Canini (tribe)

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Canini
Temporal range: 9–0  Ma
Canini portraits.jpg
Canina (represented by the golden jackal) and Cerdocyonina (represented by the crab-eating fox)
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Family: Canidae
Subfamily: Caninae
Tribe: Canini
Fischer de Waldheim, 1817 [2]
Genera [1]

Canini is a taxonomic rank which represents the dog-like tribe of the subfamily Caninae (the canines), and is sister to the fox-like tribe Vulpini. The Canini came into existence 9 million years ago. This group was first represented by Eucyon, mostly by Eucyon davisi that was spread widely across North America [1] and is basal to the other members of the tribe. [3] Its members are informally known as true dogs.

Contents

Taxonomy

The critical features that mark the Canini as a monophyletic group include the consistent enlargement of the frontal sinus, often accompanied by the correlated loss of the depression in the dorsal surface of the postorbital process; the posterior expansion of the paroccipital process; the enlargement of the mastoid process; and the lack of lateral flare of the orbital border of the zygoma.

Members of this tribe include:

SubtribeDescriptionImageGenusSpecies
Canina Fischer de Waldheim, 1817The wolf-like canines. [4] Arctic Wolf in Montebello, Quebec, Canada.jpg Canis Linnaeus, 1758
Dhole (Asiatic wild dog) cropped.jpg Cuon Hodgson, 1838
Black-backed jackal (Canis mesomelas mesomelas) 2.jpg Lupulella Hilzheimer, 1906
Lycaon pictus (Temminck, 1820).jpg Lycaon Brookes, 1827
Cynotherium sardous restoration.jpg Cynotherium Studiati, 1857
Eucyon davisi.JPG Eucyon Tedford and Qiu (1996)
  • Eucyon davisi
The American Museum journal (c1900-(1918)) (Aenocyon dirus) transparent background.png Aenocyon

Merriam, 1918

Cerdocyonina Tedford et al., 2009The South American, fox-shaped canines. [4] Bush dog at Chester Zoo 1.jpg Speothos Lund, 1839
Atelocynus microtis en amazonie peruvienne.jpg Atelocynus Cabrera, 1940
Lobo Guara andando.jpg Chrysocyon Smith, 1839
Falkland Island wolf, Dusicyon australis OMNZVT2369 !1pub (cropped).jpg Dusicyon C. E. H. Smith, 1839
Culpeo MC.jpg Lycalopex Burmeister 1854
Crab-eating Fox.JPG Cerdocyon C. E. H. Smith, 1839
Protocyon Giebel 1855
Theriodictis Mercerat, 1891
  • Theriodictis platensis


Common names of most of the South American canines include "fox", based on resemblance, but they are more closely related to wolves than to vulpini , the Eurasian and North American foxes.

Ventral portion of grey wolf and crab-eating fox skulls. Note how the palatine bone extends past the tooth row of the latter. On the cranial and dental characters of the canidae (1880) fig. 7 (mod 2).png
Ventral portion of grey wolf and crab-eating fox skulls. Note how the palatine bone extends past the tooth row of the latter.

The cladogram below is based on the phylogeny of Lindblad-Toh et al. (2005), [5] modified to incorporate recent findings on Canis species, [6] Lycalopex species, [7] and Dusicyon . [8]

 Caninae 
 Canini 
Canina

Canis latrans (coyote) Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate IX).png

Canis rufus (red wolf) Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate V) C. l. rufus mod.jpg

Canis lycaon (algonquin wolf) Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate V).jpg

Canis lupus (gray wolf) Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate I).png

Canis familiaris (domestic dog) Tibetan mastiff (transparent background).png

Canis anthus (African wolf) Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XI).png

Canis simensis (Ethiopian wolf) Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate VI).png

Canis aureus (golden jackal) Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate X).png

Cuon alpinus (dhole) Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XLI).png

Lycaon pictus (African wild dog) Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XLIV).png

Lupulella adusta (side-striped jackal) Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XIII).png

Lupulella mesomelas (black-backed jackal) Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XII).png

  Cerdocyonina  

Speothos venaticus (bush dog) Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XLIII).png

Chrysocyon brachyurus (maned wolf) Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate VII).png

Dusicyon australis (Falkland Islands wolf)

  Lycalopex  

Lycalopex vetulus (hoary fox) Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XXXI).png

Lycalopex sechurae (Sechuran fox or Peruvian desert fox)

Lycalopex fulvipes (Darwin's fox)

Lycalopex gymnocercus (pampas fox) Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XVII).png

Lycalopex griseus (South American gray fox or chilla)

Lycalopex culpaeus (culpeo or Andean fox) Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XIV).png

Cerdocyon thous (crab-eating fox) Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XV).png

Atelocynus microtis (short-eared dog) Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XVI).png

