Plantago lanigera

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Plantago lanigera
Plantago lanigera 64267214.jpeg
Plantago lanigera from the Old Man Range, Otago, New Zealand
Status NZTCS NT.svg
Not Threatened (NZ TCS)
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Plantaginaceae
Genus: Plantago
Species:
P. lanigera
Binomial name
Plantago lanigera
Synonyms

Plantago lanigera var. petrieiCheeseman [2]

Plantago lanigera is a species of flowering plant in the family Plantaginaceae that is endemic to New Zealand. Joseph Dalton Hooker described P. lanigera in 1864. Plants of this species of plantain are perennial with a rosette habit, leaves widest above the middle, few small angular to rounded seeds per capsule, glabrous bracts and sepals, and punctate leaves. It is listed as Not Threatened.

Contents

Taxonomy

Plantago lanigera Hook.f. is in the plant family Plantaginaceae. [3] Joseph Dalton Hooker described P. lanigera in his Handbook of the New Zealand Flora in 1864. [1] [4] [5]

The lectotype was collected by James Hector and John Buchanan from Otago, South Island, New Zealand and designated by Heidi Meudt. [5] The lectotype is located at the herbarium at Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew (K), [6] [5] and there are possible isolectotypes at Kew and also at the herbarium of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa (WELT). [5]

Plantago lanigera is morphologically most similar to P. novae-zelandiae and P. unibracteata. [7] [5]

Compared to P. unibracteata and P. triandra, P. lanigera and P. novae-zelandiae (and other mainland New Zealand species) have leaves that are widest at or above the middle, and usually longer scapes, more flowers per spike, and fewer seeds per capsule. [5] However, for plants lacking flowers or fruit, and with leaves that are widest near the middle, it can be difficult to determine whether a specimen is P. lanigera or P. unibracteata. In addition, the number, size and shape of the seeds of these two species can be very similar. [5] [8]

Plantago lanigera can be distinguished from P. novae-zelandiae by ovule and seed characters, especially a higher number of ovules (8–13 vs. 4), more seeds (4–13 vs. 1–4) that are smaller (0.6–1.5 mm long vs. 1.3–2.1) as well as angular or rounded and of various shapes (vs. rounded and ellipsoid). [5]

Description

Plantago lanigera plants are small rosettes with a primary root up to 9 mm thick, with up to 21 usually narrowly angular-ovate or angular-ovate leaves, and with visible, short (<15 mm long), rust-coloured leaf axillary hairs in the basal rosette. The leaves have 1–3 veins, are 12–64 mm long (including petiole) and up to 16 mm wide, usually punctate, usually sparsely to densely hairy on the upper surface, usually glabrous on the lower surface. The leaf has an acute or obtuse apex, and its edges are smooth or wavy or with up to 10 minute teeth. The petiole is usually distinguishable from the leaf lamina, and up to 28 mm long. Each rosette plant has up to 13 erect inflorescences which can be up to 116 mm long. The scapes are smooth and sparsely to densely hairy. The spikes are globose or ovoid with 1–9 densely crowded flowers. Each flower has 1 small bract that is broadly ovate to very broadly ovate and usually glabrous. The calyx is 2.0–3.4 mm long, 1.4–3.0 mm wide, glabrous. The corolla tube is 1.7–2.6 mm long, corolla lobes 1.1–2.3 mm long, stamen filaments 1.9–6.7 mm long, anthers 0.7–1.4 mm long, and style 2.6–6.8 mm long and densely hairy. The ovary is 0.6–1.7 mm long, with up to 13 ovules. The fruit is a dry, dehiscent capsule with circumsessile dehiscence, broadly ellipsoid, globose or ovoid, widest at or below middle, 1.8–4.2 mm long and 1.4–3.0 mm wide. Each capsule has 4–13 uniform rust or brown seeds 0.6–1.5 mm long, ellipsoid, rhomboid or angular-ovoid. [5]

Plantago lanigera flowers from October to February and fruits from November to April. [5]

The chromosome number of Plantago lanigera is 2n=12 [9] [10] or 2n=24 [9] (the latter includes nine individuals listed as 'P. novae-zelandiae diploid' and 'P. novae-zelandiae tetraploid' [5] ).

Distribution and habitat

Plantago lanigera is a plantain that is endemic to the North, South and Stewart Islands of New Zealand.

