Megantereon

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Megantereon
Temporal range: Late Pliocene to Middle Pleistocene, 3.6–0.40  Ma
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Megantereon cultridens skeleton.jpg
M. cultridens skeleton
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Suborder: Feliformia
Family: Felidae
Subfamily:† Machairodontinae
Tribe:† Smilodontini
Genus:† Megantereon
Croizet & Jobert, 1828
Type species
Megantereon cultridens
(Cuvier, 1824)
Other species
  • †M. adroveriPons Moya, 1987
  • †M. ekidoitWerdelin & Lewis, 2000
  • †M. falconeriPomel, 1853
  • †M. hesperusGazin, 1933
  • †M. microtaZhu et al., 2015
  • †M. vakshensisSharapov, 1986
  • †M. whiteiBroom, 1937
  • †M. praecoxPilgrim, 1932
Synonyms [1]

M. cultridens

  • M. megantereonCroizet & Jobert, 1828
  • Felis megantereonBravard, 1828
  • M. macroscelisPomel, 1853

M. falconeri

  • M. nihowanensisTielhard de Chardin & Piveteau, 1930
  • M. inexpectatusTielhard de Chardin, 1939
  • M. lantianensisHu & Qi, 1978

M. whitei

  • M. gracileBroom, 1948
  • M. eurynodonEwer, 1955

Megantereon is an extinct genus of prehistoric machairodontine saber-toothed cat that lived in Eurasia, Africa and possibly North America from the late Pliocene to the Middle Pleistocene. It is a member of the tribe Smilodontini, and closely related to and possibly the ancestor of the famous American sabertooth Smilodon . In comparison to Smilodon it was somewhat smaller, around the size of a jaguar, though it is thought to have had a similar hunting strategy as an ambush predator.

Contents

Taxonomy and evolution

The type species of Meganteron, M. cultridens was described by Georges Cuvier in 1824, originally as Ursus cultridens, based on remains collected from the Valdarno region of Tuscany, Italy. The genus Megantereon was erected four years later by Croizet and Jobert in 1828. [2] The true number of species of Megantereon is controversial, with the number of valid species differing between authors. Historically some authors argued that there was just one species. M. cultridens, but all recent authors agree that there were at least two species, also including the African M. whitei, [3] with some authors arguing for 6 or 7 valid species. [2]

The true number of species may be less than the full list of described species reproduced below: [4]

In 2022, it was proposed, alongside a description of more material, that more Asian species than just M. falconeri: M. nihowanensis, M. inexpectatus (syn. M. lantianensis), and M. megantereon (syn. M. microta) wwre valid. The authors disregarded M. falconeri, however, because of the poor record for that species, and also noted that two specimens – a skull in the Natural History Museum of London and a skull in a museum in Dublin – likely represented a new species (which had been previously noted by other authors). [7] [8]

Remains of Megantereon have been found in eastern and southern Africa, and across Eurasia. [9] [3] The origin of Megantereon is uncertain. [10] Some authors have proposed that the North American M. hesperus is the ancestor of all later Megantereon species, first appearing during the early Pliocene, and dispersing over the Bering Land Bridge around 3.5-3.0 million years ago. [8] Other authors have considered this species, whose holotype specimen is a fragmentary lower jaw, indeterminate remains of Smilodontini, and therefore suggest that Megantereon is only unambiguously known from Afro-Eurasia. [9] Some authors have hypothesised that an early lineage of Megantereon was ancestral to Smilodon, though this has been disputed by others, who considered Smilodon and Megantereon to be sister groups. [10] The oldest confirmed samples of Megantereon are known from Africa from the South Turkwel site in Kenya, dated to about 3–3.5 million years ago, [11] [9] though possible older records are known in Africa dating to 4.4 million years ago. [9] In Europe, the oldest remains are known from Les Etouaries (France), a site which is now dated to 2.78 million years ago, [12] which represent among the oldest records of the genus in Euriasia. [9] Remains from the Siwalik Hills in the northern Indian subcontinent dating to the Early Pleistocene, which are among the largest in the genus, have been attributed to the species M. falconeri. [3]

