Printing and writing paper

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Printing and writing papers are paper grades used for newspapers, magazines, catalogs, books, notebooks, commercial printing, business forms, stationeries, copying and digital printing. About 1/3 of the total pulp and paper marked (in 2000) is printing and writing papers. [1] The pulp or fibers used in printing and writing papers are extracted from wood using a chemical or mechanical process.

Contents

Paper standards

The ISO 216:2007 is the current international standard for paper sizes, including writing papers and some types of printing papers. This standard describes the paper sizes under what the ISO calls the A, B, and C series formats. [2]

Not all countries follow ISO 216. North America, for instance, uses certain terms to describe paper sizes, such as Letter, Legal, Junior Legal, and Ledger or Tabloid. [3]

US Paper Sizes
SizeWidth x Height (mm)Width x Height (in)Aspect Ratio
Half Letter140 x 2165.5 x 8.51:1.5455
Letter216 x 2798.5 x 11.01:1.2941
Legal216 x 3568.5 x 14.01:1.6471
Junior Legal127 x 2035.0 x 8.01:1.6000
Ledger/Tabloid279 x 43211.0 x 17.01:1.5455

Most types of printing papers also do not follow ISO standards but have features that conform with leading industry standards. [4] These include, among others, ink adhesion, light sensitivity, waterproofing, compatibility with thermal or PSA overlaminate, and glossy or matte finish. [4]

Additionally, the American National Standards Institute or ANSI also defined a series of paper sizes, with size A being the smallest and E the largest. These paper sizes have aspect ratios 1:1.2941 and 1:1.5455. [3]

ANSI Standard Paper Sizes
ANSI Paper SizeWidth x Height (mm)Width x Height (in)Aspect RatioClosest ISO Size
A216 x 2798.5 x 11.01:1.2941A4
B279 x 43211.0 x 17.01:1.5455A3
C432 x 55917.0 x 22.01:1.2941A2
D559 x 86422.0 x 34.01:1.5455A1
E864 x 111834.0 x 44.01:1.2941A0

Vietnam

Specifications MD/CD Unit Level ALevel B Method
Substance gsm80-12060-80TCVN 1270:2000
Durable ≥mN.m2/gTCVN 3229:2000
MD5.74.1
CD
Tearing
strength ≥		mTCVN 1862:2000
MD38003200
CD22001800
Water
absortiveness
Cobb 60		g/m22323TCVN 6726:2000
Brightness ISO ≥ %7870TCVN 1865:2000
Opacity ≥ %8585TCVN 6728:2000
Roughness
Bendtsen ≥		 ml/
minute 		280400TCVN 3226:2001
Ash content ≥ %33TCVN 1864:2001
Moisture
content		 %7±17±1TCVN 1867:2001

Types

History

The history of paper is often attributed to the Han dynasty (25-220 AD) when Cai Lun, a Chinese court official and inventor, made paper sheets using the “bark of trees, remnants of hemp, rags of cloth, and fishing nets.” [5] Cai Lun's method of papermaking received praise during his time for offering a more convenient alternative to writing on silk or bamboo tablets, which were the traditional materials in ancient Chinese writing. [6]

On the other hand, archeological evidence supports that the ancient Chinese military had used paper over a hundred years before Cai Lun's contribution [6] and that maps from early 2nd century BCE were also made with paper. [5] With this, it appears that what Cai Lun accomplished is not an invention but an improvement in the papermaking process. Today, even with the presence of modern tools and machines for papermaking, most processes still involve the traditional steps that Cai Lun employed, namely the process of soaking felted fiber sheets in water, draining the water, and then drying the fiber into thin sheets. [7]

In 1690, the very first paper mill in America was established by William Rittenhouse. [8] The mill became the largest manufacturer of paper in America for over a hundred years until other paper mills sprang up, including the paper mill by William Bradford which supplied paper to the New York Gazette . [9]

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cai Lun</span> Chinese Han dynasty official, credited with inventing paper

Cai Lun, formerly romanized as Ts'ai Lun, was a Chinese eunuch court official of the Eastern Han dynasty. He is traditionally regarded as the inventor of paper and the modern papermaking process. Although early forms of paper had existed since the 3rd century BCE, he occupies a pivotal place in the history of paper due to his addition of pulp via tree bark and hemp ends which resulted in the large-scale manufacture and worldwide spread of paper.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Papermaking</span> Economic sector

Papermaking is the manufacture of paper and cardboard, which are used widely for printing, writing, and packaging, among many other purposes. Today almost all paper is made using industrial machinery, while handmade paper survives as a specialized craft and a medium for artistic expression.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Paper size</span> Standard sizes of paper

Paper size standards govern the size of sheets of paper used as writing paper, stationery, cards, and for some printed documents.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pulp (paper)</span> Fibrous material used notably in papermaking

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pulp and paper industry</span> Industry involved in the manufacture of paper and paperboard

The pulp and paper industry comprises companies that use wood as raw material and produce pulp, paper, paperboard, and other cellulose-based products.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Paper machine</span> Fourdrinier Paper Manufacturing

A paper machine is an industrial machine which is used in the pulp and paper industry to create paper in large quantities at high speed. Modern paper-making machines are based on the principles of the Fourdrinier Machine, which uses a moving woven mesh to create a continuous paper web by filtering out the fibres held in a paper stock and producing a continuously moving wet mat of fibre. This is dried in the machine to produce a strong paper web.