In the North Island it is found in Taranaki and Southern North Island regions, whereas on the South Island it is found in Western Nelson, Westland, Canterbury, Otago, Fiordland and Southland regions. [5]

It grows in herbfields, grasslands and shrublands, in bogs, on the edges of streams and tarns, on rocks or ridges, in damp or wet areas, from 580 to 1820 m above sea level. [5]

Phylogeny

in phylogenetic analyses of Australasian species of Plantago using standard DNA sequencing markers (nuclear ribosomal DNA, chloroplast DNA, and mitochondrial DNA regions) [11] and amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs), [12] Plantago lanigera was monophyletic and strongly supported as being closely related to the mainland New Zealand species P. obconica and P. novae-zelandiae as well as the subantarctic species P. aucklandica. [11] [12]

Similarly, the two sampled individuals of P. lanigera were closely related to the sole individuals of P. novae-zelandiae and P. aucklandica in another phylogenetic study focusing on Plantago species throughout the world using whole chloroplast genomes. [13] Individuals of P. lanigera showed high intraspecific variation in another study using only nuclear ribosomal DNA (internal transcribed spacer region). [14] Finally, the species was not included in another phylogenetic studies focusing on oceanic island Plantago species using standard DNA sequencing markers. [15]

Conservation status

Plantago lanigera is listed as Not Threatened in the most recent assessment (2017–2018) of the New Zealand Threatened Classification for plants. [16]

Related Research Articles

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<i>Plantago aucklandica</i> Species of flowering plant in the plantain family Plantaginaceae

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<i>Plantago triantha</i> Species of flowering plant in the plantain family Plantaginaceae

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<i>Myosotis bryonoma</i> Species of flowering plant

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<i>Myosotis pulvinaris</i> Species of flowering plant

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<i>Myosotis uniflora</i> Species of flowering plant

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<i>Myosotis lyallii</i> Species of flowering plant

Myosotis lyallii is a species of flowering plant in the family Boraginaceae, endemic to New Zealand. Joseph Dalton Hooker described the species in 1853. Plants of this species of forget-me-not are perennial with a prostrate habit, bracteate or partially-bracteate inflorescences, and white corollas.

<i>Myosotis lyallii <span style="font-style:normal;">subsp.</span> elderi</i>

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Myosotis lyalliisubsp. lyallii is a subspecies of flowering plant in the family Boraginaceae, endemic to the South Island of New Zealand. Joseph Dalton Hooker described M. lyallii in 1853. Plants of this subspecies of forget-me-not are perennial with a prostrate habit, bracteate or partially-bracteate inflorescences, and white corollas, usually with exserted anthers.

<i>Myosotis pansa <span style="font-style:normal;">subsp.</span> praeceps</i> Subspecies of flowering plant

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<i>Myosotis petiolata</i> Species of flowering plant

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<i>Plantago obconica</i> Species of flowering plant in the plantain family Plantaginaceae

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<i>Plantago triandra</i> Species of flowering plant in the plantain family Plantaginaceae

Plantago triandra is a species of flowering plant in the family Plantaginaceae that is endemic to New Zealand. Sven Berggren described the species in 1877. Plants of this species of plantain are perennial with a rosette habit, with angular-ovate leaves, tiny calyces, numerous seeds, and often sessile flowers and fruiting capsules. The species is considered to be not threatened.

<i>Plantago unibracteata</i> Species of flowering plant in the plantain family Plantaginaceae

Plantago unibracteata is a species of flowering plant in the family Plantaginaceae that is endemic to New Zealand. Knud Rahn gave the species its current name in 1996, based on Joseph Dalton Hooker's original description in 1854. Plants of this species of plantain are perennial with a rosette habit, with narrowly angular-ovate leaves with few teeth, and numerous angular or rounded seeds.

<i>Plantago novae-zelandiae</i> Species of flowering plant in the plantain family Plantaginaceae

Plantago novae-zelandiae is a species of flowering plant in the family Plantaginaceae that is endemic to New Zealand. Lucy Moore described P. novae-zelandiae in 1961. Plants of this species of plantain are perennial with a rosette habit, leaves widest above the middle, up to 4 ellipsoid seeds per capsule, glabrous bracts and sepals, and punctate leaves. It is listed as Not Threatened.

<i>Plantago spathulata</i> Species of flowering plants

Plantago spathulata is a species of flowering plant in the family Plantaginaceae that is endemic to New Zealand. Joseph Dalton Hooker described P. spathulata in 1853. Plants of this species of plantain are perennial with a rosette habit, leaves widest above the middle, up to 4 ellipsoid seeds per capsule, bracts with hairs along the edges, and midribs of bracts and sepals hairy. It is listed as Not Threatened.

Plantago picta is a species of flowering plant in the family Plantaginaceae that is endemic to New Zealand. William Colenso described P. picta in 1890. Plants of this species of plantain are perennial with a rosette habit, leaves widest above the middle, up to 5 ellipsoid seeds per capsule, and bracts with hairs along the edges but otherwise glabrous. Its conservation status is At Risk – Naturally Uncommon.

<i>Plantago raoulii</i> Species of flowering plant in the plantain family Plantaginaceae

Plantago raoulii is a species of flowering plant in the family Plantaginaceae that is endemic to New Zealand. Joseph Decaisne described P. raoulii in 1852. Plants of this species of plantain are perennial with a rosette habit, leaves widest above the middle, usually 5 seeds in a specific arrangement in each capsule, and bracts with mostly glabrous edges. It is listed as Not Threatened.

