Polygonatum biflorum

Last updated

Smooth Solomon's-seal
Polygonatum biflorum Arkansas.jpg
Status TNC G5.svg
Secure  (NatureServe)
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Asparagaceae
Subfamily: Nolinoideae
Genus: Polygonatum
Species:
P. biflorum
Binomial name
Polygonatum biflorum
Synonyms [1]
  • Convallaria angustifolia(Pursh) Poir.
  • Convallaria bifloraWalter
  • Convallaria canaliculataWilld.
  • Convallaria commutataSchult. & Schult.f.
  • Polygonatum angustifoliumPursh
  • Polygonatum canaliculatum(Willd.) Pursh
  • Polygonatum cobrense(Wooton & Standl.) R.R.Gates
  • Polygonatum commutatum(Schult. & Schult.f.) A.Dietr.
  • Polygonatum ellipticumFarw.
  • Polygonatum giganteumA.Dietr.
  • Polygonatum hebetifolium(R.R.Gates) Bush
  • Polygonatum latifoliumPursh nom. illeg.
  • Polygonatum melleumFarw.
  • Polygonatum ovatum(Farw.) Bush
  • Polygonatum parviflorumA.Dietr.
  • Polygonatum virginicumGreene
  • Salomonia biflora(Walter) Britton
  • Salomonia cobrensisWooton & Standl.
  • Salomonia commutata(Schult. & Schult.f.) Britton
  • Salomonia commutatum(Schult. f.) Farw.
  • Sigillaria angustifolia(Pursh) Raf.
  • Sigillaria biflora(Walter) Raf.
  • Sigillaria canaliculata(Willd.) Raf.
  • Sigillaria ellipticaRaf.

Polygonatum biflorum (smooth Solomon's-seal, great Solomon's-seal, Solomon's seal) is an herbaceous flowering plant native to eastern and central North America. [2] The plant is said to possess scars on the rhizome that resemble the ancient Hebrew seal of King Solomon. [3] It is often confused with Solomon's plume, which has upright flowers.

Contents

Description

Solomon's seal has arching, unbranched leaf stalks that are usually 90 centimetres (3.0 ft) long, but can reach up to 1.8 metres (5.9 ft) long. [4] Leaves are simple and alternate with prominent, parallel veins. Between March and June, clusters of small white-green flowers droop from the stalks and later produce small blue berries. If dug up, the scars resembling Solomon's Seal may be visible on the nodes between sections of rhizomes. It is found in rich or rocky woods and along streambanks. It prefers shade to partial shade and medium to wet soil with high humus content, but can do well in a variety of conditions. [5]

Taxonomy

The species name biflorum is the neuter form of Latin biflorus , meaning "having two flowers". Despite the name, the flower clusters often have more than two flowers. [2]

P. biflorum is now regarded as including a number of other species and varieties, e.g. P. biflorum var. commutatum or P. commutatum.

Uses

Historically, the Native Americans consumed the starch-rich rhizomes of smooth Solomon's-seal as a "potato-like food" used to make breads and soups. The young shoots are also edible, raw or boiled for an asparagus-like food. [5] Smooth Solomon's-seal was also used in herbal medicine. For example, the rhizome was used in making a tonic for gout and rheumatism. [6] Smooth Solomon's-seal has had nearly a dozen uses in herbal medicine including as an anti-inflammatory, sedative, and tonic. [7] Smooth Solomon's-seal is not used in large-scale agriculture.

References

  1. ↑ "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species" . Retrieved 17 May 2015.
  2. 1 2 Utech, Frederick H. (2002). "Polygonatum biflorum". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 26. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  3. ↑ Niering, William A.; Olmstead, Nancy C. (1985) [1979]. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers, Eastern Region. Knopf. p. 605. ISBN   0-394-50432-1.
  4. ↑ Denison, Edgar (2017). Missouri Wildflowers (Sixth ed.). Conservation Commission of the State of Missouri. p. 26. ISBN   978-1-887247-59-7.
  5. 1 2 "Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center - The University of Texas at Austin". www.wildflower.org.
  6. ↑ Bausor, S. C. (1937). "Medicinal Plants of Our Local Flora". Torreya. 373 (3): 45. JSTOR   40597114.
  7. ↑ Duke, J. A. (2002). Handbook of medicinal herbs (2nd ed., pp. 25-26). Boca Raton: CRC Press.
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