is habitat loss of wet flatlands, peat-rich soils, sandy wet flatlands, and pocosins. Pinusserotina, allows for trees to regenerate by coppicing. Thus disturbances (e.g. fire) are required for this species to persist and recruit. Pinusserotina, is listed by the IUCN Red List as a species of least concern (LC) for extinction. [34]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pine</span> Genus of plants in the conifer family Pinaceae

A pine is any conifer tree or shrub in the genus Pinus of the family Pinaceae. Pinus is the sole genus in the subfamily Pinoideae.

<i>Pinus albicaulis</i> Pine tree species found in North America

Pinus albicaulis, known by the common names whitebark pine, white bark pine, white pine, pitch pine, scrub pine, and creeping pine, is a conifer tree native to the mountains of the western United States and Canada, specifically subalpine areas of the Sierra Nevada, Cascade Range, Pacific Coast Ranges, and Rocky Mountains. It shares the common name "creeping pine" with several other plants.

<i>Pinus sabiniana</i> Pine tree found in North America

Pinus sabiniana, with vernacular names including towani pine, foothill pine, gray pine, bull pine, and digger pine, is a pine endemic to California in the United States. Some sources discourage using the name "digger pine," considering it pejorative.

<i>Pinus taeda</i> Species of conifer

Pinus taeda, commonly known as loblolly pine, is one of several pines native to the Southeastern United States, from East Texas to Florida, and north to southern New Jersey. The wood industry classifies the species as a southern yellow pine. U.S. Forest Service surveys found that loblolly pine is the second-most common species of tree in the United States, after red maple. For its timber, the pine species is regarded as the most commercially important tree in the Southeastern U.S. The common name loblolly is given because the pine species is found mostly in lowlands and swampy areas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Torrey pine</span> Species of pine tree, Torrey pine

The Torrey pine is a rare pine species in California, United States. It is a critically endangered species growing only in coastal San Diego County, and on Santa Rosa Island, offshore from Santa Barbara in Santa Barbara County. The Torrey pine is endemic to the California coastal sage and chaparral ecoregion.

<i>Pinus jeffreyi</i> Pine tree found in North America

Pinus jeffreyi, also known as Jeffrey pine, Jeffrey's pine, yellow pine and black pine, is a North American pine tree. It is mainly found in California, but also in the westernmost part of Nevada, southwestern Oregon, and northern Baja California. It is named in honor of its botanist documenter John Jeffrey.

<i>Pinus contorta</i> Species of plant

Pinus contorta, with the common names lodgepole pine and shore pine, and also known as twisted pine, and contorta pine, is a common tree in western North America. It is common near the ocean shore and in dry montane forests to the subalpine, but is rare in lowland rain forests. Like all pines, it is an evergreen conifer.

<i>Pinus rigida</i> Species of pine tree

Pinus rigida, the pitch pine, is a small-to-medium-sized pine. It is native to eastern North America, primarily from central Maine south to Georgia and as far west as Kentucky. It is found in environments which other species would find unsuitable for growth, such as acidic, sandy, and low-nutrient soils.

<i>Pinus echinata</i> Species of conifer

The shortleaf pine (or Pinus echinata) is a softwood conifer tree that has short needles and small cones. The species is mainly found in southeastern United States, and can inhabit various climates. The shortleaf pine is sometimes referred to as the "old field", "spruce", "rosemary", "yellow", "two-leaf" and "heart" pine; however, there is a true shortleaf pine that is different from these pine variations. The confusion stems from a custom in the Southeastern United States to only refer to pines as either "long-leaf" or "short-leaf". Furthermore, the pine can be distinguished from other pines by examining their short leaves and small cones.

<i>Pinus elliottii</i> Species of conifer tree

Pinus elliottii, commonly known as slash pine, is a conifer tree native to the Southeastern United States. Slash pine is named after the "slashes" – swampy ground overgrown with trees and bushes – that constitute its habitat. Other common names include swamp pine, yellow slash pine, and southern Florida pine. Slash pine has two different varieties: P. e. var. elliottii and P. e. var. densa. Historically, slash pine has been an important economic timber for naval stores, turpentine, and resin. The wood of slash pine is known for its unusually high strength, especially for a pine. It exceeds many hardwoods and is even comparable to very dense woods such as ironwood.

