Presidential parliamentary republic

World's states colored by systems of government :

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Parliamentary systems: Head of government is elected or nominated by and accountable to the legislature.

   Constitutional monarchy with a ceremonial monarch

   Parliamentary republic with a ceremonial president

   Parliamentary republic with an executive president

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Presidential system: Head of government (president) is popularly elected and independent of the legislature.

  Presidential republic

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Hybrid systems:

   Semi-presidential republic: Executive president is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature.

   Assembly-independent republic: Head of government (president or directory) is elected by the legislature, but is not accountable to it.

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Other systems:

   Theocratic republic: Supreme Leader is both head of state and faith and holds significant executive and legislative power

   Semi-constitutional monarchy: Monarch holds significant executive or legislative power.

   Absolute monarchy: Monarch has unlimited power.

   One-party state: Power is constitutionally linked to a single political party.

   Military junta: Committee of military leaders controls the government; constitutional provisions are suspended.

   Governments with no constitutional basis: No constitutionally defined basis to current regime, i.e., provisional governments or Islamic theocracies.

  Dependent territories or places without governments

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Note: this chart represents the de jure systems of government, not the de facto degree of democracy.

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A parliamentary republic with an executive president or presidential parliamentary republic^{[ citation needed ]}, is a form of parliamentary democracy in which the executive derives its democratic legitimacy from its ability to command the confidence of the legislature to which it is held accountable, but is characterized by a combined head of state–head of government in the form of an executive president who carries out both functions. This is in contrast to conventional parliamentary systems (be it in a monarchy or a republic) where the executive is separate from the head of state, and a presidential system where the executive is separate from the legislature. The president is typically elected by the legislature and must maintain its confidence to remain in office, for which purpose they may be required to hold a seat.

This method of presidential election is distinct from an assembly-independent republic, in which either the combined head of state and government (as in the Federated States of Micronesia) or the directorial executive (as in Switzerland) are elected by the legislature but are not accountable to it. It is also distinct from the semi-presidential system (in particular, the 'president-parliamentary' variant), in which the president as head of state is independent of the legislature, while the head of government is subject to parliamentary confidence.

National level

Jurisdiction	Title	Election	Removal	Term limits	Position in cabinet	Power to shape cabinet	Promulgation of laws	Granting pardons	Emergency / War	Other provisions
Botswana	President	The president is elected by parliament and holds a parliamentary seat (ex-officio)	If a vote of no confidence is successful and they do not resign, it triggers the dissolution of the legislature and new elections are called (section 92 of the Constitution).	2 Terms (10 years in total)	Y Yes	Y Yes	Y Yes	Y Yes	Y Yes
Guyana	President	The president and the legislature are elected directly by the people via double simultaneous vote	The president is constitutionally obligated to dissolve parliament after a successful no-confidence motion against the government ((article 106(6)) and new elections are called within 3 months (article 61)). [1]	2 Terms (10 years in total)	Y Yes	Y Yes	Y Yes	Y Yes	Y Yes
Kiribati	President	The president is elected by plurality voting after candidates for the presidency are nominated by the newly elected legislature	If a vote of no confidence against the president is successful, they are removed from office and the legislature stands dissolved (triggering a new election for it) in the interim a body known as the "Council of State" (comprising the chief justice, the president of the public service commission and speaker of the legislature) fulfills the functions of the presidency. [2]	3 Terms (12 years in total)	N No	Y Yes	Y Yes		Y Yes
Marshall Islands	President [3]	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?
Nauru	President [4]	The president is elected by parliament	?	?	?	?	?	?	?
South Africa	President [5]	The president is elected by the National Assembly, the lower house of Parliament, from among its members.	The president may be removed either by a motion of no-confidence or an impeachment trial.	2 terms (10 years in total)	?	?	Y Yes	Y Yes	Y Yes (see section 37 of constitution)	The president is required to be a member of the National Assembly at the time of the election. Upon election, the president immediately resigns their seat for the duration of the presidential term.
Suriname	President	The President is elected by the National Assembly by a two-thirds majority vote. (Chapter XI, Art. 83)	According to constitution of Suriname the parliament is the highest college of state and the government is accountable it (Constitution Chapter XIII, Art. 117, paragraph 2). The parliament can also remove the president by majority vote (article 74a, 82 of the constitution). [6] [7]	?	?	?	?	?	?

