Plantago aucklandica

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Plantago aucklandica
Plantago aucklandica 319294364.jpg
Fruiting plant of Plantago aucklandica on Auckland Island
Status NZTCS NU.svg
Naturally Uncommon (NZ TCS) [1]
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Plantaginaceae
Genus: Plantago
Species:
P. aucklandica
Binomial name
Plantago aucklandica

Plantago aucklandica is a species of flowering plant in the family Plantaginaceae that is endemic to the subantarctic Auckland Islands, New Zealand. [4] Joseph Dalton Hooker described P. aucklandica in his Flora Antarctica in 1844. Plants of this plantain are large with large leaves, up to seven veins, wide petioles, colliculate seeds, and long spikes with dozens of flowers and one-seeded fruits. This species in considered to be At Risk - Naturally Uncommon, as it is an island endemic with a restricted range.

Contents


Taxonomy and etymology

Plate XLII in Flora Antarctica The botany of the Antarctic voyage of H.M. discovery ships Erebus and Terror in the Years 1839-1843 (6302418965).jpg
Plate XLII in Flora Antarctica
Plantago aucklandica 319294153.jpg
P. aucklandica rosette leaves Plantago aucklandica 320404264.jpg
P. aucklandica rosette leaves

Plantago aucklandica is in the plant family Plantaginaceae. [5] It was first described by Joseph Dalton Hooker in 1844, from specimens he had collected in the Auckland Islands "on the mountain ridges at an altitude of 1000-1200 feet, in a peaty soil" while serving on the Ross expedition in the Antarctic. [3] [2] The specific epithet, aucklandica, is used to mean "of the Auckland Islands". [4]

The lectotype specimen was designated by Heidi Meudt, was collected by Joseph Hooker in November 1840 "in marshy places at top of the hill at back of Rendezvous Harbour, Lord Auckland Island," and is lodged at the Kew Herbarium (lectotype K000438784 and isolectotye K000438785 are on the same sheet). [5] [6]

At the time of its description, Hooker likened P. aucklandica to other island species rather than other New Zealand species. [2] The similarities between different oceanic island species of Plantago may be caused by similar environmental stresses rather than shared ancestry. [7] [8] [5]

Plantago aucklandica differs from all other species of Plantago that are indigenous to New Zealand by its large leaves with up to seven veins, axillary hairs, wide petioles, and long spikes with up to 132 flowers. [5] It has only two ovules (one of which aborts) in each ovary, and its seeds have low rounded protuberances on the ventral surface (colliculate), whereas all other New Zealand native species have seeds with a networked ventral surface (reticulate). [9]

Description

Scape with many fruits (one-seeded capsules) of Plantago aucklandica Plantago aucklandica 320403810.jpg
Scape with many fruits (one-seeded capsules) of Plantago aucklandica

Plantago aucklandica plants are rosettes with a primary root up to 2.5 cm thick, with up to 13 narrowly angular-ovate or narrowly obovate leaves, and with long (up to 4 cm long), rust-coloured, obvious leaf axillary hairs in the basal rosette. The leaves are usually 5–7 veined, 5–12 cm long (including petiole) and up to 5 cm wide, usually punctate, usually glabrous on both surfaces, or sometimes with isolated hairs. The leaf has an acute or obtuse apex, and its edges are smooth or with up to 24 minute teeth. The petiole is sometimes distinguishable from the leaf lamina, and up to 5.5 cm long. Each rosette plant has 1–6 erect inflorescences which can be up to 34 cm long. The scapes are smooth, not ribbed, and hairy with patent hairs. The spikes are long and linear-ovoid, with 44–132 flowers that are densely crowded above but more distant (up to 1.2 cm apart) below. Each flower has a bract that is ovate to very broadly ovate and glabrous (or sometimes with a few hairs at the apex). The calyx is glabrous, 1.8–2.6 mm long, 1.3–2.3 mm wide. The corolla tube is 1.5–2.5 mm long, corolla lobes 1.1–1.7 mm long, stamen filaments 2.3–4.4 mm long, anthers 1.0–1.5 mm long, and style 2.3–4.2 mm long and densely hairy. The ovary is 0.8–1.4 mm long, with 2 ovules. The fruit is a dry, dehiscent capsule with circumsessile dehiscence, usually ellipsoid, rhomboid or angular-obovoid, widest at or above middle, 2–3 mm long and 1.3–2.3 mm wide. Each capsule has 1 or sometimes 2 uniform brown seeds 1.3-2 mm long with rounded edges. [5]

Plantago aucklandica has flowers and fruits from November to February. [5]

The chromosome number of Plantago aucklandica is unknown.