<i>Pinus virginiana</i> Species of conifer

Pinus virginiana, the Virginia pine, scrub pine, Jersey pine, possum pine, is a medium-sized tree, often found on poorer soils from Long Island in southern New York south through the Appalachian Mountains to western Tennessee and Alabama. The usual size range for this pine is 9–18 m, but can grow larger under optimum conditions. The trunk can be as large as 20 inches diameter. This tree prefers well-drained loam or clay, but will also grow on very poor, sandy soil, where it remains small and stunted. The typical life span is 65 to 90 years.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Table mountain pine</span> Species of conifer

Table Mountain pine, Pinus pungens, also called hickory pine, prickly pine, or mountain pine, is a small pine native to the Appalachian Mountains in the United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jack pine</span> Species of tree

Jack pine, also known as grey pine or scrub pine, is a North American pine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coulter pine</span> Pine tree found in North America

Coulter pine, or big-cone pine, is a native of the coastal mountains of Southern California in the United States and northern Baja California in Mexico. Isolated groves are found as far north as Clearlake, California on the flanks of Mt. Konocti and Black Diamond Mines Regional Preserve. It is named after Thomas Coulter, an Irish botanist and physician. The Coulter pine produces the heaviest cone of any pine tree, up to 5 kg (11 lb) and among conifers is exceeded only by the cones of Araucaria bidwillii.

<i>Pinus ponderosa</i> Species of large pine tree in North America

Pinus ponderosa, commonly known as the ponderosa pine, bull pine, blackjack pine, western yellow-pine, or filipinus pine is a very large pine tree species of variable habitat native to mountainous regions of western North America. It is the most widely distributed pine species in North America.

<i>Pinus leiophylla</i> Species of conifer

Pinus leiophylla, commonly known as Chihuahua pine, smooth-leaf pine, and yellow pine, is a tree with a range primarily in Mexico, with a small extension into the United States in southeast Arizona and southwest New Mexico. The Mexican range extends along the Sierra Madre Occidental and Sierra Madre del Sur from Chihuahua to Oaxaca, from 29° North Lat. to 17°, between 1600 and 3000 meters altitude. It requires about a rainfall 600 to 1000 mm a year, mostly in summer. It tolerates frosts in winter.

<i>Pinus koraiensis</i> Species of conifer

Pinus koraiensis is a species of pine known commonly as the Korean pine. It is a relic species of the Tertiary, identified as a rare tree species by United Nations. It is native to eastern Asia: Korea, northeastern China, Mongolia, the temperate rainforests of the Russian Far East, and central Japan. In the north of its range, it grows at moderate elevations, typically 600 to 900 metres, whereas further south, it is a mountain tree, growing at 2,000 to 2,600 m elevation in Japan. Other common names include Chinese pinenut. The ancient woodland of P. koraiensis on the earth is about 50 million hectares, and China has about 30 million hectares, accounting for 60%. It is a second-class national key protected plant in China. P. koraiensis is a tree species with high economic and ecological value. The official name in Chinese is "红松 hóng sōng/red pine", because almost every part of it is related to red.

<i>Pinus thunbergii</i> Species of conifer

Pinus thunbergii, the black pine, Japanese black pine, or Japanese pine, is a pine tree native to coastal areas of Japan and South Korea.

<i>Pinus bungeana</i> Species of conifer

Pinus bungeana, also known by the common names Bunge's pine, lacebark pine and white-barked pine, is a pine tree native to northeastern and central China. It is a slow-growing tree that can grow to heights of 15–25 metres (49–82 ft) is frost hardy down to below −26 °C (−15 °F). Its smooth, grey-green bark gradually sheds in round scales to reveal patches of pale yellow, which turn olive-brown, red and purple on exposure to light.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pocosin</span> Kind of wetland of the Atlantic plain

Pocosin is a type of palustrine wetland with deep, acidic, sandy, peat soils. Groundwater saturates the soil except during brief seasonal dry spells and during prolonged droughts. Pocosin soils are nutrient-deficient (oligotrophic), especially in phosphorus.