Megantereon became extinct in East Africa probably no later than around 1.4 million years ago, [13] having become extinct in Africa by 1.3 million years ago. [14] The youngest remains of the genus in Europe date to around 1 million years ago, becoming extinct in the region during the mid-Pleistocene transition possibly to climatic change, which made the region more arid and increased open grassland habitat at the expense of forest. [14] The youngest remains in East Asia (which are the youngest records of the genus globally) date to sometime between 780,000 and 350,000 years ago. [8]

Description

Model Megantereon model.jpg
Model

The skull and jaws are very similar to that of Smilodon , including the presence of very elongate saber canine teeth, with one exception being the lower jaws having flanges projecting downwards near the front of the mandibles. These flanges are somewhat shorter than the length of the canine teeth when the mouth is closed. It is suggested by Mauricio Antón et al., in a study published in early 2025 that the saber teeth remained exposed when the mouth was closed, as the authors also suggested for Smilodon due to the constraints of its lips and jaw flanges being unable to conceal the sabers without risk of puncture. The study proposed that Megantereon was transitional form between machairodonts that had concealed saber teeth and the exposed sabers of Smilodon. [15] Other differences include the canine saber teeth of Megantereon lacking serrations (present on those of Smilodon) [10] the posterior border of the nasal region being less flat and the zygomatic arch being less upwardly arched and wider than that of Smilodon, and the mastoid process lacking the exaggerated development present in Smilodon. [9]

Species of Megantereon were comparable in size to living leopards or jaguars. [3] [15] Megantereon was built like a large modern jaguar, but somewhat heavier. It had stocky forelimbs, the lower half being lion-sized. It had large neck muscles designed to deliver a powerful shearing bite. Mauricio Anton's reconstruction in The Big Cats and their Fossil Relatives depicts the full specimen found at Seneze in France at 72 centimetres (28 in) at the shoulder. The largest specimens, with an estimated body weight of 150–250 kilograms (330–550 lb) (average 120 kilograms (260 lb)), are known from India. Medium-sized species of Megantereon are known from other parts of Eurasia and the Pliocene of North America. The smallest species from Africa and the lower Pleistocene of Europe have been estimated at only 60–70 kilograms (130–150 lb). [16] However, these estimations were obtained from comparisons of the carnassial teeth. Younger estimations, which are based on the postcranial skeleton, suggest body weights of about 100 kilograms (220 lb) for the smaller specimens. [17]

Palaeobiology

Megantereon is thought to have been an ambush predator. [18] It is thought to have used its powerful forelimbs to restrain prey, [19] and its long saber teeth to deliver a killing throat bite, severing most of the major nerves and blood vessels. While the teeth would still risk damage, the prey animal would be killed quickly enough that any struggling would be feeble at best. [20]

Teeth and jaw Megantereon megantereon 7.JPG
Teeth and jaw

Whether and to what extent Megantereon would have been scansorial and therefore able to climb trees is debated. Arguments in favor rest upon comparisons to modern leopards, and their avoidance of larger predators by the caching of kills in trees. For Megantereon, likely competitors would have included the fellow machairodont Homotherium and the hyena Pachycrocuta . Megantereon also had relatively small carnassial teeth, indicating that once making a kill, it would have eaten its prey at a leisurely pace, either hidden deep in bushes or in a tree away from potential rivals. This indicates a similarity to modern leopards and their lifestyle in that it was probably solitary. [21] Other experts dispute that Megantereon would have been unable to climb proficiently due to its heavy build, and argue that its relatively small claws, stocky limbs and short tail argue against regular climbing. [22] In this case Megantereon would have been unlike the earlier Promegantereon (thought to be its ancestor), but similar to the later Smilodon, which is believed to have spent its time on the ground. [21]

Isotopic analysis of Megantereon whitei from the Venta Micena locality in southeast Spain dating to the Early Pleistocene, around 1.6 million years ago, suggests that at this locality Megantereon hunted large ungulates, including the equine Equus altidens , the muskox-relative Soergelia , and the giant deer Praemegaceros with the prey likely being ambushed from areas on the boundary between forest and savannah. [23]