Former

Jurisdiction	Title	Election	Removal	Term limits	Position in cabinet	Power to shape cabinet	Promulgation of laws	Granting pardons	Emergency / War	Other provisions
Indonesia	President [8]	The president was elected by the People's Consultative Assembly by plurality. (Article 6(2))	The process of removal was not defined. The president would be replaced by the vice president if there was any vacancy (e.g. died, resigned, or incapable to do their duties). (Article 8)	No term limit was defined. (Article 7)	Y Yes	Y Yes	Y Yes	Y Yes	Y Yes

The 2001 amendments to the Constitution of Indonesia, which had occurred just few months after the ousting of then president Abdurrahman Wahid, replaced this de facto parliamentary system with a purely presidential one. ^[9] This should not be confused with the parliamentary system of Liberal Democracy period (with prime minister as the head of government), where it was created under the Provisional Constitution of 1950.

Sub-national level

Austria

Austria	Title	Election	Removal	Term limits	Position in cabinet	Power to shape cabinet	Promulgation of laws	Granting pardons	Emergency / War	Other provisions
Burgenland	Landeshauptmann
Carinthia	Landeshauptmann
Lower Austria	Landeshauptmann
Salzburg	Landeshauptmann
Styria	Landeshauptmann
Tyrol	Landeshauptmann
Upper Austria	Landeshauptmann
Vienna	Bürgermeister
Vorarlberg	Landeshauptmann

Germany

Germany	Title	Election	Removal	Term limits	Position in cabinet	Power to shape cabinet	Promulgation of laws	Granting pardons	Emergency / War	Other provisions
Baden-Württemberg [10]	Minister-president	Majority of members of parliament	Constructive vote of no confidence	N No	guideline competence	limited (cabinet appointments subject to parliamentary approval, the state parliament may recall individual cabinet ministers with a two-thirds majority)		Y Yes
Bavaria [11]	Minister-president	Simple majority of members of parliament	None, but if the Minister-president does not resign although they have lost the confidence of parliament, they can be indicted before the state constitutional court	N No	guideline competence	limited (cabinet appointments subject to parliamentary approval)	Y Yes	Y Yes
Berlin [12]	Governing Mayor	Simple majority of members of parliament	Vote of no confidence (if the state parliament does not elect a new Governing Mayor within 21 days, the former officeholder is reinvested automatically)	N No	guideline competence	full		No (whole cabinet)
Brandenburg [13]	Minister-President	Majority of members of parliament (first and second ballot), plurality (third ballot)	Constructive vote of no confidence	N No	guideline competence	full		Y Yes
Bremen [14]	President of the Senate	Simple majority of members of parliament	Constructive vote of no confidence	No	ceremonial precedence	none (the parliament elects and dismisses all cabinet members)		N No (whole cabinet)		may not be a member of the state parliament
Hamburg [15]	First Mayor	Majority of members of parliament	Constructive vote of no confidence	No	guideline competence	limited (cabinet appointments subject to parliamentary approval)		N No (whole cabinet)		may not be a member of the state parliament
Hesse [16]	Minister-president	Majority of members of parliament	Vote of no confidence	N No	guideline competence	limited (dismissal of cabinet members subject to parliamentary approval)		Y Yes		members of noble houses, which have reigned in Germany before 1918, are ineligible for office
Lower Saxony [17]	Minister-president	Majority of members of parliament or plurality, if the state parliament does not elect a minister-president in 21 days and does not dissolve itself thereupon	Constructive vote of no confidence	N No	guideline competence	limited (cabinet appointments subject to parliamentary approval)		Y Yes
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern [18]	Minister-president	Majority of members of parliament or plurality, if the state parliament does not elect a minister-president in 28 days and does not dissolve itself thereupon	Constructive vote of no confidence	N No	guideline competence	full		Y Yes
North Rhine-Westphalia [19]	Minister-President	Majority of members of parliament (first ballot), simple majority (second and third ballot), runoff (fourth ballot)	Constructive vote of no confidence	N No	guideline competence	full		Y Yes		has to be a member of the state parliament
Rhineland-Palatinate [20]	Minister-president	Majority of members of parliament	Vote of no confidence	N No	guideline competence	full		Y Yes
Saarland [21]	Minister-president	Majority of members of parliament	Vote of no confidence	N No	guideline competence	limited (cabinet appointments and dismissals subject to parliamentary approval)		N No (whole cabinet)
Saxony [22]	Minister-president	Majority of members of parliament (first ballot), simple majority (following ballots)	Constructive vote of no confidence	N No	guideline competence	full	Together with president of parliament	Y Yes
Saxony-Anhalt [23]	Minister-president	Majority of members of parliament or simple majority, if the state parliament does not elect a minister-president in 14 days and does not dissolve itself thereupon	Constructive vote of no confidence	N No	guideline competence	full		Y Yes
Schleswig-Holstein [24]	Minister-president	Majority of members of parliament (first and second ballot), plurality (third ballot)	Constructive vote of no confidence	N No	guideline competence	full		Y Yes
Thuringia [25]	Minister-president	Majority of members of parliament (first and second ballot), plurality (third ballot)	Constructive vote of no confidence	N No	guideline competence	full		Y Yes