Distribution and habitat

Plantago aucklandica on Auckland Island in rocky, high-elevation fellfield habitat Plantago aucklandica 318403767.jpg
Plantago aucklandica on Auckland Island in rocky, high-elevation fellfield habitat
Multiple rosettes of Plantago aucklandica in high-elevation fellfield habitat on Auckland Island Plantago aucklandica 320404118.jpg
Multiple rosettes of Plantago aucklandica in high-elevation fellfield habitat on Auckland Island

Plantago aucklandica is a plantain that is endemic to the Auckland Islands, New Zealand. It is found only at the higher elevations of the Auckland Islands, specifically on Auckland Island and Adams Island, where it grows in fellfield, marshy places, on bare wind-blown areas and in rocky places from 360-550m elevation. [4] [5] [10] It also occurs on ridge tops of Disappointment Island with Acaena minor var. antarctica, Gentianella concinna, and Bulbinella rossii. [11]

Phylogeny

Plantago aucklandica was included in phylogenetic analyses of Australasian species of Plantago using standard DNA sequencing markers (nuclear ribosomal DNA, chloroplast DNA, and mitochondrial DNA regions) [12] and amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs). [13] In those studies, Plantago aucklandica was strongly supported as being closely related to the mainland New Zealand species P. obconica, P. novae-zelandiae and P. lanigera. [12] [13]

In other phylogenetic studies focusing on Plantago species throughout the world, Plantago aucklandica was also shown to be related to Plantago hedleyi (which is endemic to Lord Howe Island, Australia) and Plantago stauntonii (which is endemic to Île Amsterdam). [14] [15] [10]

Conservation status

In 2009 and 2012, it was classified as "At Risk - Naturally Uncommon" under the New Zealand Threat Classification System, [4] and again in 2018, it was given the same classification, with the qualifiers IE (island endemic) and RR (restricted range). [1]

Related Research Articles

<i>Plantago hedleyi</i> Species of flowering plant in the plantain family Plantaginaceae

Plantago hedleyi is a species of flowering plant in the plant family Plantaginaceae that is endemic to Lord Howe Island, Australia. Joseph Maiden described P. hedleyi in 1914. Plants of this plantain are large with large leaves, up to nine veins, wide petioles, and long spikes with dozens of flowers and fruits with up to 5 seeds.

<i>Plantago brownii</i> Species of flowering plant in the plantain family Plantaginaceae

Plantago brownii is a species of flowering plant in the family Plantaginaceae that is native to Tasmania, Australia and the subantarctic Auckland Islands of New Zealand. Robert Brown described the species in 1810, as P. carnosa R.Br. Plants of this species of plantain are annual or perennial with a rosette habit, fleshy toothed leaves, and short inflorescences.

<i>Plantago stauntonii</i> Species of flowering plant in the plantain family Plantaginaceae

Plantago stauntonii is a species of flowering plant in the family Plantaginaceae that is endemic to Île Amsterdam and Île Saint-Paul in the French southern territories. Sir Heinrich Wilhelm Reichardt described P. stauntonii in 1871, naming it after Sir George Leonard Staunton, who collected specimens of it in 1793.

<i>Plantago obconica</i> Species of flowering plant in the plantain family Plantaginaceae

Plantago obconica is a species of flowering plant in the family Plantaginaceae that is endemic to the South Island of New Zealand. William Sykes described the species in 1988. It is the smallest Plantago species in New Zealand. Plants of this species of plantain are perennial with a rosette habit, with very narrow, linear, keeled leaves, and fruiting capsules with a 1-cm long funnel-like base.

<i>Plantago triandra</i> Species of flowering plant in the plantain family Plantaginaceae

Plantago triandra is a species of flowering plant in the family Plantaginaceae that is endemic to New Zealand. Sven Berggren described the species in 1877. Plants of this species of plantain are perennial with a rosette habit, with angular-ovate leaves, tiny calyces, numerous seeds, and often sessile flowers and fruiting capsules. The species is considered to be not threatened.

