Panthera

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Panthera
Temporal range: Pliocene–Present [1]
4panthera3.0.png
From top to bottom: tiger, lion, jaguar, leopard, snow leopard
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Suborder: Feliformia
Family: Felidae
Subfamily: Pantherinae
Genus: Panthera
Oken, 1816 [2]
Type species
Felis pardus
(= Panthera pardus)
Species
Synonyms [2]
About 10
  • Jaguarius Severtzov, 1858
  • LeoFrisch, 1775
  • LeoninaGreve, 1894
  • Leoninae Wagner, 1841
  • PardotigrisKretzoi, 1929
  • Pardus Fitzinger, 1868
  • TigrinaGreve, 1894
  • TigrinaeWagner, 1841
  • Tigris Gray, 1843
  • TigrisFrisch, 1775

Panthera is a genus within the family Felidae, and one of two extant genera in the subfamily Pantherinae. It contains the largest living members of the cat family. There are five living species: the jaguar, leopard, lion, snow leopard and tiger, as well as a number of extinct species, including the cave lion and American lion.

Contents

Etymology

The word panther derives from classical Latin panthēra, itself from the ancient Greek pánthēr (πάνθηρ). [3]

Characteristics

In Panthera species, the dorsal profile of the skull is flattish or evenly convex. The frontal interorbital area is not noticeably elevated, and the area behind the elevation is less steeply sloped. The basic cranial axis is nearly horizontal. The inner chamber of the bullae is large, the outer small. The partition between them is close to the external auditory meatus. The convexly rounded chin is sloping. [4] All Panthera species have an incompletely ossified hyoid bone and a specially adapted larynx with large vocal folds covered in a fibro-elastic pad; these characteristics enable them to roar. Only the snow leopard cannot roar, as it has shorter vocal folds of 9 mm (0.35 in) that provide a lower resistance to airflow; it was therefore proposed to be retained in the genus Uncia. [5] Panthera species can prusten, which is a short, soft, snorting sound; it is used during contact between friendly individuals. The roar is an especially loud call with a distinctive pattern that depends on the species. [6]

Evolution

The geographic origin of the Panthera is most likely northern Central Asia. Panthera blytheae , possibly the oldest known Panthera species, is similar in skull features to the snow leopard, [7] though its taxonomic placement has been disputed by other researchers who suggest that the species likely belongs to a different genus. [8] [9] The tiger, snow leopard, and clouded leopard genetic lineages dispersed in Southeast Asia during the Miocene. [7] Genetic studies indicate that the pantherine cats diverged from the subfamily Felinae between six and ten million years ago. [10] The genus Neofelis is sister to Panthera. [10] [11] [12] [13] The clouded leopard appears to have diverged about 8.66  million years ago. Panthera diverged from other cat species about 11.3  million years ago and then evolved into the species tiger about 6.55  million years ago, snow leopard about 4.63  million years ago and leopard about 4.35  million years ago. Mitochondrial sequence data from fossils suggest that the American lion (P. atrox) is a sister lineage to Panthera spelaea (the Eurasian cave or steppe lion) that diverged about 0.34  million years ago, and that both P. atrox and P. spelaea are most closely related to lions among living Panthera species. [14] The snow leopard is nested within Panthera and is the sister species of the tiger. [15]

Results of a 2016 study based on analysis of biparental nuclear genomes suggest the following relationships of living Panthera species: [16]

The extinct species Panthera gombaszoegensis , was probably closely related to the modern jaguar. The first fossil remains were excavated in Olivola, in Italy, and date to 1.6  million years ago. [17] Fossil remains found in South Africa that appear to belong within the Panthera lineage date to about 2 to 3.8 million years ago. [18]