Although a skull of Homo erectus georgicus (D2280) from Dmanisi in Georgia has been suggested to display bite marks by Megantereon, [24] other authors have suggested that the bite makes cannot be attributed with certainty to Megantereon, and that the giant hyena Pachycrocuta or a member of the big cat genus Panthera are more likely culprits. [25] A 2000 isotope study of remains from the Early Pleistocene Swartkrans cave in South Africa suggests that at this locality Megantereon preyed on hominins, including Paranthropus robustus and early Homo, as well as baboons. [26]

Kills made by Megantereon have been suggested to have left a significant amount of carrion to other predators, with the felid's leftovers probably being frequently being scavenged by both hominins and hyaenids. The abundance of carcasses generated by Megantereon has been proposed as a facilitator of early hominin expansion out of Africa. [17]

Related Research Articles

<i>Machairodus</i> Extinct genus of saber-toothed cats

Machairodus is a genus of large machairodont or ''saber-toothed cat'' that lived in Africa, Eurasia and North America during the late Miocene. It is the animal from which the subfamily Machairodontinae gets its name. Some species of the genus reached sizes comparable to a tiger, making them apex predators of the ecosystems they inhabited. It is currently usually placed as one of the most primtive members of the tribe Homotherini.

<i>Dinofelis</i> Extinct genus of carnivores

Dinofelis is an extinct genus of machairodontine, usually classified in the tribe Metailurini. It was widespread in Europe, Asia, Africa and North America from 5 million to about 1.2 million years ago. Fossils very similar to Dinofelis from Lothagam range back to around 8 million years ago, in the Late Miocene.

<i>Smilodon</i> Extinct genus of saber-toothed cat

Smilodon is an extinct genus of felids. It is one of the best known saber-toothed predators and prehistoric mammals. Although commonly known as the saber-toothed tiger, it was not closely related to the tiger or other modern cats, belonging to the extinct subfamily Machairodontinae, with an estimated date of divergence from the ancestor of living cats around 20 million years ago. Smilodon was one of the last surviving machairodonts alongside Homotherium. Smilodon lived in the Americas during the Pleistocene epoch. The genus was named in 1842 based on fossils from Brazil; the generic name means "scalpel" or "two-edged knife" combined with "tooth". Three species are recognized today: S. gracilis, S. fatalis, and S. populator. The two latter species were probably descended from S. gracilis, which itself probably evolved from Megantereon. The hundreds of specimens obtained from the La Brea Tar Pits in Los Angeles constitute the largest collection of Smilodon fossils.

<i>Homotherium</i> Extinct genus of carnivores

Homotherium is an extinct genus of scimitar-toothed cat belonging to the extinct subfamily Machairodontinae that inhabited North America, Eurasia, and Africa during the Pliocene and Pleistocene epochs from around 4 million to 12,000 years ago. It was one of the last surviving members of the subfamily alongside the more famous sabertooth Smilodon, to which it was not particularly closely related. It was a large cat, comparable in size to a lion, functioning as an apex predator in the ecosystems it inhabited. In comparison to Smilodon, the canines of Homotherium were shorter, and it is suggested to have had a different ecology from Smilodon as a pursuit predator adapted to running down large prey in open habitats, with Homotherium also proposed to have likely engaged in cooperative hunting.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Saber-toothed predator</span> Group of extinct animals

A saber-tooth is any member of various extinct groups of predatory therapsids, predominantly carnivoran mammals, that are characterized by long, curved saber-shaped canine teeth which protruded from the mouth when closed.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Machairodontinae</span> Extinct subfamily of carnivores

Machairodontinae is an extinct subfamily of carnivoran mammals of the family Felidae. They were found in Asia, Africa, North America, South America, and Europe, with the earliest species known from the Middle Miocene, with the last surviving species becoming extinct around Late Pleistocene-Holocene transition.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Smilodontini</span> Extinct tribe of carnivores

Smilodontini is an extinct tribe within the Machairodontinae or "saber-toothed cat" subfamily of the Felidae. The tribe is also known as the "dirk-toothed cats". They were endemic to South America, North America, Europe, Asia, and Africa during the Miocene to Pleistocene, from 10.3 mya—11,000 years ago, existing for approximately 10.3 million years.