  Vulpini  

Otocyon megalotis (bat-eared fox) Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes BHL19827472 white background.png

Nyctereutes (raccoon dogs) Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XXXII).png

  Vulpes  

Vulpes zerda (fennec fox) Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XXXVI).png

Vulpes cana (Blanford's fox) Blandford's fox.png

Vulpes chama (Cape fox) Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XXXIII).png

Vulpes vulpes (red fox) Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XXII).png

Vulpes rueppellii (Ruppell's fox) Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XXXV).png

Vulpes corsac (corsac fox) Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XXVII).png

Vulpes ferrilata (Tibetan sand fox) Tibetan sand fox illustration, transparent background.png

Vulpes macrotis (kit fox) Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XXV).png

Vulpes lagopus (Arctic fox) Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XXVI).png

  Urocyon  

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Carnivora</span> Order of mammals

Carnivora is an order of placental mammals that have specialized in primarily eating flesh, whose members are formally referred to as carnivorans. The order Carnivora is the fifth largest order of mammals, comprising at least 279 species on every major landmass and in a variety of habitats, ranging from the cold Polar regions of Earth to the hyper-arid region of the Sahara Desert and the open seas. These mammals have a large array of diverse body plans with a wide diversity of shapes and sizes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Canidae</span> Family of mammals

Canidae is a biological family of dog-like carnivorans, colloquially referred to as dogs, and constitutes a clade. A member of this family is also called a canid. The family includes three subfamilies: the Caninae, and the extinct Borophaginae and Hesperocyoninae. The Caninae are known as canines, and include domestic dogs, wolves, coyotes, foxes, jackals and other species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jackal</span> Several species of canines

Jackals are canids native to Africa and Eurasia. While the word "jackal" has historically been used for many canines of the subtribe canina, in modern use it most commonly refers to three species: the closely related black-backed jackal and side-striped jackal of sub-Saharan Africa, and the golden jackal of south-central Europe and Asia. The African golden wolf was also formerly considered a jackal.

<i>Urocyon</i> Genus of carnivores

Urocyon is a genus of Canidae which includes the gray fox and the island fox. These two fox species are found in the Western Hemisphere. Whole genome sequencing indicates that Urocyon is the most basal genus of the living canids. Fossils of what is believed to be the ancestor of the gray fox, Urocyon progressus, have been found in Kansas and date to the Upper Pliocene, with some undescribed specimens dating even older.

<i>Canis</i> Genus of carnivores

Canis is a genus of the Caninae which includes multiple extant species, such as wolves, dogs, coyotes, and golden jackals. Species of this genus are distinguished by their moderate to large size, their massive, well-developed skulls and dentition, long legs, and comparatively short ears and tails.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">South American fox</span> Genus of carnivores

The South American foxes (Lycalopex), commonly called raposa in Portuguese, or zorro in Spanish, are a genus from South America of the subfamily Caninae. Despite their name, they are not true foxes, but are a unique canid genus more closely related to wolves and jackals than to true foxes; some of them resemble foxes due to convergent evolution. The South American gray fox, Lycalopex griseus, is the most common species, and is known for its large ears and a highly marketable, russet-fringed pelt.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Caniformia</span> Suborder of mammals

Caniformia is a suborder within the order Carnivora consisting of "dog-like" carnivorans. They include dogs, bears, raccoons, and mustelids. The Pinnipedia are also assigned to this group. The center of diversification for the Caniformia is North America and northern Eurasia. Caniformia stands in contrast to the other suborder of Carnivora, the Feliformia, the center of diversification of which was in Africa and southern Asia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Side-striped jackal</span> Canine native to Africa

The side-striped jackal is a canine native to central and southern Africa.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Borophaginae</span> Extinct subfamily of carnivores

The extinct Borophaginae form one of three subfamilies found within the canid family. The other two canid subfamilies are the extinct Hesperocyoninae and extant Caninae. Borophaginae, called "bone-crushing dogs", were endemic to North America during the Oligocene to Pliocene and lived roughly 34—2.5 million years ago, existing for about 33.5 million years.

<i>Hesperocyon</i> Extinct genus of carnivores

Hesperocyon is an extinct genus of canids that was endemic to North America, ranging from southern Canada to Colorado. It appeared during the Uintan age, –Bridgerian age (NALMA) of the Mid-Eocene– 42.5 Ma to 31.0 Ma. (AEO). Hesperocyon existed for approximately 11.5 million years.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vulpini</span> Tribe of carnivores, most called fox

Vulpini is a taxonomic rank which represents the fox-like tribe of the subfamily Caninae, and is sister to the dog-like tribe Canini.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Caninae</span> Subfamily of carnivores

Caninae ,) is the only living subfamily within Canidae, alongside the extinct Borophaginae and Hesperocyoninae. They first appeared in North America, during the Oligocene around 35 million years ago, subsequently spreading to Asia and elsewhere in the Old World at the end of the Miocene, some 7 million to 8 million years ago.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hesperocyoninae</span> Extinct subfamily of carnivores

The extinct Hesperocyoninae are one of three subfamilies found within the canid family. The other two canid subfamilies are the extinct Borophaginae and extant Caninae.