Classification

Panthera was named and described by Lorenz Oken in 1816 who placed all the spotted cats in this group. [19] [20] During the 19th and 20th centuries, various explorers and staff of natural history museums suggested numerous subspecies, or at times called "races", for all Panthera species. The taxonomist Reginald Innes Pocock reviewed skins and skulls in the zoological collection of the Natural History Museum, London, and grouped subspecies described, thus shortening the lists considerably. [21] [22] [23] Reginald Innes Pocock revised the classification of this genus in 1916 as comprising the tiger (P. tigris), lion (P. leo), jaguar (P. onca), and leopard (P. pardus) on the basis of common features of their skulls. [24] Since the mid-1980s, several Panthera species became subjects of genetic research, mostly using blood samples of captive individuals. Study results indicate that many of the lion and leopard subspecies are questionable because of insufficient genetic distinction between them. [25] [26] Subsequently, it was proposed to group all African leopard populations to P. p. pardus and retain eight subspecific names for Asian leopard populations. [27] Results of genetic analysis indicate that the snow leopard (formerly Uncia uncia) also belongs to the genus Panthera (P. uncia), a classification that was accepted by IUCN Red List assessors in 2008. [10] [28]

Based on genetic research, it was suggested to group all living sub-Saharan lion populations into P. l. leo. [29] Results of phylogeographic studies indicate that the Western and Central African lion populations are more closely related to those in India and form a different clade than lion populations in Southern and East Africa; southeastern Ethiopia is an admixture region between North African and East African lion populations. [30] [31]

Black panthers do not form a distinct species, but are melanistic specimens of the genus, most often encountered in the leopard and jaguar. [32] [33]

Contemporary species

The following list of the genus Panthera is based on the taxonomic assessment in Mammal Species of the World and reflects the taxonomy revised in 2017 by the Cat Classification Task Force of the Cat Specialist Group: [2] [34]

SpeciesSubspecies IUCN Red List status and distribution
Lion P. leo(Linnaeus, 1758) [35]

Ngorongoro Crater (26) (cropped).jpg

P. l. leo (Linnaeus, 1758) [35] including:

P. l. melanochaita (Smith, 1842) [37] including:

 VU [39]

Lion distribution.png

Jaguar P. onca(Linnaeus, 1758) [35]

Jagwar (cropped).jpg

Monotypic [40] [34] NT [41]

Panthera onca distribution.svg

Leopard P. pardus(Linnaeus, 1758) [35]

Indian male leopard (cropped).jpg

African leopard P. p. pardus(Linnaeus, 1758) [35]

Indian leopard P. p. fusca(Meyer, 1794) [42]
Javan leopard P. p. melas(G. Cuvier, 1809) [43]
Arabian leopard P. p. nimr(Hemprich and Ehrenberg), 1833 [44]
P. p. tulliana (Valenciennes, 1856), [45] syn. P. p. ciscaucasica (Satunin, 1914), [46] P. p. saxicolor Pocock, 1927 [47]
Amur leopard P. p. orientalis(Schlegel, 1857), [48] syn. P. p. japonensis (Gray, 1862) [49]
Indochinese leopard P. p. delacouriPocock, 1930 [50]
Sri Lankan leopard P. p. kotiyaDeraniyagala, 1956 [51]

VU [52]

Leopard distribution.jpg

Tiger P. tigris(Linnaeus, 1758) [35]

Sher Khan (cropped).jpg

P. t. tigris (Linnaeus, 1758) including:

Sunda Island tiger P. t. sondaicaTemminck, 1844) [54] including

 EN [59]

Tiger map.svg

Snow leopard P. uncia [34] (Schreber, 1775) [60]

Snow Leopards - Ghost of the Mountains for Ministry of Tourism (MOT) India 9 (cropped).png

Monotypic [34] VU [28]