Paramachaerodus is an extinct genus of saber-tooth cat of the subfamily Machairodontinae, which was endemic to Eurasia during the Middle and Late Miocene from 15 to 9 Ma. A 2022 phylogenetic analysis suggested that the genus may be polyphyletic.

<i>Xenosmilus</i> Extinct genus of carnivores

Xenosmilus is an extinct genus of homotherin machairodontine that was discovered in Florida in 2001. It has one species, Xenosmilus hodsonae.

<i>Pachycrocuta</i> Genus of mammals (fossil)

Pachycrocuta is an extinct genus of prehistoric hyenas. The largest and most well-researched species is Pachycrocuta brevirostris, colloquially known as the giant short-faced hyena as it stood about 90–100 cm (35–39 in) at the shoulder and it is estimated to have averaged 110 kg (240 lb) in weight, approaching the size of a lioness, making it the largest known hyena. Pachycrocuta first appeared during the late Miocene. By 800,000 years ago, it became locally extinct in Europe, with it surviving in East Asia until at least 500,000 years ago, and possibly later elsewhere in Asia.

<i>Adelphailurus</i> Extinct genus of felid

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<i>Panthera gombaszoegensis</i> Extinct European jaguar species

Panthera gombaszoegensis, also known as the European jaguar, is a Panthera species that lived from about 2.0 to 0.35 million years ago in Europe, as well as likely elsewhere in Eurasia. The first fossils were excavated in 1938 in Gombasek Cave, Slovakia. P. gombaszoegensis was a medium-large sized species that formed an important part of the European carnivore guild for a period of over a million years. Many authors have posited that it is the ancestor of the American jaguar, with some authors considering it the subspecies Panthera onca gombaszoegensis, though the close relationship between the two species has been questioned by some authors.

<i>Xenocyon</i> Extinct subgenus of carnivores

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<i>Lokotunjailurus</i> Extinct genus of carnivores

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Homotherini</span> Extinct tribe of carnivores

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Lars Werdelin is a Swedish paleontologist specializing in the evolution of mammalian carnivores. His areas of scientific interest include the evolutionary interaction of carnivores and hominins in Africa, as well as the evolution and phylogeny of carnivore clades such as the Machairodontinae, the lynxes and the Hyaenidae.

<i>Rhizosmilodon</i> Extinct genus of carnivores

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<i>Amphimachairodus</i> Extinct genus of carnivores

