Promegantereon

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Promegantereon
Temporal range: Middle Miocene–Late Miocene
M. Anton. (2013). Walking with sabertooths (fig. 7).png
Restoration by Mauricio Antón
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Suborder: Feliformia
Family: Felidae
Subfamily: Machairodontinae
Tribe: Smilodontini
Genus: Promegantereon
Kretzoi, 1938
Type species
Promegantereon ogygia
(Kaup, 1832)
Synonyms [1]
  • Felis ogygiaKaup, 1832
  • Felis antediluvianaKaup, 1832
  • Felis Ogygea(Kaup, 1832) sensu Blainville, 1842
  • Felis pardus eppelsheimensisKoppen, 1869
  • Machaerodus ogygius(Kaup, 1832) sensu Cope, 1879
  • Machaerodus ogygia(Kaup, 1832) sensu Weithofer, 1888
  • Pontosmilus ogygius(Kaup, 1832) sensu Kretzoi, 1929
  • Paramachaerodus ogygia(Kaup, 1832) sensu Pilgrim, 1931
  • Paramachairodus ogygius(Kaup, 1832) sensu Haupt, 1935
  • Neofelis (?) antediluviana(Kaup, 1832) sensu Haupt, 1935

Promegantereon is an extinct genus of machairodont from the Miocene of Europe. It is one of the oldest machairodont cat species in the Smilodontini and is believed to be an ancestor of Megantereon and Smilodon . [1]

Contents

History and taxonomy

The species Felis ogygia was first described by Kaup in 1832. In 1938, Kretzoi proposed moving it to the new genus Promegantereon. [2]

Description

Promegantereon is one of the oldest known true saber-toothed cats. Its fossils were discovered in Cerro de los Batallones, a Late Miocene fossil site near Madrid, Spain. However, it was only known from skull fragments from Eppelsheim until the early 1990s when the Cerro de los Battlones fossil beds were discovered. The animal was about 58 centimetres (23 in) high at the shoulder, similar to a leopard in size, but with a more supple body. The shape of its limbs suggests that it may have been an agile, scansorial climber, and could have hunted relatively large prey thanks to its elongate, flattened upper canines. [3] In appearance it was highly similar to the contemporary Paramachairodus , so much so, they were and are often considered to be the same genus. However, due to its more primitive morphology as evidenced by Salesa et al. in 2002 with an in-depth description of its anatomy, Promegantereon ogygia is believed to be its own genus and species and therefore should remain separate from Paramachairodus. [4]

Paleoecology

Promegantereon seemed to prefer open woodland habitat, as evidenced by finds at Cerro de los Batallones, which is a fossil deposit of Vallesian age. As a predator at Batallones, it would have hunted many of the relatively large herbivores of the time as well as the young of much larger animals. Such herbivores that it could hunt would have included horses like Hipparion , young of the hornless rhinoceros Aceratherium and the proboscidean Tetralophodon , the suid Microstonyx , and possibly the calves of silvatherid giraffes and boselaphine antelopes. Promegantereon would have competed for such prey with the amphicyonid Magericyon , fellow machairodonts Machairodus and Paramachairodus , the bear Indarctos , and the small hyenid Protictitherium . While the much larger Indarctos, Machairodus and Magericyon would likely have been strongly competitive with for food and would likely have driven it from its kills when they sensed an opportunity, Paramachairodus and Protictitherium meanwhile, likely were less dangerous rivals that could be driven away or fought off. [4]

Pathology

The specimens of Promegantereon at Batallones indicate that high percentages of canine breaks were present in this species. This indicates that they hunted in a similar manner to modern cats, a method of hunting that was much riskier due to the lack of protruding incisors. [4]

Related Research Articles

<i>Pseudaelurus</i> Extinct genus of carnivores

Pseudaelurus is a prehistoric cat that lived in Europe, Asia and North America in the Miocene between approximately twenty and eight million years ago. It is considered to be a paraphyletic grade ancestral to living felines and pantherines as well as the extinct machairodonts (saber-tooths), and is a successor to Proailurus. It originated from Eurasia and was the first cat to reach North America, when it entered the continent at about 18.5 Ma ending a 'cat-gap' of 7 million years. The slender proportions of the animal, together with its short, viverrid-like legs, suggest that it may have been an agile climber of trees.