SnowLeopard distribution.jpg

Extinct species and subspecies

Species and subspecies Fossil recordsNotesImages
Panthera atrox North America, 0.13 to 0.013 MYA, with dubious remains in South America. [61] Commonly known as the American lion, P. atrox is thought to have descended from a basal P. spelaea cave lion population isolated south of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet, and then established a mitochondrial sister clade circa 200,000 BP. [62] It was sometimes considered a subspecies either under the nomenclature of P. leo [62] or P. spelaea. [63] One of the largest Panthera species. [64] Became extinct around 13,000-12,000 years ago. [65]
Panthera leo atrox Page.jpg
Panthera balamoides [66] Mexico, ~0.13 MYADubious, other authors suggest that the remains are actually of the extinct bear Arctotherium instead. [67]
Panthera blytheae Tibetan Plateau, ~4.4 MYA Initially described as one of the oldest known Panthera species, possibly closely related to the snow leopard, [7] though other researchers consider it as a species of a different genus. [8] [9]
Panthera dhokpathanensis Siwaliks, ~2.7 MYADescribed in 1986. [68]
Panthera fossilis [69] Europe and Asia, 0.68 to 0.25 MYAExtinct species of lion known from the Middle Pleistocene of Europe and Asia. One of the largest known species of Panthera. Considered to be the ancestor of P.spelaea. [70]
W. Gornig - P. spelaea fossilis.png
Panthera gombaszoegensis Europe, possibly Asia and Africa, 2.0 to 0.35 MYARanged across Europe, as well as possibly Asia and Africa from around 2 million to 350,000 years ago. [71] Often suggested to be the ancestor of the living jaguar (Panthera onca), and sometimes referred to as the "European jaguar". Panthera schreuderi and Panthera toscana are considered junior synonyms of P. gombaszoegensis. It is occasionally classified as a subspecies of P. onca. [72] [73]
Panthera palaeosinensis Northern China, ~3 MYAInitially thought to be an ancestral tiger species, but several scientists place it close to the base of the genus Panthera [1]
Panthera principialis Tanzania, ~3.7 MYADescribed in 2022. [74]
Panthera shawi Laetoli site in Tanzania, ~3 MYAA leopard-like cat [75]
Panthera spelaea Much of Eurasia, 0.6 to 0.013 MYA [76] Commonly known as the cave lion or steppe lion. Originally spelaea was classified as a subspecies of the extant lion P. leo. [77] Results of recent genetic studies indicate that it belongs to a distinct species, namely P. spelaea that is most closely related to the modern lion among living Panthera species. [78] [79] Other genetic results indicate that P. fossilis also warrants status as a species. [80] [81] It became extinct around 14,500-14,000 years ago. [82]
Panthera leo spelaea in Vienna.jpg
Panthera youngi [83] China, Japan, ~0.35 MYA
Panthera zdanskyi Gansu province of northwestern China, 2.55 to 2.16 MYAIt was initially considered to be a close relative of the tiger. [1] But it is possibly synonymous with P. palaeosinensis. [74] [84]
Longdan tiger.png
Panthera leo sinhaleyus Sri LankaThis lion subspecies was described on the basis of two teeth. [85]
Panthera onca augusta [86] North AmericaMay have lived in temperate forests across North America [87]
Panthera onca mesembrina [88] South AmericaMay have lived in grasslands in South America, unlike the modern jaguar
Panthera pardus spelaea EuropeClosely related to Asiatic leopard subspecies, [89]
Panthera tigris acutidens Much of AsiaNot closely related to modern tiger subspecies [90]
Panthera tigris soloensis Java, IndonesiaNot closely related to modern tiger subspecies [90]
Panthera tigris trinilensis Java, IndonesiaNot closely related to modern tiger subspecies [90]

Other, now invalid, species have also been described, such as Panthera crassidens from South Africa, which was later found to be based on a mixture of leopard and cheetah fossils. [91]

Phylogeny

Two cladograms proposed for Panthera. The upper one is based on phylogenetic studies by Johnson et al. (2006), and by Werdelin et al. (2010). The lower cladogram is based on a study by Davis et al. (2010) and by Mazak et al. (2011). Two cladograms for Panthera.svg
Two cladograms proposed for Panthera. The upper one is based on phylogenetic studies by Johnson et al. (2006), and by Werdelin et al. (2010). The lower cladogram is based on a study by Davis et al. (2010) and by Mazák et al. (2011).