South Africa

South Africa	Title	Election	Removal	Term limits	Position in cabinet	Power to shape cabinet	Promulgation of laws	Granting pardons	Emergency / War	Other provisions
Eastern Cape	Premier	Majority of members of parliament	Vote of no confidence	Two terms maximum
Free State
Gauteng
KwaZulu-Natal
Limpopo
Mpumalanga
Northern Cape
North West
Western Cape

References

1. Constitution (2012). "CONSTITUTION OF THE CO-OPERATIVE REPUBLIC OF GUYANA ACT" (PDF). Parliament of Guyana.
2. "Kiribati's Constitution of 1979 with Amendments through 1995" (PDF). www.constituteproject.org. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
3. "Marshall Islands 1979 (rev. 1995)". www.constituteproject.org. Retrieved 15 January 2020.
4. "Nauru 1968 (rev. 2015)". www.constituteproject.org. Retrieved 15 January 2020.
5. "South Africa's Constitution of 1996 with Amendments through 2012" (PDF). www.constituteproject.org. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
6. "Grondwet Suriname 1987 (Suriname 1987 Constitution)". www.dna.sr. Retrieved 4 February 2025.
7. "Grondwet van Suriname [Constitution of Suriname]" (PDF).
8. "Undang-Undang Dasar Republik Indonesia 1945" (PDF). mkri.id. Retrieved 17 September 2025.
9. Horowitz, Donald L. (2013). Constitutional Change and Democracy in Indonesia.
10. "Verfassung des Landes Baden-Württemberg vom 11. November 1953 (GBl. S. 173)" (PDF). Lpb-bw.de. Retrieved 12 November 2018.
11. "Bayerische Verfassung" (PDF). Uni-augsburg.de. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 October 2011. Retrieved 12 November 2018.
12. "Verfassung von Berlin Vom 23. November 1995" (PDF). Datenschutz.fu-berlin.de. Retrieved 12 November 2018.
13. "Verfassung des Landes Brandenburg". Bravors.brandenburg.de. Retrieved 12 November 2018.
14. "Landesverfassung der Freien Hansestadt Bremen" (PDF). Bremische-buergerschaft.de. Retrieved 12 November 2018.
15. "Landesrecht - Justiz - Portal Hamburg". Landesrecht-hamburg.de. Retrieved 12 November 2018.
16. "Verfassung des Landes Hessen" (PDF). Starweb.hessen.de. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 October 2017. Retrieved 12 November 2018.
17. "VORIS Artikel 29 Verf ND - Landesnorm Niedersachsen - - Regierungsbildung - Niedersächsische Verfassung vom 19. Mai 1993 - gültig ab: 01.06.1993". Nds-voris.de. Archived from the original on 26 October 2018. Retrieved 12 November 2018.
18. "Verfassung Des Landes Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" (PDF). Landtag-mv.de. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 12 November 2018.
19. "Verfssung der North Rhine-Westphalia" (PDF). Krefeld.de. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 October 2018. Retrieved 12 November 2018.
20. "Verfassung für Rheinland-Pfalz" (PDF). Rlp.de. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 October 2020. Retrieved 12 November 2018.
21. "Verfassung des Saarlandes (SVerf) vom 15. Dezember 1947 zuletzt geändert durch das Gesetz vom 13. Juli 2016 (Amtsbl. I S. 178)" (PDF). Landtag-saar.de. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 October 2018. Retrieved 12 November 2018.
22. "REVOSax Landesrecht Sachsen : Verfassung". Revosax.sachsen.de. Archived from the original on 22 March 2019. Retrieved 12 November 2018.
23. "Landesrecht Sachsen-Anhalt Verf ST - Landesnorm Sachsen-Anhalt - Gesamtausgabe - Verfassung des Landes Sachsen-Anhalt vom 16. Juli 1992 - gültig ab: 18.07.1992". Landesrecht.sachsen-anhalt.de. Retrieved 12 November 2018.
24. "Gesetze-Rechtsprechung Schleswig-Holstein Verf SH 2014 - Landesnorm Schleswig-Holstein - Gesamtausgabe - Verfassung des Landes Schleswig-Holstein in der Fassung vom 2. Dezember 2014 - gültig ab: 11.12.2014". Gesetze-rechtsprechung.sh.juris.de. Retrieved 12 November 2018.
25. "Landesrecht TH Verf TH - Landesnorm Thüringen - Gesamtausgabe - Verfassung des Freistaats Thüringen vom 25. Oktober 1993 - gültig ab: 30.10.1993". Landtag.thueringen.de. Retrieved 12 November 2018.