<i>Machairodus</i> Extinct genus of carnivores

The Knife Tooth Cat (Machairodus) is a genus of large machairodont or ''saber-toothed cat'' that lived in Africa, Eurasia and North America during the late Miocene. It is the animal from which the subfamily Machairodontinae gets its name and has since become a wastebasket taxon over the years as many genera of sabertooth cat have been and are still occasionally lumped into it.

<i>Smilodon</i> Extinct genus of saber-toothed cat

Smilodon is a genus of felids belonging to the extinct subfamily Machairodontinae. It is one of the best known saber-toothed predators and prehistoric mammals. Although commonly known as the saber-toothed tiger, it was not closely related to the tiger or other modern cats. Smilodon lived in the Americas during the Pleistocene epoch. The genus was named in 1842 based on fossils from Brazil; the generic name means "scalpel" or "two-edged knife" combined with "tooth". Three species are recognized today: S. gracilis, S. fatalis, and S. populator. The two latter species were probably descended from S. gracilis, which itself probably evolved from Megantereon. The hundreds of specimens obtained from the La Brea Tar Pits in Los Angeles constitute the largest collection of Smilodon fossils.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Saber-toothed predator</span> Group of extinct animals

A saber-tooth is any member of various extinct groups of predatory therapsids, predominantly carnivoran mammals, that are characterized by long, curved saber-shaped canine teeth which protruded from the mouth when closed. Saber-toothed mammals have been found almost worldwide from the Eocene epoch to the end of the Pleistocene epoch.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Machairodontinae</span> Extinct subfamily of carnivores

Machairodontinae is an extinct subfamily of carnivoran mammals of the family Felidae. They were found in Asia, Africa, North America, South America, and Europe from the Miocene to the Pleistocene, living from about 16 million until about 10,000 years ago.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Smilodontini</span> Extinct tribe of carnivores

Smilodontini is an extinct tribe within the Machairodontinae or "saber-toothed cat" subfamily of the Felidae. The tribe is also known as the "dirk-toothed cats". They were endemic to South America, North America, Europe, Asia, and Africa during the Miocene to Pleistocene, from 10.3 mya—11,000 years ago, existing for approximately 10.3 million years.

Paramachaerodus is an extinct genus of saber-tooth cat of the subfamily Machairodontinae, which was endemic to Eurasia during the Middle and Late Miocene from 15 to 9 Ma. A 2022 phylogenetic analysis suggested that the genus may be polyphyletic.

<i>Megantereon</i> Extinct genus of saber-toothed cat from North America, Eurasia and Africa

Megantereon is an extinct genus of prehistoric machairodontine saber-toothed cat that lived in North America, Eurasia, and Africa. It is closely related to and possibly the ancestor of Smilodon.

<i>Barbourofelis</i> Extinct genus of carnivores

Barbourofelis is an extinct genus of large, predatory, feliform carnivoran mammals of the family Barbourofelidae. The genus was endemic to North America and Eurasia during the Miocene until its extinction during the Tortonian, living from 13.6 to 4.9 Ma.

<i>Protictitherium</i> Extinct genus of carnivores

Protictitherium is an extinct genus of hyena that lived across Europe and Asia during the Middle and Late Miocene, it is often considered to be the first hyena since it contains some of the oldest fossils of the family. They were especially prolific in Turkey, where every species has been registered.