In 2018, results of a phylogenetic study on living and fossil cats were published. This study was based on the morphological diversity of the mandibles of saber-toothed cats, their speciation and extinction rates. [93]

Panthera

† Panthera palaeosinensis

† Panthera blytheae

Snow leopard Stamp-russia2014-save-russian-cats-(snow leopard).png

† Panthera gombaszoegensis (sometimes called the European jaguar)

Jaguar Felis onca - 1818-1842 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam - (white background).jpg

Leopard Felis pardus - 1818-1842 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam - (white background).jpg

Lion Felis leo - 1818-1842 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam -(White Background).jpg

† Panthera spelaea (cave lion or steppe lion) W. Gornig - P. spelaea spelaea.png

†American lion (Panthera atrox)

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Felidae</span> Family of mammals

Felidae is the family of mammals in the order Carnivora colloquially referred to as cats. A member of this family is also called a felid.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jaguar</span> Large cat native to the Americas

The jaguar is a large cat species and the only living member of the genus Panthera that is native to the Americas. With a body length of up to 1.85 m and a weight of up to 158 kg (348 lb), it is the biggest cat species in the Americas and the third largest in the world. Its distinctively marked coat features pale yellow to tan colored fur covered by spots that transition to rosettes on the sides, although a melanistic black coat appears in some individuals. The jaguar's powerful bite allows it to pierce the carapaces of turtles and tortoises, and to employ an unusual killing method: it bites directly through the skull of mammalian prey between the ears to deliver a fatal blow to the brain.

A black panther is the melanistic colour variant of the leopard and the jaguar. Black panthers of both species have excess black pigments, but their typical rosettes are also present. They have been documented mostly in tropical forests, with black leopards in Africa and Asia, and black jaguars in South America. Melanism is caused by a recessive allele in the leopard, and by a dominant allele in the jaguar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Leopard</span> Large spotted cat native to Africa and Asia

The leopard is one of the five extant species in the genus Panthera. It has a pale yellowish to dark golden fur with dark spots grouped in rosettes. Its body is slender and muscular reaching a length of 92–183 cm (36–72 in) with a 66–102 cm (26–40 in) long tail and a shoulder height of 60–70 cm (24–28 in). Males typically weigh 30.9–72 kg (68–159 lb), and females 20.5–43 kg (45–95 lb).

The term "big cat" is typically used to refer to any of the five living members of the genus Panthera, namely the tiger, lion, jaguar, leopard, and snow leopard, as well as the non-pantherine cheetah and cougar.

<i>Panthera spelaea</i> Extinct species of lion

Panthera spelaea, commonly known as the cave lion, is an extinct Panthera species that was native to Eurasia and northwest North America during the Pleistocene epoch. Genetic analysis of ancient DNA has revealed that while closely related, it was a distinct species genetically isolated from the modern lion, with the genetic divergence between the two species estimated at around 500,000 years ago. The earliest fossils of the P. spelaea lineage in Eurasia date to around 700,000 years ago. It is closely related and probably ancestral to the American lion. The species ranged from Western Europe to eastern Beringia in North America, and was a prominent member of the mammoth steppe fauna, and an important apex predator across its range. It became extinct about 13,000 years ago. It closely resembled living lions with a coat of yellowish-grey fur though unlike extant lions, males appear to have lacked manes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">American lion</span> Extinct species of carnivore

The American lion, with the species name meaning "savage" or "cruel", also called the North American lion) is an extinct pantherine cat native to North America during the Late Pleistocene from around 130,000 to 12,800 years ago. Genetic evidence suggests that its closest living relative is the lion, with the American lion representing an offshoot from the lineage of the largely Eurasian cave lion, from which it is suggested to have split around 165,000 years ago. Its fossils have been found across North America, from Canada to Mexico. It was about 25% larger than the modern lion, making it one of the largest known felids to ever exist, and an important apex predator.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pantherinae</span> Subfamily of felids

The Pantherinae is a subfamily of the Felidae; it was named and first described by Reginald Innes Pocock in 1917 as only including the Panthera species, but later also came to include the clouded leopards. The Pantherinae genetically diverged from a common ancestor between 9.32 to 4.47 million years ago and 10.67 to 3.76 million years ago.

<i>Panthera gombaszoegensis</i> Extinct European jaguar species

Panthera gombaszoegensis, also known as the European jaguar, is a Panthera species that lived from about 2.0 to 0.35 million years ago in Europe. The first fossils were excavated in 1938 in Gombasek Cave, Slovakia. Some records were also reported from Africa and Asia. P. gombaszoegensis was a medium-large sized species that formed an important part of the European carnivore guild for a period of over a million years. Many authors have posited that it is the ancestor of the American jaguar, with some authors considering it the subspecies Panthera onca gombaszoegensis, though the close relationship between the two species has been questioned.