<i>Xenocyon</i> Extinct subgenus of carnivores

Xenocyon is an extinct group of canids, either considered a distinct genus or a subgenus of Canis. The group includes Canis (Xenocyon) africanus, Canis (Xenocyon) antonii and Canis (Xenocyon) falconeri that gave rise to Canis (Xenocyon) lycanoides. The hypercarnivorous Xenocyon is thought to be closely related and possibly ancestral to modern dhole and the African wild dog, as well as the insular Sardinian dhole.

<i>Eucyon</i> Extinct genus of carnivores

Eucyon is an extinct genus of medium omnivorous coyote-like canid that first appeared in the Western United States during the late Middle Miocene 10 million years ago. It was the size of a jackal and weighed around 15kg. Its species E. zhoui was one of a number of North American mammals which invaded East Asia around 5–6 million years ago, followed by the genus going extinct 3 million years ago. This genus is proposed to have given rise to genus Canis 6 million years ago.

Canis nehringi is an extinct species of canid. Canis gezi, a poorly known small wolf from the Ensenadan of South America, appears to have given rise to Canis nehringi, a Lujanian species from Argentina. The species was first described by Florentino Ameghino in 1902.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Evolution of the wolf</span>

It is widely agreed that the evolutionary lineage of the grey wolf can be traced back 2 million years to the Early Pleistocene species Canis etruscus, and its successor the Middle Pleistocene Canis mosbachensis. The grey wolf Canis lupus is a highly adaptable species that is able to exist in a range of environments and which possesses a wide distribution across the Holarctic. Studies of modern grey wolves have identified distinct sub-populations that live in close proximity to each other. This variation in sub-populations is closely linked to differences in habitat – precipitation, temperature, vegetation, and prey specialization – which affect cranio-dental plasticity.

<i>Canis etruscus</i> Extinct species of carnivore

Canis etruscus, the Etruscan wolf, is an extinct species of canine that was endemic to Mediterranean Europe during the Early Pleistocene. The Etruscan wolf is described as a small wolf-like dog. It is widely agreed to be the ancestor of Canis mosbachensis, and thus ultimately the modern grey wolf.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Canina (subtribe)</span> Subtribe of carnivores

Canina is a taxonomic rank which represents the wolf-like subtribe of the tribe Canini, and is sister to the subtribe Cerdocyonina. Fossils of this group date to 5 million years ago, however they are likely to have been in existence 9 million years ago. Its members as a group are colloquially known as the wolf-like canids.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cerdocyonina</span> Subtribe of carnivores

Cerdocyonina is an extant subtribe of the canines and is exclusively endemic to the Americas. Often described to be "fox-like" in appearance and behavior, they are more closely related to the wolf-like canids such as Canis than they are to the fox genus Vulpes. Its members are colloquially known as the South American canids and there are 10 extant species. They are sometimes referred to as South American foxes in the older literature, but the term zorro has been recommended by mammalogists to avoid confusion with the true foxes of the tribe Vulpini, which includes the genus Vulpes.

References

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  2. Fischer de Waldheim, G. 1817. Adversaria zoological. Memoir Societe Naturelle (Moscow) 5:368–428. p372
  3. Zrzavý, Jan; Duda, Pavel; Robovský, Jan; Okřinová, Isabela; Pavelková Řičánková, Věra (2018). "Phylogeny of the Caninae (Carnivora): Combining morphology, behaviour, genes and fossils". Zoologica Scripta. 47 (4): 373–389. doi:10.1111/zsc.12293. S2CID   90592618.
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  5. Lindblad-Toh, Kerstin; Wade, Claire M.; Mikkelsen, Tarjei S.; Karlsson, Elinor K.; Jaffe, David B.; Kamal, Michael; et al. (2005). "Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the domestic dog". Nature. 438 (7069): 803–819. Bibcode:2005Natur.438..803L. doi: 10.1038/nature04338 . PMID   16341006.
  6. Koepfli, Klaus-Peter; Pollinger, John; Godinho, Raquel; Robinson, Jacqueline; Lea, Amanda; Hendricks, Sarah; et al. (2015). "Genome-wide evidence reveals that African and Eurasian Golden Jackals are distinct species". Current Biology. 25 (16): 2158–2165. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.060 . PMID   26234211.
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