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References

  1. ↑ Werdelin, Lars; Flink, Therese (2018). "Chapter 2: The Phylogenetic Context of Smilodon". Smilodon: The Iconic Sabertooth.
  2. 1 2 Werdelin L, Flink T: The phylogenetic context of Smilodon.In Smilodon: The Iconic Sabertooth, L. Werdelin, H. G. McDonald, and C. A. and Shaw, eds. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press),2018;14–29.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Stimpson, Christopher M. (May 2024). "Siwalik sabrecats: review and revised diagnosis of Megantereon fossils from the foothills of the Himalaya". Royal Society Open Science. 11 (5). Bibcode:2024RSOS...1131788S. doi:10.1098/rsos.231788. ISSN   2054-5703. PMC   11076117 . PMID   38720790.
  4. ↑ Turner, A (1987). "Megantereon cultridens (Cuvier) (Mammalia, Felidae, Machairodontinae) from Plio-Pleistocene Deposits in Africa and Eurasia, with Comments on Dispersal and the Possibility of a New World Origin". Journal of Paleontology. 61 (6): 1256–1268. Bibcode:1987JPal...61.1256T. doi:10.1017/S0022336000029632. JSTOR   1305213. S2CID   131803953.
  5. ↑ Min Zhu; Yaling Yan; Yihong Liu; Zhilu Tang; Dagong Qin; Changzhu Jin (2015). "The new Carnivore remains from the Early Pleistocene Yanliang Gigantopithecus fauna, Guangxi, South China". Quaternary International. 434: 17–24. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.01.009.
  6. ↑ Sharapov, S. (1986). "Kuruksaiskii Kompleks Pozdnepliotsenovykh Mlekopitaiushshikh Afgano-Tadzhikskoi Depressii" [Kuruksai Complex Of Late Pliocene Mammals Of The Afghan-Tajik Depression]. Izdatelstvo "Donish", Dushanbe (in Russian). 270.
  7. ↑ Z. Qiu; T. Deng; B. Wang (2004). "Early Pleistocene mammalian fauna from Longdan, Dongxiang, Gansu, China". Palaeont. Sin. New Ser. C. 27: 81–92.
  8. 1 2 3 Yu Li; Boyang Sun (2022). "Megantereon (Carnivora, Felidae) in the late Early Pleistocene in China and its implications for paleobiogeography". Quaternary International . 610: 97–107. Bibcode:2022QuInt.610...97L. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2021.09.008. ISSN   1040-6182. S2CID   240564316 . Retrieved 28 January 2024.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Zhu, Min; Jiangzuo, Qigao; Qin, Dagong; Jin, Changzhu; Sun, Chengkai; Wang, Yuan; Yan, Yaling; Liu, Jinyi (December 30, 2020). "First discovery of Megantereon skull from southern China". Historical Biology . 33 (12): 3413–3422. doi:10.1080/08912963.2020.1867981. S2CID   234399240 – via Taylor and Francis+NEJM.
  10. 1 2 3 Wallace, Steven C.; Hulbert, Richard C. (2013-03-13). Larson, Greger (ed.). "A New Machairodont from the Palmetto Fauna (Early Pliocene) of Florida, with Comments on the Origin of the Smilodontini (Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae)". PLOS ONE. 8 (3): e56173. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...856173W. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056173 . ISSN   1932-6203. PMC   3596359 . PMID   23516394.
  11. ↑ Lewis, Margaret E.; Werdelin, Lars (November 2000). "Carnivora From the South Turkwel Hominid Site, Northern Kenya". Journal of Paleontology . 74 (6). The Paleontological Society: 1173. doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2000)074<1173:cftsth>2.0.co;2. S2CID   86150362.
  12. ↑ Nomade, S.; Pastre, J. F.; Guillou, H.; Faure, M.; Guérin, C.; Delson, E.; Debard, E.; Voinchet, P.; Messager, E. (2014-06-01). "40Ar/39Ar constraints on some French landmark Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene large mammalian paleofaunas: Paleoenvironmental and paleoecological implications". Quaternary Geochronology . Quaternary Geochronology Special Issue: Advances in Ar/Ar Dating of Quaternary Events and Processes. 21: 2–15. doi:10.1016/j.quageo.2012.12.006. ISSN   1871-1014.