References

  1. ↑ Farjon, A. (2013). "Pinus serotina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2013: e.T42414A2978464. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42414A2978464.en . Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ↑ "Pinus serotina (Bay Pine, Black Bark Pine, Marsh Pine, Pocosin Pine, Pond Pine) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox". plants.ces.ncsu.edu. Retrieved 2023-11-12.
  3. ↑ "Pond Pine (Pinus serotina)". www.carolinanature.com. Retrieved 2023-11-12.
  4. ↑ "USDA Plants Database". plants.usda.gov. Retrieved 2023-11-12.
  5. ↑ Grimm, William Carey (1966) [1962]. The Book of Trees. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: The Stackpole Company (published 1962). p. 50.
  6. 1 2 Kral, Robert (1993). "Pinus serotina". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 2. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  7. ↑ Bramlett, David L. (1990). "Pinus serotina". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Conifers. Silvics of North America. Washington, D.C.: United States Forest Service (USFS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Vol. 1 – via Southern Research Station.
  8. ↑ "Pond Pine (Pinus serotina)". carolinanature.com. Retrieved 2023-11-12.
  9. ↑ "Pond Pine: Plant Care & Growing Guide". The Spruce. Retrieved 2023-11-13.
  10. ↑ "Pinus serotina". conifersociety.org. Retrieved 2023-10-18.
  11. ↑ "Pinus serotina Michx". srs.fs.usda.gov. Retrieved 2023-11-12.
  12. ↑ "Alphabetical species list of plants discovered by André Michaux in the Carolinas". www.michaux.org. Retrieved 2023-11-13.
  13. ↑ "Pinus - definition of Pinus - synonyms, pronunciation, spelling from Free Dictionary". www.freedictionary.org. Retrieved 2023-11-12.
  14. ↑ "Pinus serotina (pond pine) description - The Gymnosperm Database". www.conifers.org. Retrieved 2023-11-12.
  15. ↑ "USDA Plants Database". plants.usda.gov. Retrieved 2023-11-12.
  16. ↑ "Pinus rigida subsp. serotina | International Plant Names Index". www.ipni.org. Retrieved 2023-11-29.
  17. ↑ "Pinus serotina Michx". www.srs.fs.usda.gov. Retrieved 2023-10-18.
  18. ↑ Kershner, Bruce; Mathews, Daniel; Nelson, Gil (2008). National Wildlife Federation field guide to trees of North America. New York: Sterling Publishing Co., Inc. ISBN   978-1-4027-3875-3.
  19. ↑ "Pinus serotina". www.fs.fed.us. Retrieved 2020-10-07.
  20. ↑ Burns, Russell M. (1990). Silvics of North America: Conifers. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service.
  21. ↑ Saylor, LeRoy C.; Kang, Ke Won (1973). "A Study of Sympatric Populations of Pinus taeda L. and Pinus serotina Michx. in North Carolina". Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society. 89 (1/2): 101–110. ISSN   0013-6220. JSTOR   24333426.
  22. ↑ "Pond Pine: Plant Care & Growing Guide". The Spruce. Retrieved 2023-11-13.
  23. ↑ "Pinus serotina in Flora of North America @ efloras.org". www.efloras.org. Retrieved 2023-11-12.
  24. ↑ Burns, Russell M. (1990). Silvics of North America: Conifers. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service.
  25. 1 2 "Pinus serotina Michx". www.srs.fs.usda.gov. Retrieved 2023-11-12.
  26. ↑ Graham, Ben F.; Rebuck, Allen L. (January 1958). "The Effect of Drainage on the Establishment and Growth of Pond Pine (Pinus Serotina)". Ecology. 39 (1): 33. doi:10.2307/1929964. JSTOR   1929964.
  27. ↑ "Pinus serotina Michx". www.srs.fs.usda.gov. Retrieved 2023-11-12.
  28. ↑ "Pinus serotina Michx". www.srs.fs.usda.gov. Retrieved 2023-11-12.
  29. ↑ "medicinal herbs: POND PINE - Pinus serotina". www.naturalmedicinalherbs.net. Retrieved 2023-11-12.
  30. ↑ "medicinal herbs: POND PINE - Pinus serotina". www.naturalmedicinalherbs.net. Retrieved 2023-11-12.
  31. ↑ "Pine Bark Beetles | NC State Extension Publications". content.ces.ncsu.edu. Retrieved 2023-11-12.
  32. ↑ "Pinus serotina (Bay Pine, Black Bark Pine, Marsh Pine, Pocosin Pine, Pond Pine) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox". plants.ces.ncsu.edu. Retrieved 2023-11-12.
  33. ↑ "Pinus serotina (pond pine)". CABI Compendium. 2022-01-07. doi:10.1079/cabicompendium.41713 . Retrieved 2023-11-13.
  34. ↑ IUCN (2011-04-11). Pinus serotina: Farjon, A.: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T42414A2978464 (Report). International Union for Conservation of Nature. doi: 10.2305/iucn.uk.2013-1.rlts.t42414a2978464.en . Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  35. ↑ Trees, Shrubs, and Woody Vines of North Carolina: Pond Pine (Pinus serotina)
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