Sizing or size is a substance that is applied to, or incorporated into, other materials—especially papers and textiles—to act as a protective filler or glaze. Sizing is used in papermaking and textile manufacturing to change the absorption and wear characteristics of those materials.

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Foolscap folio is paper cut to the size of 8+1⁄2 × 13+1⁄2 in (216 × 343 mm) for printing or to 8 × 13 in (203 × 330 mm) for "normal" writing paper (foolscap). This was a traditional paper size used in some parts of Europe, and the British Commonwealth, before the adoption of the international standard A4 paper.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tracing paper</span> Paper made to have low opacity, allowing light to pass through

Tracing paper is paper made to have low opacity, allowing light to pass through. Its origins date back to at least the 1300s where it was used by artists of the Italian Renaissance. In the 1880s, tracing paper was produced en masse, used by architects, design engineers, and artists. Tracing paper was key in creating drawings that could be copied precisely using the diazo copy process. It then found many other uses. The original use for drawing and tracing was largely superseded by technologies that do not require diazo copying or manual copying of drawings.

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Grammage and basis weight, in the pulp and paper industry, are the area density of a paper product, that is, its mass per unit of area. Two ways of expressing grammage are commonly used:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Laid paper</span>

Laid paper is a type of paper having a ribbed texture imparted by the manufacturing process. In the pre-mechanical period of European papermaking, laid paper was the predominant kind of paper produced. Its use, however, diminished in the 19th century, when it was largely supplanted by wove paper. Laid paper is still commonly used by artists as a support for charcoal drawings.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Writing material</span> Material which can be written upon

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Paper</span> Material for writing, printing, etc.

Paper is a thin sheet material produced by mechanically or chemically processing cellulose fibres derived from wood, rags, grasses, or other vegetable sources in water, draining the water through a fine mesh leaving the fibre evenly distributed on the surface, followed by pressing and drying. Although paper was originally made in single sheets by hand, almost all is now made on large machines—some making reels 10 metres wide, running at 2,000 metres per minute and up to 600,000 tonnes a year. It is a versatile material with many uses, including printing, painting, graphics, signage, design, packaging, decorating, writing, and cleaning. It may also be used as filter paper, wallpaper, book endpaper, conservation paper, laminated worktops, toilet tissue, currency, and security paper, or in a number of industrial and construction processes.

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Standard photographic print sizes are used in photographic printing. Cut sheets of paper meant for printing photographs are commonly sold in these sizes.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of paper</span> Historical origin of the papermaking process

Paper is a thin nonwoven material traditionally made from a combination of milled plant and textile fibres. The first paper-like plant-based writing sheet was papyrus in Egypt, but the first true papermaking process was documented in China during the Eastern Han period, traditionally attributed to the court official Cai Lun. This plant-puree conglomerate produced by pulp mills and paper mills was used for writing, drawing, and money. During the 8th century, Chinese paper making spread to the Islamic world, replacing papyrus. By the 11th century, papermaking was brought to Europe, where it replaced animal-skin-based parchment and wood panels. By the 13th century, papermaking was refined with paper mills using waterwheels in Spain. Later improvements to the papermaking process came in 19th century Europe with the invention of wood-based papers.

Hemp paper is paper varieties consisting exclusively or to a large extent from pulp obtained from fibers of industrial hemp. The products are mainly specialty papers such as cigarette paper, banknotes and technical filter papers. Compared to wood pulp, hemp pulp offers a four to five times longer fibre, a significantly lower lignin fraction as well as a higher tear resistance and tensile strength. Because the paper industry's processes have been optimized for wood as the feedstock, production costs currently are much higher than for paper from wood.

References

  1. ↑ Paulapuro, Hannu (2000). "Chapter 1". Paper and Board grades. Papermaking Science and Technology. Vol. 18. Finland: Fapet Oy. pp. 14–51. ISBN   952-5216-18-7.
  2. ↑ "International Paper Sizes & Formats". Paper Sizes: International Paper Sizes and Formats. 2020. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
  3. 1 2 "US Paper Sizes". Paper Sizes: International Paper Sizes & Formats. 2020. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
  4. 1 2 Santos, F. (2020). "Printing Papers: Choose the Right One". Engineer Warehouse Learning Center. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
  5. 1 2 "Origins of Paper". Cabinet. n.d. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
  6. 1 2 "Early papermaking in China". Books Garden. n.d. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
  7. ↑ "Cai Lun Biography". Biography Online. 2017. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
  8. ↑ Aithal, S. (2016). "A Study on History of Paper and Possible Paper Free World". International Journal of Management, IT and Engineering. 6.
  9. ↑ "William Rittenhouse". US History. n.d. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
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