Pristionchus

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Pristionchus
Pristionchus pacificus g001 (1).jpg
Pristionchus pacificus
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Nematoda
Class: Chromadorea
Order: Rhabditida
Family: Diplogastridae
Genus: Pristionchus
Kreis 1932 [1]

Pristionchus is a genus of nematodes (roundworms) in the family Diplogastridae that currently includes more than 50 described species. They are known mainly as non-parasitic associates of insects, especially beetles, while others have been reported from soil, organic matter, or rotting wood. The genus includes P. pacificus , a satellite model organism to the well-studied nematode Caenorhabditis elegans .

Contents

Ecology and mouth dimorphism

In Pristionchus species associated with insects, the nematodes usually live on their hosts in a dormant stage (the dauer larva). After the death of the host insect, the nematodes resume development, feeding and reproducing on the decaying host carcass. [2] Most species of Pristionchus show a polyphenism in their feeding structures, which allows the nematodes to access different food resources in this rapidly changing environment. In one form (the "stenostomatous" form), the mouth is elongated, narrow, and equipped with one small tooth, whereas in the other ("eurystomatous" form) it is short, wide, and with two large teeth. [3] The emergence of a particular form depends on specific environmental conditions and the availability of food. Whereas the stenostomatous form feeds primarily on microorganisms, the eurystomatous form can feed additionally on other nematodes. [4] In the laboratory, Pristionchus species can be cultured on bacteria such as Escherichia coli .

Reproduction

Most known species of Pristionchus have males and females, although several species are androdioecious, consisting of males and self-fertilizing hermaphrodites. Sex determination in Pristionchus species is by an X0 system, whereby males have one sex (X) chromosome and females/hermaphrodites have two.

Species

The following are all Pristionchus species that have been sequenced (most of them are kept in culture and available as frozen strains):