<i>Plantago unibracteata</i> Species of flowering plant in the plantain family Plantaginaceae

Plantago unibracteata is a species of flowering plant in the family Plantaginaceae that is endemic to New Zealand. Knud Rahn gave the species its current name in 1996, based on Joseph Dalton Hooker's original description in 1854. Plants of this species of plantain are perennial with a rosette habit, with narrowly angular-ovate leaves with few teeth, and numerous angular or rounded seeds.

<i>Plantago lanigera</i> Species of flowering plant in the plantain family Plantaginaceae

Plantago lanigera is a species of flowering plant in the family Plantaginaceae that is endemic to New Zealand. Joseph Dalton Hooker described P. lanigera in 1864. Plants of this species of plantain are perennial with a rosette habit, leaves widest above the middle, few small angular to rounded seeds per capsule, glabrous bracts and sepals, and punctate leaves. It is listed as Not Threatened.

<i>Plantago novae-zelandiae</i> Species of flowering plant in the plantain family Plantaginaceae

Plantago novae-zelandiae is a species of flowering plant in the family Plantaginaceae that is endemic to New Zealand. Lucy Moore described P. novae-zelandiae in 1961. Plants of this species of plantain are perennial with a rosette habit, leaves widest above the middle, up to 4 ellipsoid seeds per capsule, glabrous bracts and sepals, and punctate leaves. It is listed as Not Threatened.

<i>Plantago spathulata</i> Species of flowering plants

Plantago spathulata is a species of flowering plant in the family Plantaginaceae that is endemic to New Zealand. Joseph Dalton Hooker described P. spathulata in 1853. Plants of this species of plantain are perennial with a rosette habit, leaves widest above the middle, up to 4 ellipsoid seeds per capsule, bracts with hairs along the edges, and midribs of bracts and sepals hairy. It is listed as Not Threatened.

<i>Plantago picta</i> Species of flowering plant in the plantain family Plantaginaceae

Plantago picta is a species of flowering plant in the family Plantaginaceae that is endemic to New Zealand. William Colenso described P. picta in 1890. Plants of this species of plantain are perennial with a rosette habit, leaves widest above the middle, up to 5 ellipsoid seeds per capsule, and bracts with hairs along the edges but otherwise glabrous. Its conservation status is At Risk – Naturally Uncommon.

<i>Plantago raoulii</i> Species of flowering plant in the plantain family Plantaginaceae

Plantago raoulii is a species of flowering plant in the family Plantaginaceae that is endemic to New Zealand. Joseph Decaisne described P. raoulii in 1852. Plants of this species of plantain are perennial with a rosette habit, leaves widest above the middle, usually 5 seeds in a specific arrangement in each capsule, and bracts with mostly glabrous edges. It is listed as Not Threatened.

<i>Plantago udicola</i> Species of flowering plant in the plantain family Plantaginaceae

Plantago udicola is a species of flowering plant in the family Plantaginaceae that is endemic to New Zealand. Heidi Meudt and Philip Garnock-Jones described P. udicola in 2012. Plants of this species of plantain are perennial with a rosette habit, leaves widest above the middle, seeds uniform, ellipsoid and 1–4 per capsule, edges of bracts sparsely hairy, edges of sepals with isolated hairs at the apex only, and a chromosome number of 2n = 96 (dodecaploid). It is listed as Not Threatened.

<i>Ourisia caespitosa</i> Species of flowering plants

Ourisia caespitosa, or creeping mountain foxglove, is a species of flowering plant in the family Plantaginaceae that is endemic to New Zealand. Joseph Dalton Hooker described O. caespitosa in 1853. Plants of this species of New Zealand foxglove are perennial herbs that are mostly glabrous (hairless), with trilobed or irregularly notched leaves that are tightly packed along a creeping stem. It is listed as Not Threatened.