<i>Plantago udicola</i> Species of flowering plant in the plantain family Plantaginaceae

Plantago udicola is a species of flowering plant in the family Plantaginaceae that is endemic to New Zealand. Heidi Meudt and Philip Garnock-Jones described P. udicola in 2012. Plants of this species of plantain are perennial with a rosette habit, leaves widest above the middle, seeds uniform, ellipsoid and 1–4 per capsule, edges of bracts sparsely hairy, edges of sepals with isolated hairs at the apex only, and a chromosome number of 2n = 96 (dodecaploid). It is listed as Not Threatened.

References

  1. 1 2 Hooker, Joseph Dalton; Hooker, Joseph Dalton (1867). Handbook of the New Zealand flora : a systematic description of the native plants of New Zealand and the Chatham, Kermadec's, Lord Auckland's, and Macquarrie's islands. London: Reeve & Co.
  2. ↑ Cheeseman, T. F.; Cheeseman, T. F. (1906). Manual of the New Zealand flora. Wellington, N. Z: J. Mackay, Govt. Printer.
  3. ↑ "Plantago lanigera". New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
  4. ↑ "Handbook of the New Zealand Flora". www.wikidata.org. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Meudt, Heidi (2012). "A taxonomic revision of native New Zealand Plantago (Plantaginaceae)". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 50 (2): 101–178. Bibcode:2012NZJB...50..101M. doi:10.1080/0028825X.2012.671179.
  6. ↑ "Lectotype of Plantago lanigera Hook.f. on JSTOR". plants.jstor.org. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
  7. ↑ Spence, John R.; Sykes, W. R. (1 October 1989). "Are Plantago novae-zelandiae L Moore and P. lanigera Hook. f. (Plantaginaceae) different?". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 27 (4): 499–502. Bibcode:1989NZJB...27..499S. doi:10.1080/0028825X.1989.10414134.
  8. ↑ Sykes, W.R. (1988). "Plantaginaceae". In Webb, C.J.; Sykes, W.R.; Garnock-Jones, P.J. (eds.). Flora of New Zealand. Vol. 4. Christchurch: Botany Division, D.S.I.R. pp. 942–955.
  9. 1 2 Groves, B. E.; Hair, J. B. (1971). "Contributions to a Chromosome Atlas of the New Zealand Flora—15 Miscellaneous Families". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 9 (4): 569–575. Bibcode:1971NZJB....9..569G. doi:10.1080/0028825X.1971.10430222.
  10. ↑ Murray, B. G.; Meudt, Heidi; Tay, Mei Lin; Garnock-Jones, Philip John (2010). "New chromosome counts in New Zealand species of Plantago (Plantaginaceae)". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 48 (3–4): 197–204. Bibcode:2010NZJB...48..197M. doi:10.1080/0028825X.2010.515598.
  11. 1 2 Tay, Mei Lin; Meudt, Heidi; Garnock-Jones, Philip John; Ritchie, Peter (1 January 2010). "DNA sequences from three genomes reveal multiple long-distance dispersals and non-monophyly of sections in Australasian Plantago (Plantaginaceae)". Australian Systematic Botany. 23 (1): 47. doi: 10.1071/SB09040 .
  12. 1 2 Meudt, Heidi (1 February 2011). "Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Data Reveal a History of Auto- and Allopolyploidy in New Zealand Endemic Species of Plantago (Plantaginaceae): New Perspectives on a Taxonomically Challenging Group". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 172 (2): 220–237. doi:10.1086/657657.
  13. ↑ Hassemer, Gustavo; Bruun-Lund, Sam; Shipunov, Aleksey Borisovich; Briggs, Barbara G.; Meudt, Heidi; Rønsted, Nina (18 May 2019). "The application of high-throughput sequencing for taxonomy: The case of Plantago subg. Plantago (Plantaginaceae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 138: 156–173. doi: 10.1016/J.YMPEV.2019.05.013 . PMID   31112781.
  14. ↑ Tay, Mei Lin; Meudt, Heidi; Garnock-Jones, Philip John; Ritchie, Peter (2010). "Testing species limits of New Zealand Plantago (Plantaginaceae) using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) DNA sequences". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 48 (3–4): 205–224. Bibcode:2010NZJB...48..205T. doi:10.1080/0028825X.2010.518318.
  15. ↑ Ahlstrand, Natalie Iwanycki; Verstraete, Brecht; Hassemer, Gustavo; Dunbar-Co, S.; Hoggard, R.; Meudt, Heidi; Rønsted, Nina (15 March 2019). "Ancestral range reconstruction of remote oceanic island species of Plantago (Plantaginaceae) reveals differing scales and modes of dispersal". Journal of Biogeography. 46 (4): 706–722. Bibcode:2019JBiog..46..706I. doi:10.1111/JBI.13525. PMC   6559316 . PMID   31217659.
  16. ↑ Lange, Peter J. de; Rolfe, Jeremy R.; Barkla, John W.; Courtney, Shannel P.; Champion, Paul D.; Perrie, Leon R.; Beadel, Sarah M.; Ford, Kerry A.; Breitwieser, Ilse; Schönberger, Ines; Hindmarsh-Walls, Rowan (May 2018). "Conservation status of New Zealand indigenous vascular plants, 2017" (PDF). New Zealand Threat Classification Series. 22: 1–86. OCLC   1041649797.
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