<i>Panthera youngi</i> Extinct species of carnivore

Panthera youngi is a fossil cat species that was described in 1934; fossil remains of this cat were excavated in a Homo erectus formation in Choukoutien, northeastern China. Upper and lower jaws excavated in Japan's Yamaguchi Prefecture were also attributed to this species. It is estimated to have lived about 350,000 years ago in the Pleistocene epoch. It was suggested that it was conspecific with Panthera atrox and P. spelaea due to their extensive similarities. Some dental similarities were also noted with the older P. fossilis, however, Panthera youngi showed more derived features.

<i>Panthera palaeosinensis</i> Extinct species of carnivore

Panthera palaeosinensis was an early Pleistocene species from northern China. It is often incorrectly referenced as the ancestor of the tiger, Panthera tigris, although it shares features with all living large cats. Recent studies place it close to the base of the genus Panthera.

<i>Panthera fossilis</i> Fossil cat

Panthera fossilis is an extinct species of cat belonging to the genus Panthera, known from remains found in Eurasia spanning the Middle Pleistocene and possibly into the Early Pleistocene.

<i>Panthera pardus tulliana</i> Leopard subspecies

Panthera pardus tulliana, also called Persian leopard,Anatolian leopard, and Caucasian leopard in different parts of its range, is a leopard subspecies that was first described in 1856 based on a zoological specimen found in western Anatolia. It is native to the Iranian Plateau and the surrounding region from eastern Anatolia and the Caucasus to the Hindu Kush, where it inhabits foremost subalpine meadows, temperate broadleaf and mixed forests and rugged ravines at elevations of 600 to 3,800 m. It preys mostly on ungulates reliant on these habitats.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Snow leopard</span> Species of large felid

The snow leopard is a species of large cat in the genus Panthera of the family Felidae. The species is native to the mountain ranges of Central and South Asia. It is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List because the global population is estimated to number fewer than 10,000 mature individuals and is expected to decline about 10% by 2040. It is mainly threatened by poaching and habitat destruction following infrastructural developments. It inhabits alpine and subalpine zones at elevations of 3,000–4,500 m (9,800–14,800 ft), ranging from eastern Afghanistan, the Himalayas and the Tibetan Plateau to southern Siberia, Mongolia and western China. In the northern part of its range, it also lives at lower elevations.

<i>Panthera zdanskyi</i> Extinct species of carnivore

Panthera zdanskyi is an extinct pantherine species, the fossils of which were excavated in Gansu Province, northwestern China. Due to its close relationship with the modern tiger, it is called the Longdan tiger.

<i>Panthera pardus spelaea</i> Pleistocene leopard subspecies

Panthera pardus spelaea, also known as the European Ice Age leopard or the cave leopard, is a fossil leopard subspecies which roamed Europe in the Late Pleistocene and possibly the Holocene.

<i>Panthera blytheae</i> Extinct species of mammal

Panthera blytheae is an extinct species of felid which lived during the Early Pliocene of Tibet. It has been initially suggested as the earliest known species of the genus Panthera, though its taxonomic placement has been disputed by other researchers who suggest that it likely belongs to a different genus.

Panthera shawi is an extinct prehistoric cat, of which a single canine tooth was excavated in Sterkfontein cave in South Africa by Robert Broom in the 1940s. It is thought to be one of the oldest known Panthera species in Africa.

<i>Panthera balamoides</i> Extinct species of carnivore

Panthera balamoides is a possibly dubious species described as an extinct species of the big cat genus Panthera that is known from a single fossil found in a Late Pleistocene age cenote in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. P. balamoides has only a single reported specimen, the distal end of a right humerus, that is notably of exceptional size for a felid. It was unearthed in 2012 from an underwater cave and described in 2019 by an international group of paleontologists from Mexico and Germany led by Sarah R. Stinnesbeck. However, several authors have since proposed the humerus represents that of a bear, possibly the extinct Arctotherium, and not a cat.

Puma incurva is an extinct species in genus Puma. It was described based on fossils from the Early Pleistocene-aged Swartkrans site in South Africa.

References

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