<i>Ourisia sessilifolia</i> Species of flowering plants

Ourisia sessilifolia is a species of flowering plant in the family Plantaginaceae that is endemic to high-elevation habitats in the South Island and Stewart Island of New Zealand. Joseph Dalton Hooker described O. sessilifolia in 1864. Plants of this species of New Zealand mountain foxglove are perennial, small-leaved, rosette herbs that are covered in a mixture of short glandular hairs and long non-glandular hairs. They have hairy, crenate, ovate leaves that are in a basal rosette. The flowers are in pairs or whorls in each node, with a and regular calyx and a white regular corolla. The corolla tube is purple inside, with one or three lines of white hairs inside, and purple outside. It is listed as Not Threatened.

<i>Ourisia sessilifolia <span style="font-style:normal;">subsp.</span> sessilifolia</i> Subspecies of flowering plants

Ourisia sessilifolia subsp. sessilifolia is a subspecies of flowering plant in the family Plantaginaceae that is endemic to high-elevation habitats in the South Island and Stewart Island of New Zealand. Joseph Dalton Hooker described O. sessilifolia in 1864. Plants of this subspecies of New Zealand mountain foxglove are perennial, small-leaved, rosette herbs that are covered in a mixture of short glandular hairs and long non-glandular hairs. They have hairy, crenate, ovate leaves that are in a basal rosette. The flowers are in pairs or whorls in each node, with a and regular calyx and a white regular corolla. The corolla tube is purple inside, with three lines of white hairs inside, and purple outside. It is listed as Not Threatened.

<i>Ourisia sessilifolia <span style="font-style:normal;">subsp.</span> splendida</i> Subspecies of flowering plants

Ourisia sessilifolia subsp. splendida is a subspecies of flowering plant in the family Plantaginaceae that is endemic to high-elevation habitats in the South Island and Stewart Island of New Zealand. Joseph Dalton Hooker described O. sessilifolia in 1864. Plants of this subspecies of New Zealand mountain foxglove are perennial, small-leaved, rosette herbs that are covered in a mixture of short glandular hairs and long non-glandular hairs. They have hairy, crenate, ovate leaves that are in a basal rosette. The flowers are in pairs or whorls in each node, with a and regular calyx and a white regular corolla. The corolla tube is purple inside, with one line of white hairs inside, and purple outside. It is listed as Not Threatened.

<i>Ourisia calycina</i> Species of flowering plants

Ourisia calycina is a species of flowering plant in the family Plantaginaceae that is endemic to the South Island of New Zealand and was described by William Colenso in 1889. Plants of this species are showy, perennial, large-leaved, tufted, rhizomatous herbs that are mostly glabrous (hairless) or with some non-glandular hairs. They have broadly ovate leaves. The flowers are in whorls in each node, with a regular calyx, a large, white irregular corolla, and fruits up to 1 cm long. The corolla tube is yellow with three lines of yellow hairs inside. It is listed as Not Threatened.

<i>Ourisia macrocarpa</i> Species of flowering plants

Ourisia macrocarpa or snowy mountain foxglove is a species of flowering plant in the family Plantaginaceae that is endemic to the South Island of New Zealand. Joseph Dalton Hooker described O. macrocarpa in 1853. Plants of this species of New Zealand foxglove are showy, perennial, large-leaved, tufted, rhizomatous herbs that are mostly glabrous (hairless) or with some non-glandular hairs. They have broadly ovate leaves. The flowers are in whorls in each node, with an irregular calyx, a large, white irregular corolla, and fruits up to 1 cm long. The corolla tube is yellow with three lines of yellow hairs inside. It is listed as Not Threatened.

<i>Ourisia crosbyi</i> Species of flowering plants

Ourisia crosbyi is a species of flowering plant in the family Plantaginaceae that is endemic to the South Island of New Zealand. Leonard Cockayne described O. crosbyi in 1915. Plants of this species of New Zealand foxglove are showy, perennial, large-leaved, tufted, rhizomatous herbs that are hairy with non-glandular hairs. They have serrate, ovate, hairy leaves. The flowers are in whorls in each node, with a regular calyx, and a large, white irregular corolla. The corolla tube is yellow with three lines of yellow hairs inside. It is found in montane forests and is listed as Not Threatened.

<i>Ourisia integrifolia</i> Species of flowering plants

Ourisia integrifolia or mountain whitebell is a species of flowering plant in the family Plantaginaceae that is endemic to Tasmania, Australia. Robert Brown described O. integrifolia in 1810. Plants of this species of Australian foxglove are showy, perennial, rhizomatous herbs that are mostly glabrous but can have some non-glandular hairs. They have crenate or notched, ovate to broadly ovate leaves. The flowers are usually single or in pairs in each node in the inflorescence, with a regular calyx, and a white sub-regular corolla. The corolla tube is yellow with and glabrous inside.