<i>Nimravides</i> Extinct genus of carnivores

Nimravides is a genus of extinct saber-toothed cats that lived in North America during the Late Miocene, between 10.3 and 5.332 Ma. Despite its scientific name, Nimravides does not belong to the Nimravidae, but is a true cat belonging to the family Felidae.

<i>Agnotherium</i> Extinct genus of carnivores

Agnotherium is a genus of large sized carnivoran mammals, belonging to the Amphicyonidae, which has been found in Western Europe, and possibly China and Northern Africa, and lived during the Late Miocene epoch. Despite only being known from fragmentary remains, the genus notable for hypercarnivorous adaptions, which have been said to represent the "apex" among its family.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cerro de los Batallones</span>

Cerro de los Batallones is a hill at Torrejón de Velasco, Madrid, Spain where a number of fossil sites from the Upper Miocene (MN10) have been found. Nine sites have been discovered with predominantly vertebrate fossils, invertebrates and plants being less represented. The first deposits were discovered accidentally in July 1991.

<i>Amphimachairodus</i> Extinct genus of carnivores

Amphimachairodus is an extinct genus of large machairodonts. It is also a member of the tribe Homotherini within Machairodontinae and is most closely related to such species as Xenosmilus, Homotherium itself, and Nimravides. It inhabited Eurasia, Northern Africa and North America during the late Miocene epoch.

Yoshi is an extinct genus of machairodontine sabertooth cat in the tribe Metailurini. Its fossils were described from Turolian deposits from the Miocene epoch of the Balkan Peninsula in 2014 and specimens from China once thought to belong to Metailurus. The name comes from that of the lead author's pet cat. It has been described as potentially being synonymous with Metailurus, though this is difficult to confirm at present. The type specimen is a skull that bears remarkable similarities with the modern cheetah. Yoshi is intermediate in size between a lynx and cougar, and based on several as-yet unpublished skeletons, may have had a similar lifestyle to the cheetah, being better built for speed and fast pursuit than most other machairodonts, which were more suited to ambush and hunting large, relatively slow moving animals.

<i>Magericyon</i> Extinct genus of carnivores

Magericyon is an extinct genus of Amphicyonid ("bear-dog") that lived during the Miocene 10-9 Ma in what is now Spain.

Styriofelis is an extinct genus of Felidae known from the Miocene of Europe.

<i>Leptofelis</i> Extinct genus of carnivores

Leptofelis is an extinct genus of Pseudaelurus-grade felid found in Spain.

Leontoceryx is an extinct, little-known genus of pantherine felid. It was named in 1938 by Hungarian palaeontologist Miklós Kretzoi based on a partial upper jaw fossil with only three teeth present.

Ammitocyon is a genus of large sized carnivoran mammals, belonging to the Amphicyonidae, that lived during the Late Miocene in what is now Spain. It is notable for its extreme adaptations towards hypercarnivory, its extremely robust skeleton, and was one of the last surviving members of its family.

References

  1. 1 2 Salesa, Manuel J.; Antón, Mauricio; Turner, Alan; Alcalá, Luis; Montoya, Plinio; Morales, Jorge (2010). "Systematic revision of the Late Miocene sabre-toothed felid Paramachaerodus in Spain". Palaeontology. 53 (6): 1369–1391. Bibcode:2010Palgy..53.1369S. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2010.01013.x. S2CID   83268098.
  2. Kretzoi, Miklós (1938). "Die Raubtiere von Gombaszög nebst einer Ubersicht der Gesamtfauna" [The predators of Gombaszög together with an overview of the overall fauna](PDF). Annales historico-naturales Musei nationalis hungarici (in German). 31. Budapest: Hungarian Natural History Museum: 88–157. ISSN   0521-4726.
  3. Turner, Alan (1997). The Big Cats and their fossil relatives. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 60. ISBN   0-231-10228-3.
  4. 1 2 3 Antón, Mauricio (2013). Sabertooth. Bloomington, Indiana: University of Indiana Press. p. 52. ISBN   9780253010421.