Molecular phylogeny

[8] Pristionchus all species 2021.jpg

References

  1. "Pristionchus Kreis, 1932". GBIF.org . Retrieved 6 September 2014.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Herrmann M, Mayer WE, Sommer RJ (2006). "Nematodes of the genus Pristionchus are closely associated with scarab beetles and the Colorado potato beetle in Western Europe". Zoology. 109 (2): 96–108. doi:10.1016/j.zool.2006.03.001. PMID   16616467.
  3. Fürst von Lieven A, Sudhaus W (2000). "Comparative and functional morphology of the buccal cavity of Diplogastrina (Nematoda) and a first outline of the phylogeny of this taxon". Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research. 38: 37–63. doi: 10.1046/j.1439-0469.2000.381125.x .
  4. Serobyan V, Ragsdale EJ, Sommer RJ (2014). "Adaptive value of a predatory mouth-form in a dimorphic nematode". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B. 281 (1791): 20141334. doi:10.1098/rspb.2014.1334. PMC   4132687 . PMID   25080344.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Herrmann M, Mayer WE, Sommer RJ (2006). "Sex, bugs and Haldane's rule: the nematode genus Pristionchus in the United States". Frontiers in Zoology. 3: 14. doi: 10.1186/1742-9994-3-14 . PMC   1578557 . PMID   16968539.
  6. 1 2 3 Kanzaki N, Ragsdale EJ, Herrmann M, Mayer WE, Sommer RJ (2012). "Description of three Pristionchus species (Nematoda: Diplogastridae) from Japan that form a cryptic species complex with the model organism P. pacificus". Zoological Science. 29 (6): 403–417. doi:10.2108/zsj.29.403. PMID   22639812. S2CID   4502687.
  7. 1 2 3 Kanzaki N, Ragsdale EJ, Herrmann M, Susoy V, Sommer RJ (2013). "Two androdioecious and one dioecious new species of Pristionchus (Nematoda: Diplogastridae): new reference points for the evolution of reproductive mode". Journal of Nematology. 45 (3): 172–194. PMC   3792836 . PMID   24115783.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Kanzaki N, Herrmann M, Weiler C, Röseler W, Theska T, Berger J, Rödelsperger C, Sommer RJ (2021). "nine new Pristionchus species (Nematoda, Diplogastridae)from China". Zootaxa. 4346 (1): 001–066. doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.4943.1.1 . PMID   33757041.
  9. 1 2 3 Susoy V, Herrmann M, Kanzaki N, Kruger M, Nguyen CN, Rödelsperger C, Röseler W, Weiler C, Giblin-Davis RM, Ragsdale EJ, Sommer RJ (2016). "Large-scale diversification without genetic isolation in nematode symbionts of figs". Science Advances. 2 (1): e1501031. Bibcode:2016SciA....2E1031S. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1501031. PMC   4730855 . PMID   26824073. S2CID   6564647.
  10. "New Worm Species Has Five Faces : DNews". DNews. 2016-01-04. Retrieved 2016-01-05.
  11. 1 2 3 4 Kanzaki N, Ragsdale EJ, Herrmann M, Sommer RJ (2014). "Two new and two recharacterized species from a radiation of Pristionchus (Nematoda: Diplogastridae) in Europe". Journal of Nematology. 46 (1): 60–74. PMC   3957573 . PMID   24644372.
  12. Kanzaki N, Ragsdale EJ, Herrmann M, Röseler W, Sommer RJ (2013). "Pristionchus bucculentus n. sp. (Rhabditida: Diplogastridae) Isolated from a Shining Mushroom Beetle (Coleoptera: Scaphidiidae) in Hokkaido, Japan". J. Nematol. 45 (1): 78–86. PMC   3625135 . PMID   23589663.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 Kanzaki N, Herrmann M, Yoshida K, Weiler C, Rödelsperger C, Sommer RJ (2018). "Sampling of Millipedes in Japan and Scarab beetles in Hong Kong result in five new species of Pristionchus (Nematoda: Diplogastridae)". Journal of Nematology. 50 (4): 587–610. doi:10.21307/jofnem-2018-044. PMC   6909306 . PMID   31094161.
  14. 1 2 Kanzaki N, Ragsdale EJ, Herrmann M, Sommer RJ (2012). "Two new species of Pristionchus (Rhabditida: Diplogastridae): P. fissidentatus n. sp. from Nepal and La Réunion Island and P. elegans n. sp. from Japan". Journal of Nematology. 44 (1): 80–91. PMC   3593256 . PMID   23483847.
  15. 1 2 3 Ragsdale EJ, Kanzaki N, Röseler W, Herrmann M, Sommer RJ (2013). "Three new species of Pristionchus (Nematoda: Diplogastridae) show morphological divergence through evolutionary intermediates of a novel feeding-structure polymorphism". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 168 (4): 671–698. doi:10.1111/zoj.12041.
  16. 1 2 Yoshida K, Herrmann M, Kanzaki N, Weiler C, Rödelsperger C, Sommer RJ (2018). "Two New Species of Pristionchus (Nematoda: Diplogastridae) from Taiwan and the Definition of the pacificus Species-Complex Sensu Stricto". Journal of Nematology. 50 (3): 355–368. doi:10.21307/jofnem-2018-019. PMC   6909367 . PMID   30451420.
  17. 1 2 Kanzaki N, Ragsdale EJ, Herrmann M, Röseler W, Sommer RJ (2013). "Two new species of Pristionchus (Nematoda: Diplogastridae) support the biogeographic importance of Japan for the evolution of the genus Pristionchus and the model system P. pacificus". Zoological Science. 30 (8): 680–692. doi: 10.2108/zsj.30.680 . PMID   23915163. S2CID   22055918.
  18. 1 2 Herrmann M, Weiler C, Rödelsperger C, Kanzaki N, Sommer RJ (2016). "Two New Pristionchus Species (Nematoda: Diplogastridae) from Taiwan are Part of a Species-cluster Representing the Closest Known Relatives of the Model Organism P. pacificus". Zoological Studies. 55 (55): e48. doi:10.6620/ZS.2016.55-48. PMC   6511970 . PMID   31966193.
  19. Sommer RJ, Carta LK, Kim SY, Sternberg PW (1996). "Morphological, genetic and molecular description of Pristionchus pacificus n. sp. (Nematoda: Neodiplogastridae)". Fundamental and Applied Nematology. 19: 511–521.
  20. Sommer RJ (2009). "The future of evo-devo: model systems and evolutionary theory". Nature Reviews Genetics. 10 (6): 416–422. doi:10.1038/nrg2567. PMID   19369972. S2CID   4494832.
  21. 1 2 Herrmann M, Kanzaki N, Weiler C, Yoshida K, Rödelsperger C, Sommer RJ (2019). "Two new Species of Pristionchus (Nematoda: Diplogastridae) include the Gonochoristic Sister Species of P. fissidentatus". Journal of Nematology. 51: 1–14. doi:10.21307/jofnem-2019-024. PMC   6930957 . PMID   31088036.
  22. Fedorko A, Stanuszek S (1971). "Pristionchus uniformis sp. n. (Nematoda, Rhabditida, Diplogasteridae), a facultative parasite of Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say and Melolontha melolontha L. in Poland. Morphology and biology". Acta Parasitologica. 19: 95–112.