  13. ↑ Lewis, M. E.; Werdelin, L. (2007), Bobe, René; Alemseged, Zeresenay; Behrensmeyer, Anna K. (eds.), "Patterns of change in the Plio-Pleistocene carnivorans of eastern Africa", Hominin Environments in the East African Pliocene: An Assessment of the Faunal Evidence, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 77–105, doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-3098-7_4, ISBN   978-1-4020-3097-0 , retrieved 2024-12-31
  14. 1 2 Tura-Poch, Clàudia; Bartolini-Lucenti, Saverio; Jiangzuo, Qi-Gao; Prat-Vericat, Maria; Martínez-Navarro, Bienvenido; Rook, Lorenzo; Madurell-Malapeira, Joan (July 2024). "The disappearance of European dirk-toothed cats". Palaeoworld. doi: 10.1016/j.palwor.2024.05.003 .
  15. 1 2 Antón, Mauricio; Siliceo, Gema; Pastor, Juan Francisco; Jiangzuo, Qigao; Salesa, Manuel J. (2024-12-31). "Exposed weapons: A revised reconstruction of the facial anatomy and life appearance of the saber‐toothed cat Megantereon (Felidae, Machairodontinae)". The Anatomical Record. doi:10.1002/ar.25622. ISSN   1932-8486.
  16. ↑ B. M. Navarro; P. Palmqvist (1995). "Presence of the African Machairodont Megantereon whitei (Broom, 1937) (Felidae, Carnivora, Mammalia) in the Lower Pleistocene Site of Venta Micena (Orce, Granada, Spain), with some Considerations on the Origin, Evolution and Dispersal of the Genus". Journal of Archaeological Science . 22 (4): 569–582. Bibcode:1995JArSc..22..569N. doi:10.1006/jasc.1994.0054.
  17. 1 2 Martinez-Navarro, Bienvenido; Palmqvist, Paul (November 1996). "Presence of the African Saber-toothed Felid Megantereon whitei (Broom, 1937) (Mammalia, Carnivora, Machairodontinae) in Apollonia-1 (Mygdonia Basin, Macedonia, Greece)". Journal of Archaeological Science . 23 (6): 869–872. Bibcode:1996JArSc..23..869M. doi:10.1006/jasc.1996.0081 . Retrieved 28 January 2024.
  18. ↑ Konidaris, George E. (2022-09-07). "Guilds of large carnivorans during the Pleistocene of Europe: a community structure analysis based on foraging strategies". Lethaia. 55 (2): 1–18. Bibcode:2022Letha..55..2.5K. doi:10.18261/let.55.2.5. ISSN   0024-1164.
  19. ↑ Madurell-Malapeira, Joan; Prat-Vericat, Maria; Bartolini-Lucenti, Saverio; Faggi, Andrea; Fidalgo, Darío; Marciszak, Adrian; Rook, Lorenzo (2024-09-23). "A Review on the Latest Early Pleistocene Carnivoran Guild from the Vallparadís Section (NE Iberia)". Quaternary. 7 (3): 40. Bibcode:2024Quat....7...40M. doi: 10.3390/quat7030040 . ISSN   2571-550X.
  20. ↑ Turner, Alan (1997). The Big Cats and their fossil relatives . New York: Columbia University Press. p.  55. ISBN   0-231-10228-3.
  21. 1 2 Antón, Mauricio (2013). Sabertooth. Bloomington, Indiana: University of Indiana Press. p. 185. ISBN   9780253010421.
  22. ↑ Palmqvist, Paul; Rodríguez-Gómez, Guillermo; Figueirido, Borja; García-Aguilar, José Manuel; Pérez-Claros, Juan Antonio (2022-01-01). "On the ecological scenario of the first hominin dispersal out of Africa". L'Anthropologie. Industries archaïques. 126 (1): 102998. doi:10.1016/j.anthro.2022.102998. ISSN   0003-5521.
  23. ↑ Palmqvist, P.; Perez-Claros, J. A.; Janis, C. M.; Figueirido, B.; Torregrosa, V.; Grocke, D. R. (November 2008). "Biogeochemical and Ecomorphological Inferences On Prey Selection and Resource Partitioning Among Mammalian Carnivores In An Early Pleistocene Community". PALAIOS . 23 (11): 724–737. Bibcode:2008Palai..23..724P. doi:10.2110/palo.2007.p07-073r. ISSN   0883-1351.
  24. ↑ "OUCH, THAT HURTS! Human-Sabertooth interaction at Dmanisi". June 19, 2013.
  25. ↑ Margvelashvili, Ann; Tappen, Martha; Rightmire, G. Philip; Tsikaridze, Nikoloz; Lordkipanidze, David (May 2022). "An ancient cranium from Dmanisi: Evidence for interpersonal violence, disease, and possible predation by carnivores on Early Pleistocene Homo". Journal of Human Evolution. 166: 103180. Bibcode:2022JHumE.16603180M. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2022.103180. PMID   35367913.
  26. ↑ Lee-Thorp, Julia; Thackeray, J. Francis; van der Merwe, Nikolaas (2000). "The hunters and the hunted revisited". Journal of Human Evolution. 39 (6): 565–576. Bibcode:2000JHumE..39..565L. doi:10.1006/jhev.2000.0436. ISSN   0047-2484. PMID   11102267.

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