References

  1. 1 2 Lange, Peter J. de; Rolfe, Jeremy R.; Barkla, John W.; Courtney, Shannel P.; Champion, Paul D.; Perrie, Leon R.; Beadel, Sarah M.; Ford, Kerry A.; Breitwieser, Ilse; Schönberger, Ines; Hindmarsh-Walls, Rowan (1 May 2018). "Conservation status of New Zealand indigenous vascular plants, 2017" (PDF). New Zealand Threat Classification Series. 22: 46. OCLC   1041649797.
  2. 1 2 3 Hooker, J.D. (1844). "The botany of the Antarctic voyage of H.M. discovery ships Erebus and Terror in the Years 1839-1843 :under the command of Captain Sir James Clark Ross". p. 64. Tab. XLII
  3. 1 2 "Plantago aucklandica Hook.f." Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 18 January 2020.
  4. 1 2 3 4 "Plantago aucklandica". New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. Retrieved 18 January 2020.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Meudt, HM (2012). "A taxonomic revision of native New Zealand Plantago (Plantaginaceae)". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 50 (2): 101–178. doi:10.1080/0028825X.2012.671179. ISSN   0028-825X. S2CID   84968326. pdf
  6. ↑ "Lectotype and isolectotype of Plantago aucklandica Hook.f. on JSTOR". plants.jstor.org. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
  7. ↑ Rahn, Knud (1 February 1996). "A phylogenetic study of the Plantaginaceae". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 120 (2): 145–198. doi: 10.1111/J.1095-8339.1996.TB00484.X .
  8. ↑ Pilger, R (1937). Engler, A (ed.). "Plantaginaceae". Das Pflanzenreich. Leipzig: Wilhelm Engelmann: 1–466.
  9. ↑ Webb, C.J.; Simpson, M.J.A. (2001). Seeds of New Zealand gymnosperms and dicotyledons. Christchurch: The Caxton Press.
  10. 1 2 "Plantago aucklandica is a megaherb!". Te Papa’s Blog. 10 December 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
  11. ↑ Walker, Kath; Elliott, Graeme; Rexer-Huber, Kalinka; Parker, Graham; Sagar, Paul; McClelland, Peter J. (1 January 2020). "Shipwrecks and mollymawks: an account of Disappointment Island birds". Notornis. 67 (1): 213–245.
  12. 1 2 Tay, Mei Lin; Meudt, Heidi; Garnock-Jones, Philip John; Ritchie, Peter (1 January 2010). "DNA sequences from three genomes reveal multiple long-distance dispersals and non-monophyly of sections in Australasian Plantago (Plantaginaceae)". Australian Systematic Botany. 23 (1): 47. doi: 10.1071/SB09040 .
  13. 1 2 Meudt, Heidi (1 February 2011). "Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Data Reveal a History of Auto- and Allopolyploidy in New Zealand Endemic Species of Plantago (Plantaginaceae): New Perspectives on a Taxonomically Challenging Group". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 172 (2): 220–237. doi:10.1086/657657.
  14. ↑ Hassemer, Gustavo; Bruun-Lund, Sam; Shipunov, Aleksey Borisovich; Briggs, Barbara G.; Meudt, Heidi; Rønsted, Nina (18 May 2019). "The application of high-throughput sequencing for taxonomy: The case of Plantago subg. Plantago (Plantaginaceae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 138: 156–173. doi: 10.1016/J.YMPEV.2019.05.013 . PMID   31112781.
  15. ↑ Ahlstrand, Natalie Iwanycki; Verstraete, Brecht; Hassemer, Gustavo; Dunbar-Co, S.; Hoggard, R.; Meudt, Heidi; Rønsted, Nina (15 March 2019). "Ancestral range reconstruction of remote oceanic island species of Plantago (Plantaginaceae) reveals differing scales and modes of dispersal". Journal of Biogeography. 46 (4): 706–722. doi:10.1111/JBI.13525. PMC   6559316 . PMID   31217659.
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